Jalisco es un estado altamente vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. El estado es vulnerable a sequías en el norte e inundaciones en las costas. Jalisco también es un estado con un sector agrícola de alta producción. Los efectos del cambio climático ponen en riesgo esta producción agrícola, que en turno tendría efectos negativos en las familias agrícolas y la economía del estado. A través de varias estrategias de adaptación al nivel del agricultor y del gobierno, se puede crear un sector agrícola con posibilidades para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático con éxito. Para crear estas estrategias de una manera justa y eficaz, se podría usar el marco de las policy sciences durante la formulación para políticas públicas. El marco de las policy sciences promueve la colaboración entre las partes interesadas durante el proceso del desarrollo de políticas públicas. Por medio de la colaboración de las agencias gubernamentales, los agricultores, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, los centros de investigación y la ciudadanía se pueden crear e efectuar estrategias eficaces para adaptar al sector agrícola jalisciense a los efectos del cambio climático.

Jalisco es un estado altamente vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. El estado es vulnerable a sequías en el norte e inundaciones en las costas. Jalisco también es un estado con un sector agrícola de alta producción. Los efectos del cambio climático ponen en riesgo esta producción agrícola, que en turno tendría efectos negativos en las familias agrícolas y la economía del estado. A través de varias estrategias de adaptación al nivel del agricultor y del gobierno, se puede crear un sector agrícola con posibilidades para afrontar los efectos del cambio climático con éxito. Para crear estas estrategias de una manera justa y eficaz, se podría usar el marco de las policy sciences durante la formulación para políticas públicas. El marco de las policy sciences promueve la colaboración entre las partes interesadas durante el proceso del desarrollo de políticas públicas. Por medio de la colaboración de las agencias gubernamentales, los agricultores, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, los centros de investigación y la ciudadanía se pueden crear e efectuar estrategias eficaces para adaptar al sector agrícola jalisciense a los efectos del cambio climático.

Thesis--Cornell University. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-188).

Thesis--Cornell University. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-188).

Tesis (licenciado en economía)--Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. / Bibliography: p. 135-136.

Diss. Univ. Berlin, 2001.

The pronunciamiento was a political practice with its origins in early nineteenth-century Spain. It was a form of political petitioning usually undertaken by coalitions of military and civilian actors to make demands against regional and national governments and negotiate political change. The petitions were generally accompanied with the threat of the use of military force should the demands not be met. As such, pronunciamientos have been defined by Will Fowler as “forceful negotiations.” The pronunciamiento developed as a political practice in a context of institutional disarray and contested legitimacy as a response to the constitutional crisis in Spain (1812-1820), and it became a particularly popular political tool in early independent Mexico (1821-1876) in a context in which successive governments experimented with new political systems. The fact that the institutions these governments created needed to acquire a political legitimacy that was stable enough to replace that of the Ancien Regime would prove problematic. It would be this context of uncertain legitimacies that would allow the pronunciamiento to develop a legitimacy of its own. It was an extra-constitutional, subversive form of political participation. It was used as a last resort by political actors who believed that, in the particular circumstance of having constitutional routes closed to them or of the government having broken the social pact, they had a right to insurrection to protect the people from the abuses of unjust or tyrannical government. As it developed in early independent Mexico, the pronuciamiento became one of the most used practices for effecting political change. Pronunciamientos were used at one time or another by political actors of all social classes and political persuasions. They preceded most of the major political changes of the period on both a regional and national scale, be they changes in government, the introduction of new laws or a change of political system. Pronunciamientos have often been referred to in the historiography of early independent Mexico as military revolts or coups. The pronunciamiento has thus been seen as a cause of instability and evidence of praetorianism in the political life of nineteenth-century Spain and independent Mexico. However, recent and current research on the subject, including the project at the University of St Andrews “The Pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico 1821 – 1876” of which this PhD is a part, has resulted in a revision of this narrow view of pronunciamientos as revolts and coups. The project and its affiliated researchers have developed a picture of the pronunciamiento as a political practice which was much more intimately involved with the newly developing constitutional institutions than previously thought. This PhD is a contribution to that revision which uses regional history to analyse the nature and evolution of the pronunciamiento. It is a study of the dynamics of and political actors involved in pronunciamientos in the state of Jalisco in western Mexico between 1821 and 1852. Jalisco in the early national period was a geopolitically important state and a popular place from which to launch pronunciamientos. Many political actors from within and without the state chose to launch pronunciamientos from Jalisco some of which had a significant impact on regional and national politics. To date there has been no thoroughgoing study of the phenomenon of the pronunciamiento as it developed in Jalisco. This analysis of the pronunciamientos which took place in Jalisco shows that pronunciamientos were used by all political actors to effect political change and had a very real effect on the lives of those directly involved as well as those of the general public who witnessed pronunciamientos on the streets of their towns and cities. It shows how pronunciamientos became closely interconnected with the newly developing constitutional institutions and how, while most pronunciamientos were recognized by all political actors as potential bearers of instability, the pronunciamiento was also considered to be a legitimate form of political participation given the extraordinary circumstance of a lack of recognised or legitimate government. The research demonstrates that pronunciamientos launched in Jalisco had a central part to play in the development of the new political order in the “age of democratic revolutions” and during the transition Mexico underwent from having a traditional corporate society and polity to acquiring a modern liberal one. The findings of this study provide an insight into the way in which political culture developed in Jalisco in the early national period. Alongside regional studies into the pronunciamientos launched in the San Luis Potosí and Yucatán in a similar period carried out by Kerry McDonald and Shara Ali, this research helps to develop a picture of how Mexican pronunciamientos worked at a local level allowing for more accurate generalisations to be made regarding the pronunciamiento as a practice on a national scale. The study also contributes to an understanding of how politics worked in Mexico in periods of institutional disarray, uncertain legitimacy and political transition and how insurrectionary political forms became legitimised.

Este informe es el resultado de datos conseguidos mediante investigaciones realizadas en México. Las visitas y los períodos de residencia en México en otros años despertaron mi primer interés en el sistema educativo de ese país. Durante el verano de 1964 me dediqué a examinar a fondo el sistema educativo de México y específicamente el de la capital de Jalisco. Para dar los primeros pasos hacia una comprensión del actual sistema educativo mexicano me fue necesario hacer investigaciones sobre sus antecedentes históricos, los cuales son esenciales a una comprensión clara de la situación actual. Así es que presentó primero un capítulo que trata del fondo histórico del desenvolvimiento de la educación mexicana, y más detalladamente la de Jalisco. En lo tocante al sistema educativo de Jalisco me limito a informaciones sobre los siguientes aspectos: el desarrollo del actual sistema jalisciense de educación secundaria y normal; los planes de estudios de las escuelas secundarias y normales de Jalisco, con énfasis sobre los de la enseñanza de la lengua y literatura castellanas; y la capacitación del magisterio con condiciones profesionales actuales. En cuanto a la información de estos aspectos del sistema educativo jalisciense la saque de varias fuentes. Constituyeron interesantes e informativas las entrevistas que sostuve con maestros y administradores en todos los sectores educativos de Guadalajara. Las visitas de observación que hice a la Normal de Jalisco durante su Curso Intensivo de Verano para la capacitación de magisterio me proveían de oportunidades magníficas para “experimentar” el verdadero funcionamiento del actual sistema educativo. Hice las demás investigaciones en las bibliotecas universitaria y municipal de Jalisco.

Descripción de carácter etnográfico de los valores culturales de la población en relación a los sistemas médicos que éstos utilizan. Se aborda la percepción que éstos tienen de la salud, de la enfermedad y las creencias que éstos tienen relacionadas con ambas, a partir de conocer cómo resuelven sus problemas y necesidades de salud y de las experiencias que tienen con los sistemas médicos que utilizan. El estudio de los sistemas médicos y tradiciones se enmarca en una sociedad urbana metropolitana, cuya área de estudio delimita a una población que se caracteriza por ser, en su mayoría, descendientes por generaciones de familias mestizas y rancheras oriundas de la que fuera villa de Zapopan hasta finales del siglo XX. Zapopan es una mezcla de tradición y modernidad, no sólo en términos de su actividad económica, sino también en sus estilos de vida y filosofía social. La coexistencia de esta mezcla se refleja en la problemática relacionada con el cuidado de la salud y la atención a la enfermedad, así como en los sistemas médicos y tradiciones curativas que éstos utilizan. El exclusivismo académico de la medicina alopática contiene un cierto desarrollo de incertidumbre conforme una parte de la población escoge el camino de los tratamientos homeopáticos y de medicina herbolaria y naturista. En toda medicina existe siempre la presencia de tradiciones y éstas guardan relación con creencias que tienen rango local en situaciones de etnociencia y también de carácter regional, como ocurre en territorios de convivencia interétnica, que es el caso de los mercados indígenas de México. La presencia de estas tradiciones médicas está plenamente incorporada en Zapopan. En este sentido, la tesis plantea la hipótesis de que no existe ningún sistema médico que podamos considerar plenamente autónomo en su praxis y dimensión social. Y verifica la hipótesis en la observación de campo al definir dos o más empirismos que expresan convicciones heredadas y admitidas que incluyen varias formas de praxis y de usos médicos. En los fundamental de esta verificación, lo que es diverso, la sociedad global, incluye también la diversidad médica. / This is an ethnographic description of the cultural values of a population, as these are related to the medical systems utilized by the latter. The study focusses on people´s perception of health and sickness, as well as on their beliefs concerning both these states, drawing upon knowledge of how they resolve their health problems and needs and upon analysis of their experiences with the medical systems they utilize. The study of medical systems and traditions is conducted in an urban metropolitan society, with particular focus on an area in which the majority of the population can be characterized as descendents, over generations, of families of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage (mestizos) and of small farmers (rancheros) living in what was, until the late twentieth century, the autonomous community or villa of Zapopan. In Zapopan tradition and modernity coexist, not only in economic activity but also in lifestyles and social philosophy. This coexistence is reflected in concerns over preserving good health and treating illness, as well as in the medical systems and the curing traditions on which the latter rely. A certain degree of uncertainty erodes the academic exclusivism of alopathic medicine when a part of the population chooses the path of homeopathic treatment, herbal medicine and naturistic cures. Traditions are present in all forms of medicine, and these are related to beliefs that exist at a local level for ethnoscientists but also have a regional nature, as one finds in territories where different ethnic groups interact, as is the case in the indigenous markets of Mexico. These medical traditions are clearly present in Zapopan. Therefore the thesis sustains the hypothesis that there is no medical system that can be considered fully autonomous in its praxis and social dimension. And it verifies this hypothesis through field observation, defining two or more beliefs that reflect inherited, accepted ideas and that are applied to various forms of practice and medical use. At the heart of this study is the fact that medical diversity exists in a diverse global society.

Experimental and analytical investigations were conducted to evaluate the overall stability for the final slope of the Pit Number One at El Encino mine, an iron ore property in Jalisco, Mexico. Shear strength of the intact rock and fractures was estimated from laboratory tests and back-analyses of previous slope failures. Back-analysis estimates were found to be more appropriate to represent the shear strength of fractures. Equal-area stereoplots were used to analyze geological structure data to differentiate structural domains with similar structural characteristics within the final slope. A kinematic analysis was performed for each structural domain using average joint set orientations and major discontinuities projected onto the final slope. The final pit walls were found to be stable, except for a 36,000 ton wedge and a 12,000 ton plane shear slide. These geometries and other potentially unstable areas were analyzed, and control measures and additional work suggested.