Des carbones dérivés de carbures à porosité monodisperse et nanocentrée autour de 0,6 nm ont été préparés par fluoration de carbures via l’arrachement sélectif de l’élément métallique et le maintien de l’empreinte carbonée initiale. Les carbures précurseurs ont été choisis parmi deux des classes de carbures à savoir interstitiels pour le carbure de titane et de niobium et covalents pour le carbure de silicium. La fluoration directe procédant sous flux d’une atmosphère de fluor pur apparait comme étant la seule méthode de fluoration apte à déstabiliser les poudres cristallisées. Appliquée au carbure de titane, des matériaux à teneur variable en carbone et en trifluorure de titane ont été obtenus et caractérisés structuralement par Diffraction des Rayons X quantitative, spectroscopies IR et Raman et leur texture sondée par Microscopie Electronique à Balayage et à Transmission et isothermes d’adsorption à l’azote à 77K. Ils ont aussi été évalués comme matériau d’électrode de supercondensateurs. La fluoration du carbure de silicium pour la stabilisation d’une phase carbonée est plus difficile et seule l’abaissement de la cristallinité du carbure par l’utilisation d’une mise en forme de type couche mince combinée à une méthode de fluoration alternative par décomposition de l’agent fluorant XeF2 ont permis d’obtenir une couche mince de carbone nanostructurée valorisable comme lubrifiant solide et aux propriétés de mouillabilité modulables. / Carbide-derived Carbons (CDC) with monodisperse ultramicroporosity have been prepared by carbide fluorination thanks to selective etching of metallic element. The chosen carbides precursors were titanium and niobium carbides, and silicon carbides from interstitial and covalent carbide family, respectively. Direct fluorination proceeding by a pure flow of 1 atm. of molecular fluorine is the only fluorination way which leads to the transformation of the powdered and highly crystallized carbide into some carbons. Materials with different ratio of carbon and solid titanium trifluoride were successfully obtained by direct fluorination of titanium carbide, characterized by quantitative XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopies and Scanning and Transmission Electronic Microscopies and used in supercapacitors. The direct fluorination of silicon carbide in order to form carbon is more difficult because of the competition between carbon formation and its degradation into gaseous carbon fluorides. To success in our goal, thin film morphology was used as precursor. However, an accurate fluorination way is needed and decomposition of XeF2 fluorinating agent was chosen. Thin films with variable thickness of nanostructured carbon at the surface were obtained and used as solid lubricant with tunable wettability properties.

De nos jours les ressources en eau potable sont fortement réduites suite à une augmentation démographique accompagnée d’une forte industrialisation et d’un développement intensif de l’agriculture. Les rejets de micropolluants d’origine variable (pesticides, colorants, phénols, métaux lourds…) dans l’environnement ne cessent d’augmenter. Ces polluants, toxiques et peu dégradables, sont en général à l’origine de nombreux effets nocifs sur la santé. Ils affectent aussi directement l’équilibre des écosystèmes suite à la dégradation de la qualité des différents milieux de l’environnement (sol, eau, air). D’où le souci de développer des procédés qui œuvrent à la préservation des ressources hydriques contre la pollution par le traitement à la source des eaux polluées. L’application des adsorbants naturels et abondants comme l’argile pour le traitement des eaux est une voie légitime pour préserver le capital hydrique. C’est pourquoi le présent travail de recherche s’est articulé autour de la caractérisation physico-chimique d’une série d’argiles naturelles échantillonnées dans la région Nord du Maroc. Plusieurs techniques ont été sollicitées : La DRX, SFX, FTIR, ATG, la volumétrie d’adsorption d’azote, l’électrophorèse, outre la détermination de quelques propriétés physico-chimiques comme la CEC et le COT. Ceci nous a permis d’établir une série de données avec les différentes propriétés de ces matériaux. Elle peut être ainsi sollicitée pour orienter l’utilisation de ces matériaux selon le besoin. Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons étudié l’adsorption de l’arsenic et des contaminants organiques (le bleu de méthylène et le violet de méthylène) par les argiles / Today drinking water resources are greatly reduced due to population increase accompanied by high industrialization and intensive agricultural development. Releases of varying micropollutants (pesticides, dyes, phenols ...) in the environment are increasing. These pollutants, toxic and poorly degradable, are usually the source of many harmful health effects. They also directly affect the balance of ecosystems following the deterioration of the quality of various environmental medium (soil, water, air). Hence the concern to develop methods that work to preserve water resources against pollution by treating polluted sources. The application of natural and abundant adsorbents like clay in the water treatment is a legitimate way to preserve the water capital. That is why my research is articulated around the physicochemical characterization of a series of natural clays sampled in the northern region of Morocco. Several techniques have been sought: XRD, XRF, FTIR, TGA, The BET-N2 specific surface area, electrophoresis. Furthermore the determination of some physicochemical properties such as CEC and TOC. This allowed us to establish a database with the different properties of these materials. This database may be sought to guide the use of these materials according to their nature. In a second step, we studied the adsorption of arsenic and organic contaminants (methylene blue and methylene violet) by clays. The kinetics of equilibrium adsorbent / adsorbate is an essential step to optimize the conditions for determination of adsorption isotherms

Finding economical and environmentally friendly processes to recover heavy metals (HMs) from spent batteries is a research priority to move toward sustainability. Adsorption seems an acceptable procedure to replace the current separation/purification stage of hydrometallurgical techniques. Chitosan is an efficient adsorbent for HM uptake from aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, in practice, chitosan modification is unavoidable to improve its physicochemical properties. Sodium tripolyphosphate is an environmentally benign crosslinker that can be used for chitosan modification. In addition, ion-imprinting technique could potentially enhance the adsorption efficiency and selectivity of crosslinked chitosan. Considering the above, the primary purposes of this research were: investigating the adsorption efficiency of chitosan for heavy metals uptake from synthetic solutions; modifying chitosan by crosslinking alone and combined with ion-imprinting techniques to improve the physicochemical properties as well as adsorption capacity and selectivity of chitosan; evaluating and comparing the adsorption efficiency of modified chitosan beads for the adsorption of Cd(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) in single and multicomponent batch adsorption systems. Chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan beads were prepared to remove Cd(II) from aqueous solution in the first phase. FTIR and XRD of the synthesized beads showed partial consumption of chitosan amine groups and a decrease in crystallinity of chitosan structure over crosslinking reaction. The isotherm and thermodynamic studies showed that Langmuir isotherm was the best fit to the experimental data of Cd(II) adsorption on crosslinked chitosan and all the adsorption reactions were endothermic and spontaneous. A reduced quadratic model, constructed by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), indicated that the Cd(II) adsorption uptake of 99.87 (mg/g) was achieved at 55 °C and 2.92 % (w/v) crosslinking degree. Then, chitosan and crosslinked chitosan beads by sodium tripolyphosphate were used for Ni(II) adsorption from aqueous media in the second phase. The BET characterization showed that increasing the crosslinking degree reduced the chitosan beads' surface area and their total pore volume. The Langmuir model described the experimental results best and showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of chitosan (80.00 mg/g) decreased after crosslinking (52.36 mg/g). In addition, a reduced quadratic model with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 was established to correlate the adsorption uptake of Ni(II) with pH and crosslinking degree. In the third phase, the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions from single and binary metal ions solutions onto chitosan and crosslinked chitosan beads was studied. The extended Freundlich model fitted the adsorption equilibrium data in the binary system, implying the existence of preference in the order of Ni(II) > Cd(II). Desorption studies with a mixture of NaCl and H2SO4 were also conducted during this phase, demonstrating a desorption efficiency of greater than 85 %. In the fourth phase, the removal of cadmium from aqueous solution was examined using a novel Cd(II)-imprinted crosslinked chitosan. SEM, FTIR, TGA, and BET characterizations revealed that the ion-imprinted chitosan beads had better physicochemical properties than chitosan beads and superior potential adsorption properties than non-imprinted crosslinked chitosan beads. The isotherm and thermodynamic studies revealed that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the Cd(II) experimental data the best, and the adsorption reactions were spontaneous and endothermic. The kinetics data were also best fitted by the pseudo-second-order equation. Finally, the ion-imprinted crosslinked chitosan beads were employed for the selective adsorption of Cd(II) in a competitive adsorption system of Cd(II)-Ni(II)-Co(II) in phase five. The characterization of the prepared adsorbents was performed using XRD and BET, showing a higher surface area of ion-imprinted crosslinked chitosan than non-imprinted crosslinked chitosan beads. The Extended Langmuir model fitted the experimental results obtained from the multi-component system, indicating that ion-imprinted crosslinked chitosan had a higher total metal uptake with better selectivity toward Cd(II) uptake compared to non-imprinted crosslinked chitosan. Studying the adsorption mechanism in a ternary system showed that the adsorption was governed by chemical binding and ion exchange mechanisms in the ternary system. In conclusion, crosslinking by sodium tripolyphosphate improved chitosan physiochemical properties; however, it resulted in a decrease in HM adsorption uptake. The RSM was used to assess the effect of pH, temperature, and crosslinking degree and optimize the adsorption uptake of chitosan. Also, ion-imprinting was effective in enhancing the adsorption capacity and selectivity of crosslinked chitosan for the ion used as a template (Cd(II)) in preparing ion-imprinted crosslinked chitosan.

In this research, the adsorptive capacities of kenaf in the forms of chopped whole stalk, chopped core, and bast materials were evaluated for the removal of lead, zinc, and toluene from contaminated synthetic waste streams using traditional adsorption isotherm techniques. The effect of surface oxidation using ozone was observed with respect to the adsorption of metals. Hydraulic conductivity experiments were conducted to evaluate the head loss associated with packing a column with kenaf fibers and to determine the suitability of its use in dynamic packed column systems. B.E.T. surface areas were determined as well. Under increasingly stringent regulatory requirements, even low level organic and inorganic contamination (under 100 ppm) in surface and ground waters must be treated. This study is part of an ongoing multi-year research effort aiming to develop a kenaf-based biosorptive process to improve treatment of contaminated aqueous streams at reduced costs and technical complexity.

Most developing countries are faced with drinking water problems, with conditions becoming more severe due to water pollution. Meeting the growing demands for clean water in most countries, there are difficult challenges as the availability and supply of drinkable water are diminishing. Due to economic and environmental concerns, development of additional physical means for the removal of organic compounds from wastewater using permanent magnets, electromagnetic coils, electrodes and ultrasonic pretreatment is desirable. Improving the adsorption and separation process, magnetic field exposure method has progressively drawn consideration. Magnetic field exposure method has demonstrated its capacity for increasing the adsorptive elimination of contaminants from water as static magnetization is suitable, simple and cost-effective. The polypyrrole magnetic nanocomposite use for adsorption experiments influenced by exter-nal magnetic field was prepared using the in-situ polymerization method, which was charac-terized using TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, FTIR, VSM, and ESR spectrophotometers. The magnetic nanocomposite (PPy/Fe3O4) was observed to have an average particle size of 10 nm with the elementary composition of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, chloride and iron. The magnetic nanocomposite had a crystalline structure of face-centred cubic lattice of Fe3O4, an adsorption-desorption isotherm shape indicating a typical type-IV mesoporous material with a surface area of 28.77 m2/g. Characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 and PPy were also observed using FTIR spectro-photometer. From the VSM and ESR characterization, the synthesized superparamagnetic ma-terial was shown to have a saturation magnetization of 23 emu/g and an effective g-value of 2.25 g which was attributed to Fe3+ spin interaction. An enhanced removal of Cr(VI), fluoride and congo red dye were observed under the influence of magnetic field, with parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, the initial concentration of ad-sorbate, magnetic field and magnetic exposure time been varied. The enhanced adsorption of contaminants using magnetic field is attributed to the increase in the magnetic field induced on the particles over a magnetic exposure time, resulting in the rotating particles forming aggre-gates due to the increased magnetic force and torque on the particles from the PSV results. This leads to increase in the chain collision and area of particle interaction with the aqueous solution of hexavalent chromium, fluoride and congo red dye. / Physics / Ph. D. (Physics)

Mit der Arbeit werden braunkohlegefeuerte IGCC-CCS-Kraftwerke gesamtheitlich beschrieben, deren Potenziale erarbeitet und mit ASPEN Plus™ sowie EBSILON® Professional simulativ abgebildet. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass ausgehend von Basiskonzepten braunkohlegefeuerter IGCC-CCS-Kraftwerke mit verschiedenen Potenzialen zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Technik sowie dem im Jahr 2025 Wirkungsgradsteigerungen sowie prozesstechnische Vereinfachungen möglich sind. Als Potenziale werden dabei verringerte Braunkohletrocknung, konservativere Annahmen der technologischen Auslegung als auch Modifizierungen der CO-Konvertierung, sowie für das Jahr 2025 konservative Annahmen und innovative Potenziale untersucht. Ausgangspunkt bildet eine Analyse von bestehenden und zukünftig erwarteten Prozesskomponenten braunkohlegefeuerter IGCC-CCS-Kraftwerke unter Berücksichtigung von drei unterschiedlichen Vergasungsverfahren (nach Siemens, nach Shell und dem HTW-Verfahren).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiana Schimmel.pdf: 595506 bytes, checksum: dbbd0a361e4ff6c113c1cb50439292d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / The textile industries understand one of the largest of the world now in production terms and number of generated jobs. They are characterized by requesting great amounts of water, coloring and chemical products used along a complex productive chain. Besides the enormous consumption of water, those industries generate effluent composed by organic and complex salts, which ones turn pollute more when the liberation of dyes is observed no fastened, or no degraded in the conventional processes of treatment, what represents a high potential of environmental impact. Several methods of removal of dyes and of other existent chemical compositions in the effluent have been used in industrial level. One of the most employed methods is the adsorption onto carbon activated due to the versatility, efficiency and low obtaining costs. However, the project of the treatment of textile effluent for adsorption requests information regarding the removal capacity and of the kinetics. They are several factors that interfere in that process, among them they stand out the temperature and the pH, being this one what has larger effect. In this work the removal of the dyes reactive blue 5G and turquoise blue QG were investigated onto carbon activated commercial driven in system batch, once these dyes are plenty employed in the processes involving fabrics type jeans . Initially they went rehearsals to characterize the adsorbent, determination of the point of zero charge (PCZ) and of the surface area for the method BET using N2 to 77K, infrared to obtain the functional groups of the carbon, and sifting to determine the diameter of the particles. For PCZ the obtained value was of 8,10 and the surface area was of 618,7 m2/g. Kinetic tests were accomplished in pH 2 and in three different temperatures, 30, 45 and 600C. They were appraised the pseudo-first-order models and the pseudo-second-order to describe the kinetics of adsorption of the dyes, and the model of second order presented the best results. It was also certain the coefficient of diffusion of the dyes in the temperatures of 30, 45 and 600C, that presented the following values respectively: 5,38 x 10-7, 1,42 x 10-7, 2,74 x 10-7 cm2/min for the blue color 5G, and 2,54 x 10-7, 9,38 x 10-8, 1,48 x 10-6 cm2 /min for the blue turquise QG. For the influence of the pH and of the temperature in the balance of the adsorption of the dyes experiments were accomplished in system batch. The strip of investigated acidity was among pH 2 even pH 8. It was also accomplished the experiments for the obtaining of the equilibrium data in the temperatures of 30, 45 and 600C and in the best pH condition. The equilibrium data were represented by the following models of Isotherms of adsorption: Langmuir, Freudlich, Toth, Radke-Praunstiz, Sips and Redlich-Peterson. The process of adsorption had a better acting in the conditions of pH 2 and temperature of 300C, the removed amount was of 140,48 mg / g for the dye blue 5G and 148,54 mg / g for the dye turquise blue QG. The Isotherm of Sips, Tóth and Redlich-Peterson were what best represented the experimental data of equilibrium for the dye blue 5G and also for the turquoise blue QG. The thermodynamic parameters ∆H0, ∆G0 and ∆S0 were appraised and they showed that the adsorption of the colors in activated coal is an exothermic and spontaneous process due to the negative values of enthalpy and energy free from Gibbs, respectively. / As indústrias têxteis compreendem atualmente uma das maiores do mundo em termos de produção e número de empregos gerados. Caracterizam-se por requerer grandes quantidades de água, corantes e produtos químicos utilizados ao longo de uma complexa cadeia produtiva. Além do enorme consumo de água, essas indústrias geram efluentes compostos por sais orgânicos e complexos, os quais se tornam ainda mais poluidores quando observa-se a liberação de corantes não fixados, ou não degradados nos processos convencionais de tratamento, o que representa um elevado potencial de impacto ambiental. Vários métodos de remoção de corantes e de outros compostos químicos existentes no efluente tem sido utilizados em nível industrial. Um dos métodos mais empregados é a adsorção em carvão ativado devido à versatilidade, eficiência e baixos custos de obtenção. Entretanto, o projeto do tratamento de efluentes têxteis por adsorção requer informações a respeito da capacidade de remoção e da cinética. São vários fatores que interferem nesse processo, dentre eles destacam-se a temperatura e o pH, sendo este ultimo o que tem maior efeito. Neste trabalho foram investigadas a remoção dos corantes reativos azul 5G e azul turquesa QG em carvão ativado comercial conduzidos em sistema batelada, uma vez que estes corantes são bastante empregados nos processos envolvendo tecidos tipo jeans. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o adsorvente, análises como determinação do ponto de carga zero (PCZ), área superficial pelo método BET utilizando N2 a 77K, infravermelho para obter os grupos funcionais do carvão e peneiramento para determinar o diâmetro das partículas foram realizadas. Para o PCZ o valor obtido foi de 8,10 e a área superficial foi de 618,7 m2/g. Os testes cinéticos tiveram o pH fixado em 2, e foram avaliados em três diferentes temperaturas, 30, 45 e 600C. Os modelos de pseudo-primeira-ordem e o pseudo-segunda-ordem foram realizados para descrever a cinética de adsorção dos corantes, sendo que o modelo de segunda ordem apresentou os melhores resultados. Além disso, o coeficiente de difusão dos corantes foi avaliado nas temperaturas de 30, 45 e 600C, que apresentaram respectivamente os seguintes valores: 5,38 x 10-7, 1,42 x 10-7, 2,74 x 10-7 cm2/min para o corante azul 5G, e 2,54 x 10-7, 9,38 x 10-8, 1,48 x 10-6 cm2/min corante azul turquesa.Para a influência do pH e da temperatura no equilíbrio da adsorção dos corantes foram realizados experimentos em sistema bateladas. A faixa de acidez investigada foi entre pH 2 até pH 8. Também foram realizadas experimentos para a obtenção dos dados de equilíbrio nas temperaturas de 30, 45 e 600C e na melhor condição de pH. Os dados de equilíbrio foram representados pelos seguintes modelos de Isotermas de adsorção: Langmuir, Freudlich, Toth, Radke-Praunstiz, Sips e Redlich-Peterson. O processo de adsorção teve um melhor desempenho nas condições de pH 2 e temperatura de 300C, a quantidade removida foi de 140,48 mg/g para o corante azul 5G e 148,54 mg/g para o corante azul turquesa QG. As Isoterma de Sips, Tóth e Redlich-Peterson foram as que melhor representaram os dados experimentais de equilíbrio para o corante azul 5G e também para o corante azul turquesa QG. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos ∆H0, ∆G0 e ∆S0 foram avaliados e mostraram que a adsorção dos corantes em carvão ativado é um processo exotérmico e espontâneo devido aos valores negativos de entalpia e energia livre de Gibbs, respectivamente.

Du fait de problèmes de santé publique, l’industrie agroalimentaire doit réduire la quantité de sel et de matière grasse dans les aliments, et donc dans les charcuteries. Lors de la fabrication des saucissons secs, une diminution combinée des taux de sel et de matière grasse animale peut se traduire par des problèmes de stabilité microbiologique, des défauts d’arôme et de texture dus à des modifications physicochimiques et biochimiques. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient : (1) d’étudier l’impact d’une réduction directe des teneurs en sel et en matière grasse animale sur les évolutions physicochimiques et biochimiques au sein des produits, (2) d’identifier les composés aromatiques responsables de l’arôme du saucisson sec, ainsi que leurs origines, (3) de développer de nouvelles formulations de saucissons secs à teneurs réduites en sodium et en acides gras saturés, et (4) d’étudier les transferts d’eau et sel et de développer une isotherme de sorption spécifique pour le saucisson sec. L’étude de l’effet d’une réduction directe combinée a mis en évidence la difficulté de fabriquer des saucissons secs à teneurs réduites en sel et en matière grasse animale, sans modifier les évolutions physicochimiques et biochimiques. Une identification des composés volatils odorants de saucissons secs de haut de gamme a permis de montrer que l’aromatisation par l’ail et le poivre noir pouvait être un levier technologique permettant d’améliorer la qualité aromatique des saucissons secs allégés en sel et en matière grasse animale. L’impact de l’aromatisation et d’une substitution partielle combinée du sel par le chlorure de potassium et du gras de bardière de porc par l’huile de tournesol oléique sur les propriétés physicochimiques, les réactions biochimiques et les attributs sensoriels de saucissons secs, a été étudié. Cette étude a montré le rôle important de l’aromatisation qui agit en introduisant des molécules aromatiques qui rehaussent l’acceptabilité des produits par les consommateurs, en tant qu’exhausteur de la perception du goût salé et aussi, sur les processus fermentaires qui vont conditionner l’aspect et la texture finale du produit. La substitution partielle combinée est une solution efficace pour conserver au mieux la qualité organoleptique des saucissons, en permettant, d’une part, d’éviter les défauts texturaux et sensoriels liés aux modifications physicochimiques, protéolytiques et lipolytiques générés par une réduction directe combinée, et d’autre part, d’améliorer l’arôme du produit en rehaussant les niveaux d’oxydations lipidique et protéique. L’étude des transferts d’eau et de sel a mis en évidence une migration du sel vers le cœur du saucisson, et a permis de déterminer des valeurs de diffusivité apparente de l’eau en surface de ces produits. Il a été montré qu’une forte réduction en matière grasse réduisait la diffusivité de l’eau à la surface du saucisson. Une isotherme de sorption spécifique permettant de prédire l’aw en fonction des teneurs en eau, en lipides et en sel a été construite en adaptant un modèle de Ross établi pour la gélatine salée et grasse. / Because of public health problems, the food industry must lower sodium and animal fat contents in all food products, therefore in cured meat products. During dry-fermented sausage manufacture, a combined reduction both in salt and animal fat contents may induce microbial safety problems and textural and aroma defects due to physical-chemical and biochemical changes. On account of that, this work of thesis aims (1) to investigate the impact of a direct reduction on the salt and animal fat contents on the physical-chemical and biochemical evolutions in the products, (2) to identify the aromatic compounds responsible for the aroma of dry-fermented sausage, and their origins, (3) to develop new nutritionally-improved formulations of dry-fermented sausages with less sodium and saturated fatty acids, and (4) to study the impact of lipid and sodium chloride contents on water transfers in dry-fermented sausages and to build a specific sorption isotherm curve for dry sausages. The study of the effect of a combined direct reduction highlighted the difficulty of manufacturing sodium-reduced fat-reduced dry sausages, without affecting the physical-chemical and biochemical evolutions. Identification of odorous volatile compounds of high quality dry sausages showed that flavouring, especially garlic and black pepper, could be a good solution for improving the aromatic quality of salt-reduced fat-reduced dry-fermented sausages. The impact of flavouring and of a combined salt and animal fat replacement by potassium chloride and oleic sunflower oil, respectively, on physical-chemical properties, biochemical reactions and sensory attributes of dry-fermented sausages was then studied. This specific study showed the crucial role played by flavouring which introduces aromatic molecules that enhance the product acceptability by consumers, which acts as an enhancer of the saltiness perception and which improves the product appearance and texture by boosting the fermentation process. Consequently, the combined partial substitution is an efficient solution to preserve at best the organoleptic quality of the products, allowing, on one hand, avoiding the textural and sensory defects related to physical-chemical, proteolytic and lipolytic modifications induced by a combined direct reduction, and on the other hand, enhancing the product aroma by increasing the levels of lipid and protein oxidations. The study on water and salt transfers highlighted a salt diffusion towards the dry sausage core, and made it possible to determine values of apparent water diffusivity at the sausage surface. We demonstrated that a strong reduction in animal fat content significantly lowered the water diffusivity value at the product surface. A specific sorption isotherm curve based on a modified Ross model was built, allowing dry-fermented sausages water activity to be calculated as a function of water, fat and salt contents.

Possibilities of modeling non-linear behavior of concrete within standard room temperatures and increased fire-load values using FEM software ANSYS are studied. Temperature dependences of material models are considered. Fire resistance of reinforced concrete and concrete-steel composite construction is analyzed. Fire loads are defined in accordance with relevant standards. Non-linear structural transient analyses are calculated after temperatures were determined by transient thermal analyses. Results obtained from analyses of simple reinforced concrete structure are compared with approach of isotherm 500 °C method.

The diploma thesis deals with an analysis of internal forces of B4 reinforced construction of an office building. Analysis takes into account interaction with subsoil and when designing structural parts of the building, different requirements for fire resistance of a structure are taken into account. A Dlubal RFEM 5.17 program was used for finite element analysis, and model functionality verification was performer by using a summation of moments method. The thesis deals with the design and assessment of a point-supported slab, column, inner and external walls.