Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Since the conception of three dimensional (3D) printing circa 40 years ago, there has been the proliferation of several additive manufacturing (AM) technologies that enable its use in everyday applications such as aerospace, medicine, military, oil and gas and infrastructure. In order to improve its applicability and growth, 3D printed materials are subjected to the same or even higher levels of scrutiny for its mechanical behavior as its conventionally manufactured counterpart. One of the most important mechanical properties is toughness or the ability of a material to undergo large strain prior to fracture when loaded. The toughness of a material can be correlated to its impact energy or the increase in internal energy due to impact. In this study, the impact properties, including the toughness of 3D printed 15-5 stainless steel were investigated at low temperature (77 K), room temperature (298 K) and high temperature (723 K) using experimental and numerical modeling of the Charpy impact test. In addition, ballistic impact simulations were performed to determine the applicability of 3D printed 15-5 stainless steel in the defense industry. The 15-5 stainless steel specimens were printed (horizontal-build) using the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique, cooled or heated to the specified temperature, then tested in accordance with the ASTM E23-2016b [1] standard. The Johnson-Cook (J-C) phenomenological material model and fracture parameters were used in the numerical modeling. The cross-sectional microstructures of surfaces and impact energies of the Charpy impact test were examined. For the ballistic impact simulations, a 3D printed 15-5 stainless steel typical plate was investigated at the same temperatures as the Charpy impact test. A typical missile using the J-C properties at room temperature (298 K) was assigned an initial velocity of 300 ms-1 for each plate temperature. The fracture surface investigation (microsurface analysis as well as visual inspection) and impact energy values of the Charpy impact test show that the 3D printed 15-5 stainless steel exhibited brittle behavior at low and room temperatures, but transitioned into a more ductile behavior at high temperature. At 77 K, 298 K and 723 K, the experimental Charpy impact test results were 0.00 J/cm2, 6.78±4.07 J/cm2 and 50.84±3.39 J/cm2 respectively; whereas the simulated impact energy were 1.05 J/cm2, 10.46 J/cm2 and 47.07 J/cm2 respectively. Hence, the impact energy for the experimental and numerical simulations were in good agreement; especially at higher temperatures. Consistent with the results from the Charpy impact test, the ballistic impact simulations show an increase in the impact energy, elastic plastic strain and deflection of the plate with an increase in temperature indicating brittle-to-ductile behavior. The high exit velocity at low and room temperature may not make the plate attractive in defense in its current configuration; however, at the high temperature, the exit velocity reduction was significant.

No description available.

A finite element model is developed in Abaqus Explicit to determine the resistance of Salem Limestone with three levels of initial micro-cracking to high-speed, monotonic impact. A comprehensive description of the model development is included, and the model is validated by comparing simulation impact results to known penetration depths during a mesh refinement study. The uniaxial compression simulations were performed to correlate the HJC damage parameter to the uniaxial compressive strengths from mechanical test data. Then, the HJC damage parameter is compared to the unconfined compression strengths to correlate the micro-crack damage levels. Subsequently, the model was used to determine the correlation of the penetration depths at the finite damage levels. In conclusion, the model described in the paper can adequately predict the penetration depths of the projectiles for a range of micro-crack damage levels. The micro-cracking did/did not affect the penetration depth.

No description available.

[pt] Entre os vários processos envolvidos na produção de petróleo e gás, o processo de perfuração tem recebido grande atenção recentemente. Pesquisas estão sendo direcionadas para este tema com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho das brocas de perfuração. Assim, o interesse da indústria do petróleo é aumentar a taxa de penetração, reduzir o tempo de manobras, aumentar a vida útil das brocas e consequentemente reduzir gastos durante o processo de perfuração. Para alcançar estes objetivos, tradicionalmente, são empregados métodos de otimização de perfuração baseados em energia mecânica específica. Estes métodos utilizam como dados de entrada o peso sobre a broca, taxa de penetração, torque e resistência à compressão da rocha. Os métodos de otimização de perfuração ainda apresentam algumas dificuldades, tais como: relacionar energia mecânica específica com resistência à compressão simples e os métodos dependem de dados de perfuração de poços, como listados acima. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo alternativo do processo de corte em rocha baseado em simulação numérica, especificamente utilizando um programa comercial de elementos finitos chamado Abaqus. A primeira parte do trabalhou consistiu no desenvolvimento de modelos de corte em metais baseado na lei de plasticidade de Johnson-Cook. A motivação na escolha destes modelos foi a grande quantidade de trabalhos encontrados na literatura que tratam do processo de usinagem em metais. Posteriormente, a segunda parte do trabalho, que trata do corte em rocha, foi conduzida. Modelos tridimensionais de ensaios de single cutter foram elaborados e simulados utilizando a lei de plasticidade de Drucker-Prager, adequada para rochas, que considera o efeito da pressão de confinamento. / [en] Among the various processes involved in producing oil and gas, the drilling process has received great attention recently. Research is being directed to this issue in order to improve the performance of drill bits. Thus, the interest of the oil industry is to increase the penetration rate, reduce the time of switching, extending the life of drills and consequently reduce spending during the drilling process. To achieve these goals are traditionally used for drilling optimization methods based on mechanical specific energy. These methods use as input the weight on the drill penetration rate, torque and compressive strength of rock. The drilling optimization methods still present some difficulties, such as mechanical specific energy relationship with compressive strength and the methods depend on data-drilling, as listed above. This dissertation aims to present a study of alternative rock cutting process based on numerical simulation, specifically using a commercial finite element program called Abaqus. The first part of the work was the development of models of metal cutting based on the plasticity law of Johnson-Cook. The motivation in choosing these models was the large number of studies in the literature dealing with the machining process in metals. Subsequently, the second part of the work, which is cut in rock, was conducted. Three-dimensional models of single cutter tests were designed and simulated using the plasticity law of Drucker-Prager, suitable for rocks, which considers the effect of confining pressure.

Dans le cadre du procédé de revêtement de surface Cold Spray, un modèle numérique d’impact de particule sur substrat à haute vitesse est créé, ainsi qu’une nouvelle interaction adhésive, dans le logiciel de dynamique explicite du CEA Europlexus. Le modèle utilise des Éléments Finis et la méthode sans maillage SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) avec la loi matériau de Johnson-Cook, couramment utilisée pour modéliser les métaux à des vitesses de déformation élevées et prenant en compte le durcissement plastique, le durcissement en vitesse de déformation, et l’assouplissement thermique. L’interaction adhésive est basée sur les modèles de zone cohésive de Dugdale-Barenblatt et Griffith, avec une limite sur la contrainte cohésive et la rupture de l’adhésion dictée par l’énergie dissipée. L’étude de cette interaction dans le cas des corps déformables à haute vitesse de déformation montre que le type de modèle cohésif utilisé impacte directement et de façon très prononcée les résultats du calcul. L’interaction adhésive est ensuite liée à un mécanisme physique connu pour être la raison majeure de l’adhésion entre métaux lors du procédé Cold Spray : l’instabilité en cisaillement à l’interface de contact (présente dans la simulation grâce à une loi d’endommagement). Pour ce faire, un critère d’activation de l’adhésion est créé, basé sur une chute de la valeur locale de limite élastique du matériau. Ce critère permet de retrouver le phénomène de vitesse critique nécessaire pour l’adhésion de la particule lors du procédé. Un critère de rupture de l’adhésion supplémentaire est ajouté, basé sur la valeur de l’endommagement dans les éléments collés, et permet de retrouver le phénomène de vitesse maximale pour l’adhésion de la particule. Le modèle complet, construit sur des principes physiques, est ainsi capable de simuler le phénomène d’adhésion Cold Spray. Des tests de dureté et images EBSD sont aussi présentés et comparés aux résultats numériques. / In the context of the Cold Spray process, a numerical model of a single particle impact is developed. The point of interest is the adhesion of the particle to the substrate, thus an adhesive interaction model is also created. The impact model uses the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics and/or the Finite Elements methods, with a Johnson-Cook material law, commonly used for metals at high strain rates, which takes into account strain hardening, strain rate hardening and thermal softening. The adhesive interaction is a Griffith and Dugdale-Barenblatt cohesive model with energy dissipation and a limit on the cohesive stress. Using this model it is shown that in the case of fast dynamics and deformable bodies, not only the adhesion parameters but also the type of model has an influence on the results. The adhesion model is also, contrary to previous works, linked with an actual physical mechanism known to induce adhesion in Cold Spray: a shear stress instability at the interface. This is done by adding an activation criterion to the cohesive model. This criterion is defined as a local drop in yield strength on either element in contact. Only when this criterion is locally met are the cohesive stresses applied and cohesive energy dissipated. The result is the apparition of a critical velocity, under which adhesion cannot occur due to either not enough initial kinetic energy to create an instability at the interface, or not enough adhesive surface created to keep the particle from rebounding. For the model to localize and undergo shear banding/shear instability, a damage value is added to the material law. An erosion criterion is then implemented in the cohesive model to remove the cohesive stresses from highly damaged parts of the adhesive surface. This results at high impact speeds in a maximal velocity above which the interfacial material is too damaged to sustain adhesion and prevent the particle from rebounding. A deposition behavior similar to the Cold Spray process is then observed, with a range of low velocities without any adhesion of the particle, then a critical speed initiating a velocity range of adhesion of the particle, and finally a maximum speed above which the interface is too damaged to sustain the adhesion. A set of experimental observations is also carried out to better understand the actual microstructural dynamics and changes at the interface of 1 mm copper particles impacted on copper. The results are compared to simulations and the use of the macroscopic Johnson-Cook law at a microscopic level is validated.

Forklifts that are capable of lifting heavy loads and reaching high lift heights are required by stan-dards to have an overhead guard to protect the operator from falling objects. The same standardsspecify a standardized procedure for testing the strength of these overhead guards. The test in-volves dropping ten 45 kg wooden cubes and a heavy timber load onto the overhead guard. Thesedestructive tests are time-consuming and expensive, and it is the purpose of this master’s thesis todevelop a methodology for simulating this kind of test using the finite element method with a largedisplacements, explicit scheme using the solver RADIOSS by Altair. This was achieved by firstdesigning, constructing, and testing a physical prototype of an overhead guard to use as a referencefor a finite element methodology to be validated against. The work has also included tensile testingof the overhead guard material, and this was done both to obtain material data from the sametype of material as the prototype, and to get Johnson-Cook material parameters, which are hardto come by in the literature. Next, a basic finite element model was created which showed a verylarge discrepancy compared to the physical test results. An extensive investigation into aspectssurrounding finite element modeling and material modeling was undertaken, and resulted in a fi-nal model which overestimated the displacements by about 40 % only. The remaining inaccuracyis believed to mostly stem from inadequate strain-rate sensitivity data, caused by limitations inavailable resources for material testing.

Friction Spot Welding (FSpW) é um processo de solda ponto por fricção, que opera na fase sólida do material e permite unir duas ou mais chapas de metal sobrepostas. Além de ser bastante usado para soldar materiais leves, ele também é aplicável a qualquer material que apresente boa plasticidade. Neste trabalho são analisados dois materiais: AA Alclad 2024-T351 e AA 2024-T351, diferindo entre si no uso, ou não, da camada de proteção contra a corrosão (Alclad). As uniões são feitas sob os mesmos parâmetros do processo, previamente estudados para o material com Alclad. Dois parâmetros são utilizados: um dito ótimo, capaz de produzir soldas com bom desempenho mecânico e reprodutibilidade e um segundo, dito insuficiente, por produzir soldas de baixo desempenho mecânico e baixa reprodutibilidade. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos que a camada Alclad pode acarretar nas juntas soldadas, em seu desempenho mecânico, no modo de fratura, na microestrutura e na geometria da junta. Os resultados apresentam uma grande influência do Alclad, tendo em vista que durante o processo o recobrimento migra das superfícies das chapas para o centro da solda. Assim, uma interface deste material, que possui baixa resistência mecânica, é criada, influenciando negativamente o desempenho da junta e alterando o modo de fratura. O principal escopo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise da fratura do ensaio de cisalhamento, com o uso do método de elementos finitos. Portanto, fazse necessário estudar e desenvolver um modelo numérico capaz de representar a nucleação, coalescimento, formação de uma ou mais trincas e a consequente propagação até a fratura do corpo. Para a realização da análise utilizou-se o modelo numérico de fratura Johnson-Cook (JC), o qual expressa a tensão equivalente como uma função da deformação plástica, da taxa de deformação e da temperatura. Realizou-se, ainda, um estudo acerca das teorias do Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM), bem como se fez necessário obter novos parâmetros para o modelo, que descrevessem o fenômeno e o material. Nesse sentido, serão realizadas duas análises, sendo que a primeira considera o efeito da camada de Alclad e, a segunda, considera uma solda livre de defeitos. Espera-se identificar os locais em que trinca é nucleada e analisar a resposta da junta, passo a passo, durante a propagação da trinca, até a fratura completa do corpo. E, por fim, avaliar a interferência no modelo numérico da presença da camada contra a corrosão Alclad. / Friction Spot Welding (FSpW) is a friction spot weld process, it operates in the solid-state of the material and allows joining two or more sheets in overlap configuration. It is used to join light weight materials, also is suitable to any material that shows good ductility. In this work two different materials are analyzed AA Alclad 2024-T351 e AA 2024-T351, between them the use, or not, of the corrosion protection layer Alclad. The welds are made under the same process parameters previously studied to the material with Alclad. Two parameters are utilized: the first one is the optimum parameter capable to produce welds with good mechanical performance and reproducibility, and another one inadequate because it produces joins with poor mechanical response and reproducibility. It is intended with this work, to evaluate the effects that the Alclad layer can cause in the welds, in its mechanical performance, fracture mode, microstructure and geometry of the join. The results showed a considerable influence of the Alclad, considering that during the process, it migrates from the sheet surface to the center of the weld. Thus, an interface of this material, that has a very low hardness, is created, influencing negatively the performance of the weld and changing the fracture mode. The aim of this dissertation is to perform an analysis of the fracture from the lap shear test, using the finite element method. Therefore, becomes necessary study and develop a numerical model capable to represent the nucleation, coalescence, formation of one or more cracks and, the consequent propagation until the fracture of the body. To perform the analysis it was used the numerical model of fracture called Johnson-Cook (JC), which expresses the equivalent stress as a function of the plastic deformation, the strain rate and the temperature. It was also made a study about the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) theories, and it was necessary to obtain new parameters for the model, that describe the phenomenon and the material. In this sense, it will be performed two analyses, and the first considers the Alclad layer and, the second, considers a weld without defects. It is expected to identify the places where the crack nucleated, and analyze the behavior of the weld, step by step, during the crack propagation, until the complete fracture of the component. And, finally, evaluate the interference in the numerical model of the presence of the protection corrosion layer Alclad.

Afin d'augmenter leur productivité, certains industriels de la découpe mécanique s'intéressent à un procédé émergeant : le cisaillage grande vitesse. Pour ce procédé, la vitesse du poinçon atteint 10m/s alors que cette vitesse ne dépasse pas 0,1 m/s pour le cisaillage conventionnel. Cependant, même si la qualité des découpes obtenues se rapproche celle du cisaillage fin, l'apparition de phénomènes dynamiques mal compris rend aujourd'hui délicat le déploiement du cisaillage grande vitesse. Dans ce travail de thèse nous proposons d'aller vers une meilleure maîtrise de ce procédé en utilisant aussi bien des moyens expérimentaux que numériques. Ainsi un dispositif expérimental instrumenté a été mis au point afin d'observer finement les phénomènes présents lors de la découpe. Ce dispositif conserve des similitudes avec les moyens industriels et comprend notamment un poinçon dont la section varie et une matrice solidaire d'un tube de Hopkinson pour la mesure des efforts de cisaillage. Cette mesure a comprend un traitement spécifique afin de corriger des effets dynamiques présents dans la matrice. Ce traitement, qui nécessite une calibration du banc, a été validé grâce à une modélisation numérique unidimensionnelle. Des observations du faciès de rupture ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence de bandes de cisaillement adiabatiques, signature d'une augmentation localisée importante de la température. Par ailleurs, une modélisation thermomécanique du comportement de l'acier C40 (loi de Johnson-Cook) a été réalisée et utilisée dans un code de simulation utilisant une approche C-NEM (Constrained Natural Element Method) pour reproduire les cisaillages observés sur le banc. Une étude comparative simulation/expérimentation a ainsi pu être effectuée.

<p>This report is a review of some failure models today used for determine failure in thin sheets of high strength steels. Focus has been given on phenomenlogical models and only some simple simulations have been carried out. The phenomenlogical models that have been summarized here are of four different categories, namely stress based, strain based, combined stress and strain based and damaged models. However, the simulations have only been preformed for some of the models.</p>