Esta dissertação é uma análise sobre dois caminhos de atuação religiosa da Ordem dos Dominicanos na segunda metade do século XIII, ou seja, a pregação e a cultura escolar. A partir de aproximações entre a Suma Teológica (ST), de Tomás de Aquino, e a Legenda Áurea (LA), de Iacopo da Varazze, o trabalho visou aspectos pontuais na historiografia referente ao caráter “arcaico” - ou à falta de novidades - na obra de Iacopo e consistiu numa discussão sobre os pecados e as virtudes. As relações estabelecidas entre a LA e a ST foram desenvolvidas sob duas perspectivas: estrutural e interpretativa. A primeira foi desenvolvida nos capítulos 1 e 3 da seguinte forma: 1) a estrutura do encadeamento de argumentos nas narrativas (LA) e nas Questões (ST) sobre Cristo; 3) a constatação de argumentos idênticos nas narrativas e referências sobre a Virgem Maria. A perspectiva interpretativa foi realizada no capítulo 2 sobre possibilidades de se aproximar o discurso de Tomás de Aquino com o de Iacopo da Varazze acerca da prostituição. Procurou-se, com isso, relativizar o uso do termo “arcaico” e sua inaplicabilidade para obras da Idade Média – como a ST e a LA – que reconheciam a tradição como autoridade. Esta relativização foi proposta com uma análise sobre o Tratado dos Vícios e dos Pecados na obra de Tomás. Acredita-se, portanto, que pregação e cultura escolar não assumem caminhos muito distintos, pois ambos os autores recorreram à vasta tradição do cristianismo tanto para enriquecer quanto para endossar os argumentos apresentados em seus textos. O uso desta tradição e o pertencimento a uma mesma Ordem também são aspectos que não podem ser negligenciados, pois, como Dominicanos, Tomás e Iacopo passaram por processos parecidos de formação escolar, litúrgica e teológica. Neste sentido, Iacopo e Tomás não podem ser analisados sob o prisma do binômio arcaico/moderno, ao menos em relação aos pecados e as virtudes. Se a LA deixa de ser tão arcaica em relação a ST no que tange apenas ao discurso sobre esses temas é um questionamento para outras investigações e faz-se necessária a construção de novos objetos comparáveis. / This work is an analysis on two ways of religious performance of the Order of the Dominicans ones in the second half of 13th century, that is, the preaching and the pertaining to school culture. From approaches between Some of Theology (ST), by Thomas Aquinaso, and Golden Legend (LA), by Iacopo of Varazze, the work aimed at prompt aspects in the referring historiography to “the archaic” character - or to the lack of new features - in the workmanship of Iacopo and consisted of a quarrel on the sins and the virtues. The relations established between the LA and the ST had been developed under two perspectives: structural and of interpretation. The first one was developed in chapters 1 and 3 of the following form: the 1) structure of the chaining of arguments in the narratives (LA) and Questions (ST) about Christ; 3) the testyfing of identical arguments in the narratives and references on the Virgin Mary. The interpretation perspective was carried through in chapter 2 on possibilities of if approaching the speech of Thomas Aquinas with the one of Iacopo of Varazze concerning prostitution. It was looked, with this, to relativize the use of “the archaic” term and its unusually for workmanships of the Middle Age - as the ST and the LA - that they recognized the tradition as authority. This relativity was proposal with an analysis on the Treated one to the Vices and the Sins in the workmanship of Thomas. It is given credit, therefore, that preachin and pertaining to school culture do not assume distinct ways very, therefore both the authors had appealed to the vast tradition of the Christianity in such a way to enrich how much to endorse the arguments presented in its texts. The use of this tradition and the belonging to one same Order also are aspects that cannot be neglected, therefore, while Dominicans, Thomas and Iacopo had passed for processes seemed of pertaining to school, liturgical and theological formation. In this direction, Iacopo and Thomas cannot be analyzed under the prism of modern & archaic, the least in relation to the sins and the virtues. If the LA leaves of to be so archaic in relation the ST in what it refers to only to the speech on the women it is a questioning for other inquiries and becomes necessary the construction of others comparables objects.

Esta dissertação é uma análise sobre dois caminhos de atuação religiosa da Ordem dos Dominicanos na segunda metade do século XIII, ou seja, a pregação e a cultura escolar. A partir de aproximações entre a Suma Teológica (ST), de Tomás de Aquino, e a Legenda Áurea (LA), de Iacopo da Varazze, o trabalho visou aspectos pontuais na historiografia referente ao caráter “arcaico” - ou à falta de novidades - na obra de Iacopo e consistiu numa discussão sobre os pecados e as virtudes. As relações estabelecidas entre a LA e a ST foram desenvolvidas sob duas perspectivas: estrutural e interpretativa. A primeira foi desenvolvida nos capítulos 1 e 3 da seguinte forma: 1) a estrutura do encadeamento de argumentos nas narrativas (LA) e nas Questões (ST) sobre Cristo; 3) a constatação de argumentos idênticos nas narrativas e referências sobre a Virgem Maria. A perspectiva interpretativa foi realizada no capítulo 2 sobre possibilidades de se aproximar o discurso de Tomás de Aquino com o de Iacopo da Varazze acerca da prostituição. Procurou-se, com isso, relativizar o uso do termo “arcaico” e sua inaplicabilidade para obras da Idade Média – como a ST e a LA – que reconheciam a tradição como autoridade. Esta relativização foi proposta com uma análise sobre o Tratado dos Vícios e dos Pecados na obra de Tomás. Acredita-se, portanto, que pregação e cultura escolar não assumem caminhos muito distintos, pois ambos os autores recorreram à vasta tradição do cristianismo tanto para enriquecer quanto para endossar os argumentos apresentados em seus textos. O uso desta tradição e o pertencimento a uma mesma Ordem também são aspectos que não podem ser negligenciados, pois, como Dominicanos, Tomás e Iacopo passaram por processos parecidos de formação escolar, litúrgica e teológica. Neste sentido, Iacopo e Tomás não podem ser analisados sob o prisma do binômio arcaico/moderno, ao menos em relação aos pecados e as virtudes. Se a LA deixa de ser tão arcaica em relação a ST no que tange apenas ao discurso sobre esses temas é um questionamento para outras investigações e faz-se necessária a construção de novos objetos comparáveis. / This work is an analysis on two ways of religious performance of the Order of the Dominicans ones in the second half of 13th century, that is, the preaching and the pertaining to school culture. From approaches between Some of Theology (ST), by Thomas Aquinaso, and Golden Legend (LA), by Iacopo of Varazze, the work aimed at prompt aspects in the referring historiography to “the archaic” character - or to the lack of new features - in the workmanship of Iacopo and consisted of a quarrel on the sins and the virtues. The relations established between the LA and the ST had been developed under two perspectives: structural and of interpretation. The first one was developed in chapters 1 and 3 of the following form: the 1) structure of the chaining of arguments in the narratives (LA) and Questions (ST) about Christ; 3) the testyfing of identical arguments in the narratives and references on the Virgin Mary. The interpretation perspective was carried through in chapter 2 on possibilities of if approaching the speech of Thomas Aquinas with the one of Iacopo of Varazze concerning prostitution. It was looked, with this, to relativize the use of “the archaic” term and its unusually for workmanships of the Middle Age - as the ST and the LA - that they recognized the tradition as authority. This relativity was proposal with an analysis on the Treated one to the Vices and the Sins in the workmanship of Thomas. It is given credit, therefore, that preachin and pertaining to school culture do not assume distinct ways very, therefore both the authors had appealed to the vast tradition of the Christianity in such a way to enrich how much to endorse the arguments presented in its texts. The use of this tradition and the belonging to one same Order also are aspects that cannot be neglected, therefore, while Dominicans, Thomas and Iacopo had passed for processes seemed of pertaining to school, liturgical and theological formation. In this direction, Iacopo and Thomas cannot be analyzed under the prism of modern & archaic, the least in relation to the sins and the virtues. If the LA leaves of to be so archaic in relation the ST in what it refers to only to the speech on the women it is a questioning for other inquiries and becomes necessary the construction of others comparables objects.

The Diploma thesis "Devotion and iconography of st. Mary Magdalen" - Two biblical characters have been associated with Mary Magdalene since the time of Gregory the Great; the unnamed sinner and Mary of Bethany. According to the Bible Mary Magdalene was one of the women who accompanied Jesus during His ministry. She was the woman from whom Jesus had cast out seven demons. She washed Jesus' feet with her tears and ointment. When Jesus was crucified she was there standing under the cross. She was present at His funeral. On Easter Sunday she went to the grave of the Lord to anoint His body. She discovered the empty tomb and saw the resurrected Jesus, who appeared to her as a gardener and sent her to announce His Resurrection to His disciples. She is considered "the apostle of the Apostles". According to an old French legend she was put in a boat without sails or oars and sailed to Marseilles, where she preached the gospel. Then she retreated to a cavern. There she lived as a recluse for thirty years. Every day she was lifted by angels up to heaven. She was buried in Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume. Her main cult centers were the places where her relics had been preserved; Vezelay in Burgundy in the Romanesque period , and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baumesince since the 13th to 18th century. She is usually...

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The missio Dei is understood as the initiative, movement and sending love of the triune God to the world for the purpose of establishing his kingdom. When the phrase “missional” is used within the context of the church, it describes a congregation that finds her identity within this theological framework, and understands that her calling lies in collaborating with the missio Dei. The human response to the missio Dei can be described by the concept “spirituality”. Trends within the macro-context of our time show spirituality is subject to subjective interpretation. It is therefore necessary to define and frame Christian spirituality within the context of faith, and more specifically, within the context of missional theology. For this reason this study poses the following research question: What is the essence and nature of missional spirituality? What would a spirituality that uses the missio Dei as its theological epistemological core look like? The study found that the essence of missional spirituality lies therein that the initiative of man’s search for and connection to God, belongs to God himself. The Trinity provides the landscape in which missional spirituality can be described and understood. Missional spirituality insists, though, that a believer’s knowledge of God (theology) is meant to be fully embraced in life as response to God (spirituality). It thus invites a believer towards participation in the missio Dei, within the following three spheres: - A process of spiritual formation: God takes the initiative in the salvation of man and restores Him, through the atonement of Christ, to a relationship with Him. God further invites and enables the believer in becoming a participant in a process of spiritual formation, which is meant to impact his life holistically. A way of life, characterised by faith and love, becomes the measure of an adequate response to the missio Dei. - A community of faith: God also takes the initiative in the formation of a faith community. Communion with Christ assumes communion with the body of Christ. Missional spirituality invites believers towards mutual relationships within the community of faith that strives towards reflecting the unity and love of the Trinity. - Social transformation: It is distinctive of missional spirituality that God takes the initiative in the transformation of society. There is an underlying connection between the agenda of God’s kingdom and the transformation of reality. A call to Christ involves believers in a call towards social transformation, incarnate to the conditions of time and place. The study shows that a reciprocal interiority exists between these spheres of participation, which is characteristic to missional spirituality. The embrace thereof opens the door to the believer towards finding meaning in life. A believer can further his participation in the missio Dei by engaging in spiritual practices, which grows his capacity for a greater awareness of God’s movement and the discernment of his will. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die missio Dei word verstaan as die inisiatief, beweging en gestuurdheid van die Drie-enige God na die wêreld met die oog op die vestiging van sy koninkryk. “Missionaal” is ’n term wat gebruik word om aan te dui dat ’n gemeente haar roeping as medewerker van die missio Dei verstaan en haar identiteit binne hierdie teologiese raamwerk vind. Die menslike respons op die missio Dei kan beskryf word deur die begrip “spiritualiteit”. Tendense binne die makro-konteks van ons tyd dui aan spiritualiteit word onderwerp aan subjektiewe interpretasie. Dit is daarom nodig om Christelike spiritualiteit te definieer en te begrens binne die konteks van geloof, en meer spesifiek, binne die konteks van missionale teologie. Hierdie studie werk dus met die volgende navorsingsvraag: Wat is die aard en karakter van missionale spiritualiteit? Hoe lyk ’n spiritualiteit wat vertrek vanuit die missio Dei as teologiese epistemologiese basis? Die studie het bevind dat die hart van missionale spiritualiteit daarin lê dat die inisiatief van ’n mens se soeke na en verhouding met God, by God self lê. Die Drie-eenheid bied die landskap waarbinne missionale spiritualiteit beskryf en verstaan kan word. Missionale spiritualiteit dring egter daarop aan dat ’n gelowige se kennis van God (teologie) bedoel is om ten volle omhels te word binne die lewe as respons tot God (spiritualiteit). Daarom nooi dit ’n gelowige tot deelname aan die missio Dei op drie terreine: - ’n Proses van geloofsvorming: God neem die inisiatief in die verlossing van die mens en herstel hom, deur die versoeningswerk van Christus, in ’n verhouding met Hom. God nooi en bemagtig dan die gelowige as deelnemer aan ’n proses van geloofsvorming, wat gemik is daarop om die gelowige se lewe op ’n holistiese wyse te deurweek. ’n Lewenswyse van geloof en liefde word die maatstaf vir ’n gepaste respons op die missio Dei. - Geloofsgemeenskap: God neem ook die inisiatief neem in die vorming van geloofsgemeenskap. ’n Verbondenheid met Christus impliseer ’n verbondenheid aan die liggaam van Christus. Missionale spiritualiteit nooi gelowiges tot wederkerige verhoudings binne ’n geloofsgemeenskap, wat daarna streef om die eenheid en liefde van die Triniteit te reflekteer. - Sosiale transformasie: Dit is kenmerkend van missionale spiritualiteit dat God die inisiatief neem in die transformasie van die werklikheid. Daar bestaan ’n onlosmaaklike verband tussen die bedoeling van die koninkryk van God en die transformasie van die wêreld. Die roeping tot die navolging van Christus betrek gelowiges, binne die konteks van hul tyd en plek, as deelnemers van sosiale transformasie. Die studie dui aan dat daar ’n wederkerige, interafhanklike verhouding bestaan tussen hierdie drie areas van deelname binne spiritualiteit, waardeur missionale spiritualiteit gekenmerk word. Die omarming hiervan bied aan ’n gelowige ’n sleutel tot ’n lewe wat iets beteken. Gelowiges kan groei in hul deelname aan die missio Dei deur die beoefening van geloofsgewoontes, wat die kapasiteit bou vir ’n groter bewustheid van God se beweging en die onderskeiding van sy wil.

In this research study, the correlation between culture and gospel is investigated by examining changes in the interpretation of the cross of Christ from Early Christianity up to present times, using the method of paradigmatic analysis designed by David J. Bosch. Following the concept of the Missio Dei within mission theology, this study aims to find a perspective on the event of the cross which is relevant for today's practice. With reference to the topics of cultural context, sin, sacrifice, vicariousness, cross and mission, this study shows that in every paradigm the diverse perspectives of the interpretation of Jesus' death were explicable and helpful within their relevant contexts. It can also be seen that in its objectives, message and practice, mission correlates with the respective motifs prevalent at the time. In conclusion, after determining the proper place of the results within the concept of Missio Dei in mission theology, the study examines the relevance of these results for the Missio Christi, in order to offer a contribution to the debate and a potential perspective for explaining the significance of Jesus' death in the current German-speaking cultural context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Die hooffiguur is mev. Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 1975), in die Afrikaanse letterkunde alombekend as M.E.R. Die sleutelbegrippe is Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. Oor die betekenis van die benaming Afrikaner is daar meningsverskil, maar hier beteken Afrikaner 'n blanke Afrikaanssprekende. Afrikanernasionalisme is oor die afgelope eeu deur leiers soos Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom en Verwoerd uitgespel. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n aantal verteenwoordigende skrywers en politici se beskouinge oor die Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. In die derde hoofstuk word M.E.R. se beskouinge in die verband behandel en vergelyk met die menings van Van Wyk Louw, 'n geslag na haar, en J.C. Steyn, 'n geslag na Louw. Degenaar, gebore twee dekades na Louw en 13 jaar voor Steyn, word vernaamlik as klankbord betrek omdat sy siening radikaal verskil van M.E.R., Louw en Steyn s 'n, hoewel Louw na die begin van die jare sestig veel meer "liberaal" geword het. Voorts word M.E.R. se eerstehandse vertellings oor Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog en Verwoerd aan die aanvaarde kenmerke van goeie biografie gemeet. Waar moontlik word haar siening met die drietal vergelyk. 'n Volgende hoofstuk gaan oor M. E. R. se taksering van en deernis vir brandarm Afrikaners, soos vervat in Deel V B van die Carnegie Verslag. Haar verklaring van die oorsake van Afrikanerarmoede word uitgespel. Ook haar betrokkenheid by die Afrikanerkind deur haar talryke kinderboeke word toegelig. Dan volg 'n hoofstuk oor M.E.R. se siening van die Afrikaner se godsdiens. die beurt, waarop M.E.R. se My beskeie Voorts kom volkereverhoudings aan deel as outobiografie van 'n Afrikanervrou bespreek word. Die laaste twee hoof stukke gaan oor die viertal se taal en styl, en~as leermeesters van die Afrikanervolk. Ten slotte word die vier se beskouinge saamgevat. M.E.R. en Steyn glo aan die selfbeskikkingsreg van die Afrikaner. Sedert die begin van die jare sestig het Louw beweer dat die Kaapse bruinmense deel van die Afrikanervolk uitmaak, maar dat daar gebiedskeiding met die swart volke moet wees. Degenaar bepleit 'n unitere staat met die nodige verskansings van regionalisme, 'n handves van menseregte en 'n onafhanklike regbank. / Pride of place belongs to Mrs Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 - 1975), in Afrikaans literature widely known as M.·E.R. The key conceptions are Afrikaner and Afrikanernationalism. Theye are differing opinions about the meaning of the name Afrikaner, but for our purpose it means an Afrikaans speaking white. Afrikaner nationalism has been defined over the past century by leaders like Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom and Verwoerd. The second chapter portrays the views of some representative authors and politicians on the Afrikaner and Afrikaner nationalism. In the next chapter M.E.R.'s opinion in this regard is discussed and compared and contrasted with the opinions of Louw, a generation after her, and J.C. Steyn, a generation after Louw. Degenaar, born two decades after Louw and thirteen years before Steyn, is used mainly as resonator because his views differ radically from the other three. although Louw turned more "liberal" since the early sixties. Forthwith M. E .R. 's first-hand narratives about Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog and Verwoerd are tested by the accepted standards of good biQJZraphy. Where L.o.tw) Sbe-1vi ....a ~~tLLy. possible her views are compared with those of the trio,.., The next chapter treats M.E.R. 's estimate of and compassion with desperately poor Afrikaners, as portrayed in her Chapter V B of the Carnegie Commission Report. Her indication of the causes of Afrikaner poverty is noted. Her concern with Afrikaner children by way of her many children's books occupies a subsequent chapter. Then follow her views on the Afrikaner's religion and on racial relations, whereafter her My beskeie deel (My allotted portion) is assessed as the autobiography of an Afrikaner woman. The last two chapters discuss the language and style of the four writers concerned as well as their role as teachers of the Afrikaner nation. In conclusion their views are summarised. M.E.R. and Steyn believe in the Afrikaner's right of self-determination. Since the early sixties Louw has regarded the Cape Coloureds as part of the Af rikanervolk, al though he has advocated territorial separation of the Black peoples. Degenaar is in favour of a unitary state entrenched by regionalism, a human rights charter and an independent judiciary. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

In this research study, the correlation between culture and gospel is investigated by examining changes in the interpretation of the cross of Christ from Early Christianity up to present times, using the method of paradigmatic analysis designed by David J. Bosch. Following the concept of the Missio Dei within mission theology, this study aims to find a perspective on the event of the cross which is relevant for today's practice. With reference to the topics of cultural context, sin, sacrifice, vicariousness, cross and mission, this study shows that in every paradigm the diverse perspectives of the interpretation of Jesus' death were explicable and helpful within their relevant contexts. It can also be seen that in its objectives, message and practice, mission correlates with the respective motifs prevalent at the time. In conclusion, after determining the proper place of the results within the concept of Missio Dei in mission theology, the study examines the relevance of these results for the Missio Christi, in order to offer a contribution to the debate and a potential perspective for explaining the significance of Jesus' death in the current German-speaking cultural context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Die hooffiguur is mev. Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 1975), in die Afrikaanse letterkunde alombekend as M.E.R. Die sleutelbegrippe is Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. Oor die betekenis van die benaming Afrikaner is daar meningsverskil, maar hier beteken Afrikaner 'n blanke Afrikaanssprekende. Afrikanernasionalisme is oor die afgelope eeu deur leiers soos Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom en Verwoerd uitgespel. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n aantal verteenwoordigende skrywers en politici se beskouinge oor die Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. In die derde hoofstuk word M.E.R. se beskouinge in die verband behandel en vergelyk met die menings van Van Wyk Louw, 'n geslag na haar, en J.C. Steyn, 'n geslag na Louw. Degenaar, gebore twee dekades na Louw en 13 jaar voor Steyn, word vernaamlik as klankbord betrek omdat sy siening radikaal verskil van M.E.R., Louw en Steyn s 'n, hoewel Louw na die begin van die jare sestig veel meer "liberaal" geword het. Voorts word M.E.R. se eerstehandse vertellings oor Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog en Verwoerd aan die aanvaarde kenmerke van goeie biografie gemeet. Waar moontlik word haar siening met die drietal vergelyk. 'n Volgende hoofstuk gaan oor M. E. R. se taksering van en deernis vir brandarm Afrikaners, soos vervat in Deel V B van die Carnegie Verslag. Haar verklaring van die oorsake van Afrikanerarmoede word uitgespel. Ook haar betrokkenheid by die Afrikanerkind deur haar talryke kinderboeke word toegelig. Dan volg 'n hoofstuk oor M.E.R. se siening van die Afrikaner se godsdiens. die beurt, waarop M.E.R. se My beskeie Voorts kom volkereverhoudings aan deel as outobiografie van 'n Afrikanervrou bespreek word. Die laaste twee hoof stukke gaan oor die viertal se taal en styl, en~as leermeesters van die Afrikanervolk. Ten slotte word die vier se beskouinge saamgevat. M.E.R. en Steyn glo aan die selfbeskikkingsreg van die Afrikaner. Sedert die begin van die jare sestig het Louw beweer dat die Kaapse bruinmense deel van die Afrikanervolk uitmaak, maar dat daar gebiedskeiding met die swart volke moet wees. Degenaar bepleit 'n unitere staat met die nodige verskansings van regionalisme, 'n handves van menseregte en 'n onafhanklike regbank. / Pride of place belongs to Mrs Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 - 1975), in Afrikaans literature widely known as M.·E.R. The key conceptions are Afrikaner and Afrikanernationalism. Theye are differing opinions about the meaning of the name Afrikaner, but for our purpose it means an Afrikaans speaking white. Afrikaner nationalism has been defined over the past century by leaders like Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom and Verwoerd. The second chapter portrays the views of some representative authors and politicians on the Afrikaner and Afrikaner nationalism. In the next chapter M.E.R.'s opinion in this regard is discussed and compared and contrasted with the opinions of Louw, a generation after her, and J.C. Steyn, a generation after Louw. Degenaar, born two decades after Louw and thirteen years before Steyn, is used mainly as resonator because his views differ radically from the other three. although Louw turned more "liberal" since the early sixties. Forthwith M. E .R. 's first-hand narratives about Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog and Verwoerd are tested by the accepted standards of good biQJZraphy. Where L.o.tw) Sbe-1vi ....a ~~tLLy. possible her views are compared with those of the trio,.., The next chapter treats M.E.R. 's estimate of and compassion with desperately poor Afrikaners, as portrayed in her Chapter V B of the Carnegie Commission Report. Her indication of the causes of Afrikaner poverty is noted. Her concern with Afrikaner children by way of her many children's books occupies a subsequent chapter. Then follow her views on the Afrikaner's religion and on racial relations, whereafter her My beskeie deel (My allotted portion) is assessed as the autobiography of an Afrikaner woman. The last two chapters discuss the language and style of the four writers concerned as well as their role as teachers of the Afrikaner nation. In conclusion their views are summarised. M.E.R. and Steyn believe in the Afrikaner's right of self-determination. Since the early sixties Louw has regarded the Cape Coloureds as part of the Af rikanervolk, al though he has advocated territorial separation of the Black peoples. Degenaar is in favour of a unitary state entrenched by regionalism, a human rights charter and an independent judiciary. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

The objective of this study was to examine the role that customer loyalty and employee enthusiasm can play as a strategic objective to increase sales at MB Silicon Systems. In order to address these two factors from a strategic perspective, elements from various concepts have been used to gain a new understanding of customer loyalty, employee enthusiasm and strategy. The final goal of the study was to use the knowledge gained throughout the report to propose a management framework which can be implemented to give MB Silicon Systems a competitive advantage in its competitive industry.The literature review suggested that a strategy of customer loyalty and employee enthusiasm will result in above average financial performance. Customer loyalty and employee enthusiasm cannot be separated from each other and they are linked by leadership, the vision and core values of the organisation. It is not possible to achieve customer loyalty and employee enthusiasm without the proper formulation and execution of a strategy. Such a strategy needs to utilize core management tools like the Balanced Scorecard which will bridge the vision of the organisation with goal setting mechanisms of motivation. The Balanced Scorecard will ensure that strategic objectives of the organisation will be mapped into the Balanced Scorecard while employees will be rewarded according to achieved targets of these objectives.Surveys which were conducted with customers and employees have shown that MB Silicon Systems performs below international standards with respect to customer loyalty and that the organisation is failing with its existing strategy. The surveys have also shown that employees are demotivated. This state of demotivation results in a lack of teamwork and mistrust between employees. The lack of teamwork and mistrust is only the symptoms of organisational problems which need to be resolved by organisational redesign, implementation of management principles and healthy corporate governance. The low base of loyal customers and the demotivated state of employees is resulting in below average financial performance.A management framework was recommended that will transform a strategy of customer loyalty and employee enthusiasm by using proven management tools. Implementation of the framework will ensure a competitive advantage to MB Silicon Systems which will result in above average financial performance.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture / While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)