The purpose of this study is to examine the utility of a just war explanation in understanding Canada’s decision to enter into the war in Afghanistan. It examines Canada’s three phases of the war under the lens of jus ad bellum. The concentration is upon jus ad bellum’s core criteria of legitimate authority, public declaration of intent, just cause, last resort, reasonable chance of success and proportionality and then applies it to the three phases. By examining Canada’s international role, paying close attention to Canada’s association with the UN, NATO and its ally status with the United State are important explanations of why Canada entered into the Afghanistan war. This analysis strives to provide a holistic comprehension by exploring the utility of an ignored body of explanation and extrapolates from this analysis the contemporary use of jus ad bellum.

This thesis is a historical study and evaluation of the form of church government practised by the Particular Baptists of the 17th and 18th centuries, from the years 1650 to 1750. This study is based on confessional statements, the ecclesiological literature, and the extant church books of the Particular Baptists. It is shown that the Particular Baptists practised a definitive form of church government known traditionally as Independency, similar to that expounded by John Owen, minus infant baptism. Under the principle of the autonomy of the church the Particular Baptists practised believer’s baptism, an explicit church membership, and upheld covenant theology. Under the principle of the headship of Christ, they practised the separation of church and state, upheld the divine right of the magistrate, and also believed in the liberty of conscience. Under the principle of rule by elders the majority of the Particular Baptists practised a plurality of elders in which there was a distinction made between the roles of the pastor or minister and the ruling elders, although they occupy the same basic office of rule. However, deviation from a plural eldership took place, leading to the singlepastor- and-multiple-deacons situation, accompanied by the disappearance of ruling elders and the practice of congregational democracy in governance. This arrangement is characteristic of modern Congregationalism. Under the principle of the communion of churches the regional associations of churches accomplished much good, while a number of issues remained unresolved, including open and closed communion, congregational hymn singing, and the training of ministers. In the final chapter, the study attempts to resolve some ecclesiological issues controverted among Reformed Baptists today by applying the lessons learned from the Particular Baptists. To the Particular Baptists, Independency was the jus divinum (divinely ordained) form of church government used by God as the vehicle to carry out the Great Commission with a view to establishing biblically ordered churches, which upheld the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith. These three components of church life − mission-mindedness, biblical church order, and the 1689 Confession of Faith − arose from the thorough biblicism of the Particular Baptists. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church and Dogma History))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Teilw. zugl.: @Cambridge, Univ., Diss., 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [593] - 613.

Univ., Diss.--Cambridge, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [593] - 613.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2008. / Bibliogr.: f. 128-162. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

La mûre tropicale de montagne (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) est largement cultivée et consommée au Costa Rica. Cependant, il existe peu de recherches scientifiques sur ce fruit. Par conséquent, nos travaux ont pour but de valoriser la mûre au travers de l’étude de ses activités biologiques sur le syndrome métabolique. Le jus microfiltré de mûre a démontré être riche en polyphénols (377,5 équivalents d’AG/100g), spécialement en ellagitanins (90,39-141,89 équivalents d’AE/100g) et anthocyanes (56,93-73,31 équivalents de cyanidine-3-glucoside/100g). Le pouvoir antioxydant du jus de mûre a été déterminé par les méthodes ORAC (4253,53 µmol ET/100g), FRAP (4703,84 µmol ET/100g), ABTS (1,075 μmol ET/100g) et LPO (15,88 µM de hydroperoxyde) et par des mesures de la capacité antioxydante des enzymes superoxyde dismutase (767,33 U/ml) et catalaseCAT (70,33 nmol/min/ml). Le jus de mûre a inhibé la production du NO induite par LPS+IFNγ lorsqu'il a été utilisé comme prétraitement sur les cellules J774A.1. L’inhibition a été de 51,95% pour le jus de mûre à 1000 g/ml, sans affecter ni la viabilité cellulaire ni la concentration de protéines dans les cellules. Cette activité antiinflammatoire a été confirmée par la diminution du taux de la synthase inductible de l'oxyde nitrique dans ces mêmes cellules par une analyse Western Blot. Cette étude a utilisé un modèle in vivo pour évaluer l'effet de la consommation du jus de mûre chez des rats insulino-résistants. L'apport en mûre a provoqué une diminution des triglycérides sériques (-50,2%), du cholestérol total (-15,6%), du cholestérol LDL (-48,2%) et de la pression artérielle systolique des rats par rapport aux témoins, sans influencer les concentrations de cholestérol HDL ni la glycémie. L’effet hypotenseur du jus a été confirmé par une réduction de la pression artérielle diastolique de 54,2% lors de la mesure de la pression artérielle après l’injection du jus de mûre chez le rat anesthésié. L’effet du jus de mûre chez homme a été évalué lors d’un essai clinique avec des patients dislypidémiques, après lequel on a observé une réduction significative du tour de taille, du glucose, de la pression artérielle diastolique et des triglycérides (-20,3%) chez les patients qui ont consommé du jus de mûre à 40% v/v durant 6 semaines. En outre, lors de la fermentation du jus de mûre costaricienne avec des levures du type Saccharomyces cerevisiae, la teneur en sucres (glucose, fructose et saccharose) a été réduite presque totalement au bout de 10 jours et le séchage par atomisation d’un jus fermenté avec 10% de maltodextrine 6DE et 1% de Aerosil, à un débit de pulvérisation de 3 ml/min et avec un débit d’air chaud (150°C) de 650 L/h garantit l’obtention d’une poudre avec un rendement élevé de séchage. Enfin, cette étude suggère que la mûre Rubus adenotrichos présente un bénéfice potentiel sur la santé, spécialement contre toutes les pathologies liées au syndrome métabolique. Mots clés: Rubus adenotrichos, mûre, jus microfiltré, syndrome métabolique, dyslipidémie, antioxydante, antiinflammatoire, hypotension / Tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) is widely cultivated and consumed in Costa Rica. However, there is little scientific research on this fruit. Therefore, our work aims to enhance blackberry importance through the study of its biological activity on the metabolic syndrome.Blackberry microfiltered juice has been shown to be rich in polyphenols (377.5 GA equivalents /100g), especially ellagitannins (from 90.39 to 141.89 EA equivalents/100g) and anthocyanins (from 56.93 to 73, 31 equivalents of cyanidin-3-glucoside/100g). The antioxidant power of blackberry juice was determined by the ORAC (4253.53 µmol TE/100g), FRAP (4703.84 µmol TE/ 100g), ABTS (1.075 µmol TE/100g) and LPO (15.88 µmol of hydroperoxide) methods and by measuring the antioxidant capacity of superoxide dismutase (767.33 U/ml) and catalase (70.33 nmol/min/ml) enzymes.Blackberry juice inhibited NO production induced by LPS+IFN gamma when used as a pretreatment on J774A.1 cells. Inhibition was 51.95% for the blackberry juice at 1000 µg/ml, without affecting neither cell viability nor the concentration of proteins in J774A.1 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity has been confirmed by the decrease in the rate of inducible nitric oxide synthase in these cells by Western blot analysis.This study used an in vivo model to assess the effect of blackberry juice consumption in insulin-resistant rats. The intake of blackberry caused a decrease in serum triglycerides (-50.2%), total cholesterol (-15.6%), LDL cholesterol (-48.2%) and in the systolic blood pressure of rats compared to controls, without affecting HDL cholesterol or blood sugar levels. The hypotensive effect of the juice has been confirmed by a reduction of 54.2% of the diastolic blood pressure in the measurement of blood pressure after injection of the blackberry juice in the anesthetized rat.The effect of blackberry juice on humans was evaluated in a clinical trial with patients suffering dyslipidemia, after which a significant reduction in waist circumference, glucose, diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides (-20,3%) was observed in patients who consumed 40% v/v blackberry juice for 6 weeks.Also, during fermentation of blackberry juice with yeasts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae type, the sugar content (glucose, fructose and sucrose) was reduced almost totally after 10 days and the spray drying of the fermented juice with 10% maltodextrin 6DE and 1% Aerosil, at a spraying rate of 3 ml/min and with a flow of hot air (150°C) of 650 L/h ensures to obtain a powder and a high efficiency in drying.Finally, this study suggests that the blackberry specie Rubus adenotrichos presents a potential health benefit, especially against all diseases related to metabolic syndrome.Keywords: Rubus adenotrichos, blackberry, microfiltered juice, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypotension

During World War II the British Royal Air Force undertook a campaign of area bombing of German cities, resulting in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties. The debate over the ethics of this policy began at the time and has continued to the present. Area bombing clearly violated the traditional Just War norms of discrimination and noncombatant immunity. Apologists for the bombing have argued that such norms are no longer applicable in conditions of modern total war; critics of the bombing disagree. This dissertation defends the continuing relevance and applicability of these norms, and argues that area bombing constituted a violation of the moral laws governing the conduct of warfare. The dissertation also shows that the seeming intractability of the ethical debate on area bombing results from the participants' positions being informed by distinct and often incompatible ethical traditions. To understand and evaluate the different positions in the debate, it is necessary to engage critically with these underlying traditions. The dissertation shows how five ethical traditions touching on the norm of noncombatant immunity conditioned the positions taken by protagonists in the debate. The ethical traditions are Holy War / Crusade; Classical Realism; Christian Realism; Christian Just War / Jus in Bello; and Christian Pacifism. The first part of the dissertation explores the theoretical background and historical development of each of these traditions. The second part examines five protagonists in the British debate during World War II and analyzes how their positions were informed by the ethical traditions considered in the first part. The participants examined are Lord Vansittart (Holy War / Crusade), Captain Basil Liddell Hart (Classical Realism), Archbishop William Temple (Christian Realism), Bishop George Bell (Just War / Jus in Bello), and Vera Brittain (Christian Pacifism). The dissertation evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, and contributions of each of these traditions. By considering the voices raised against the area bombing at the time - especially those of Bishop Bell and Vera Brittain - the dissertation seeks to encourage theologically and ethically informed opposition to potential violations of the jus in bello norms in present and future conflicts.

Jus cogens is a mysterious body of international law. It comprises legal standards which are thought to be superior to those in ordinary international law, namely, international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The title of this study 'Conflicts with Jus Cogens in International Lawa' condenses its main aims. The study examines conflict-situations between jus cogens rules and rules of ordinary international law. The study is divided into four Parts. Part I clarifies what jus cogens status means and how jus cogens rules are made. Part II analyses some of the different ways in which legal rules come into conflict with each other. I seek to push the boundaries of our understanding of legal conflict, and I also construct a typology of legal conflict. In Part III, I apply the analysis of conflict in Part II to the jus cogens context by identifying and classifying situations where rules of ordinary international conflict with jus cogens rules. Finally, Part IV explores the consequences of the conflicts with jus cogens which were identified in Part III. What we see is that the consequences of these conflicts are varied. Most strikingly, however, we find that in some cases jus cogens rules are being defeated by rules of ordinary international law. This challenges the orthodox thinking that jus cogens rules are straightforwardly superior to ordinary international law, in the sense that they always prevail in conflict-situations. But while the conclusion of the study may seem radical, it is informed by theoretical writing about law and about how rules conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to improve our understanding of jus cogens rules in international law, as well as the more general problem of how legal rules conflict with each other.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.