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Procédé novateur d'extraction de jus de fruits par micro-onde : viabilité de fabrication et qualité nutritionnelle des jusCendres, Aurélie 29 September 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Le procédé innovant d'hydrodiffusion par micro-onde a été testé et validé pour la fabrication de jus de fruit sur des raisins, abricots et prunes. Ce procédé présente des avantages au niveau technique : rapidité d'extraction, pas de préparation de l'échantillon, aucun auxiliaire de fabrication. Il permet l'obtention de jus à partir de fruits difficiles à presser, avec une pasteurisation " in line " et des produits se différenciant nettement des jus commerciaux par leur couleur et texture.Le jus est expulsé du fruit sous l'effet de la vapeur produite in situ. A partir du fruit congelé, la déstructuration liée à la croissance des cristaux de glace facilite l'extraction. Les rendements le plus élevés sont obtenus à partir de fruits congelés, et à basse puissance. Une partie de l'eau des fruits est convertie en vapeur, mais peut être récupérée en utilisant un réfrigérant, ce qui permet d'atteindre des rendements proches des rendements de jus obtenus avec un prétraitement enzymatique et pressurage. Globalement, le jus a une composition proche de celle du jus présent dans le fruit ou obtenus par pressurage. La composition du jus expulsé des fruits change au cours de l'extraction. La concentration des composés présents dans la chair et hydrosolubles (sucres, acides, acides phénoliques) baisse nettement en fin d'extraction, tandis que les anthocyanes, présentes dans l'épiderme des raisins ou des prunes, montrent un pic de concentration lors de la phase d'expulsion rapide des jus. La teneur en procyanidines est nettement plus élevée que pour des jus obtenus par pressurage
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Does just war theory need to get with the times?Shiller, Aviva 07 1900 (has links)
La théorie de la guerre juste a fournit les principes qui forment la base de nos intuitions
concernant l’éthique de la guerre pendant plus de milles ans. Cependant, la nature de la
guerre a changé drastiquement dans les derniers 50 ans. Avec les avancés
technologiques, tous les aspects de la guerre, du champ de bataille aux armes utilisées,
sont aujourd’hui très différents. Ce qui est proposé dans ce texte est que les principes de
jus in bello sont malgré tout encore adéquats pour les guerres contemporaines.
Spécifiquement, en utilisant une analyse historique, ce texte argumentera contre la
condition de l’urgence suprême de Michael Walzer pour proposer une approche qui
laisse les principes de bases du jus in bello intactes. Ce texte suggère que les théoriciens
de la guerre juste se penchent sur la question des armes prohibées pour avoir un impacte
positif dans le domaine de l’éthique de la guerre. / Just war theory has been provided the basis for thinking about the morality of war for
the past thousand years of Western history. However, the nature of warfare has
dramatically altered in the last 50 years alone. With the advent of new technologies all
aspects of warfare from the nature of the battlefield to the types of weapons used have
changed. What this paper will argue, through a historical analysis of these technological
changes, is that the principles guiding actions taken in war, the principles of jus in bello,
are well equipped to deal with these changes. More specifically, this paper will argue
against Michael Walzer’s famous supreme emergency condition and suggests instead
that just war theorists should instead be concerned with weapons prohibitions, not in
undermining the established principles of jus in bello, in order to have a favourable
impact on contemporary warfare.
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The influence of international human rights norms considered as jus cogens in Latin-American constitutionalism, with special reference to the Mexican legal system /Portillo Jiménez, Héctor. January 1900 (has links)
Originally presented as the author's dissertation (doctoral)--Freiburg/Schweiz, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 224-258).
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Dead letter law arising from strategic choices : the difficulty of achieving accountability for the 'jus in bello' rules on proportionality and precautions in attackTrew, Noel January 2017 (has links)
The jus in bello proportionality rule establishes an upper boundary on how much collateral damage combatants can cause whilst striking a lawful target and its associated rule on precautions in attack compels them to take all feasible measures to properly understand the situation on the ground and to mitigate civilian harm. Proportionality and precautions in attack have been codified in API for over forty years, but in that time, it has been difficult to hold troops and their leaders accountable for breaches of these rules. In this study, I examine several reasons for why these rules have been difficult to apply ex post by considering the strategic motivations of state officials and prosecutors. Specifically, I propose a game-theoretic model which describes the decisions that state officials and prosecutors have historically made, and I explore what changes to this model would prompt these actors to behave differently. The model was developed using insights gained from legal case studies, archival research and a series of interviews with relevant actors. It suggests, inter alia, that to induce state officials to support a stricter liability standard for unlawful attacks, they must either ascribe much more value to legitimacy than to the success of future military operations, or they must perceive the success of future military operations to be unaffected by the possibility of losing criminal or civil adjudication. State officials may perceive losing a civil case based on state liability as being less likely to affect the success of future military operations compared with criminal liability against individual troops. Therefore, state officials may be inclined to support a stricter civil liability standard, if they believed it would help the state to secure greater legitimacy.
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Contribution à la compréhension du colmatage membranaire lors de la microfiltration de jus de fruits : identification de leur potentiel colmatant / Contribution to the understanding of membrane fouling during fruit juices microfiltration : identification of their fouling potentialDahdouh, Layal 10 July 2015 (has links)
La microfiltration est un procédé baro-membranaire largement utilisé pour stabiliser et clarifier les jus de fruits ou pour concentrer leur fraction pulpeuse. Toutefois le colmatage membranaire limite la productivité économique du procédé. Même si de nombreuses études ont été menées pour comprendre et limiter le colmatage, aucun véritable outil n'est aujourd'hui disponible pour prévoir la filtrabilité d'un jus de fruits. Le développement de ce type d'outils prévisionnels est pourtant essentiel pour faciliter l'optimisation des conditions de filtration et pour une meilleure maitrise du colmatage membranaire. Dans ce contexte, l'étude a été axée sur l'identification de nouveaux critères de filtrabilité des jus de fruits au travers de la compréhension et de la caractérisation des mécanismes de colmatage qui interviennent.En choisissant le jus d'orange comme modèle, une approche statistique a permis, dans un premier temps, une sélection rapide et pertinente des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des jus de fruits directement corrélées à leur filtrabilité, à savoir la matière sèche totale, l'extrait sec soluble, le pH, la conductivité et la granulométrie. Ensuite, des stratégies expérimentales complémentaires basées sur des filtrations à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été proposées pour identifier les différentes fractions colmatantes en fonction de leur taille ainsi que les mécanismes de colmatage associés. Ces stratégies novatrices ont permis d'étudier le pouvoir colmatant du jus d'orange en prenant en compte toute sa complexité et de proposer par la suite des cartographies de composés colmatants. Ces cartographies s'avèrent particulièrement intéressantes pour anticiper le comportement colmatant des jus de fruits sans avoir recours à des filtrations longues et coûteuses à grande échelle. Les résultats ont montré que le phénomène le plus important qui régit le colmatage membranaire global au cours de la filtration du jus d'orange semble être le colmatage externe par dépôt. Les objectifs de la dernière partie du travail, ont été de considérer plus fortement le caractère complexe et hétérogène des jus de fruits, pouvant les conduire à des changements brutaux de comportement lors de leur filtration. Pour cela des mesures rhéologiques en mode dynamique couplées à une stratégie d'isolement spécifique des différentes fractions colmatantes du jus d'orange ont été menées pour déterminer le comportement viscoélastique de la fraction insoluble du jus d'orange au cours de sa concentration. Les observations ont montré que les énergies des interactions entre les particules insolubles sont des fonctions croissantes de la concentration de la fraction insoluble et dépendent de la taille des particules. De plus, la transition vers un comportement « solide » du jus d'orange semble être favorisée par la présence des fractions particulaire et supra-colloïdale. Ces observations sont cohérentes avec le mécanisme de colmatage prédominant dû à l'accumulation de ces fractions à la surface de la membrane. La confrontation de nouvelles études de filtrabilité à l'échelle du laboratoire avec la performance de la filtration à grande échelle permettra de généraliser les stratégies proposées pour prédire la performance de la filtration de nouveaux jus de fruits. / Microfiltration is a pressure driven process successfully used to clarify and stabilize fruit juices or to concentrate their pulpy fraction. However, membrane fouling remains the critical factor governing the overall economic productivity of this process. Even if, many studies have been made to understand and limit membrane fouling, to date, there stills a lack of predicting tools to evaluate the filterability of fruit juices. However, it is interesting to develop practical and efficient tools for the prediction of fruit juices filterability in order to adapt and optimize filtration conditions to the fouling behavior of the filtered juice. In this respect, this study focused on the identification of new criteria of fruit juices filterability through the comprehension and the characterization of the potential fouling mechanisms.First, orange juice was chosen as test matrix and a statistical approach was used to select simple and relevant physico-chemical characteristics of this juice in relation with its filterability, namely dry matter, TSS, pH, conductivity, and particles size. Later, additional experimental strategies based on filtration tests at lab-scale were developed to identify the relevant size-classes of foulant compounds and related fouling mechanisms. These innovative strategies allowed studying the fouling potential of orange juice with the consideration of its complexity and proposing cartographies of foulant compounds. These cartographies are particularly interesting to anticipate the fouling behavior of fruit juices without any costly filtration operation at large scale. Moreover, results showed that external fouling seems to be the predominant fouling mechanism governing the overall membrane fouling during orange juice filtration. Finally, the aim of the last part of the work was to highlight the role of the complex and heterogeneous nature of fruit juices in their unexpected behavior during their filtration. For this purpose, the viscoelastic behavior of orange juice suspended solids during their concentration was obtained from rheological measurements in dynamic mode coupled with specific isolation of orange juice foulant fractions. Results showed that the energy of the interactions between juice particles increased as the suspended solids concentration increased and depends on the particles size. Furthermore, the solid-like behavior of the juice was enhanced by the presence of supra-colloids and large particles. These observations are in accordance with the predominant fouling mechanism that is due to the accumulation of these fruit fractions on the membrane surface. The confrontation of new filterability studies at laboratory scale with the performance of large-scale filtration will enable to generalize the proposed strategies to predict the performance of filtration of new fruit juices.
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A Kantian Revision of the Doctrine of Double EffectChung, Andrew H 01 January 2016 (has links)
In this paper, I will present a Kantian revision of the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE). In order to do so, I will explain the concept of jus in bello – focusing in particular on the distinction between intent and foresight. I will then argue that we ought to take an agency-inspired look at the DDE. Finally, I will conclude by arguing for my thesis that Boyle’s theory of agency, while good, needs to be revised in order to accommodate concerns stemming from Kant’s Formula of Humanity… namely consent.
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The Next Arms Race? A Military Ethical Reflection on the Effects of Artificial Superintelligence on Drone Warfare and American CounterterrorismBoulianne Gobeil, Gabriel January 2015 (has links)
The trend towards the automation and robotization of warfare, enabling the exercise of violence from a distance, has been long-present, dating back to such inventions as the bow and arrow that allowed an archer to kill from afar. Today’s military drones now permit an extreme separation between rivals. James Der Derian’s concept of virtuous war encapsulates a certain normative view of current and future wars. A rationale of the actors waging virtuous war is that violence is used in a cleaner way, resulting in ever fewer battle deaths. In this thesis, I argue that the next step in the progression of military weaponry is the inclusion of artificial superintelligence (hereinafter ASI) in the American drone and counterterrorism program. While including this technology into the American war machine may represent a moral objective, I conclude that the use of ASI for military purposes is immoral because accountability becomes indeterminable.
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The US’ view on Just War : A content analysis of the Trump administration’s justification of the attack on general SoleimaniWallerå, Anna January 2020 (has links)
On January 3, 2020, Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani was killed through a targeted drone strike at the authorisation of the US President Donald Trump. This thesis examines if, and in that case how, the arguments presented by the Trump administration used to justify the killing of general Soleimani are in line with the principles of Just War theory. By conducting a case study, through a qualitative content analysis, analysing four official statements made by the Trump administration during a two months period after the killing, this thesis will examine the moral discourses in the arguments presented. Drawing on insights from studies regarding the justification of War on Terror, preemptive war, and targeted killings according to the Just War theory, lays the foundation for a deeper reasoning of the legality of the argumentation based on the principles of Just War. This thesis will show that in some aspects, the arguments presented by the Trump administration can be interpreted to be in accordance with one of the principles, but none of the statements satisfy the criteria in all of the principles. Therefore, the overall conclusion of this analysis is that the Trump administration has the intention of justifying the attack, but the arguments used are not rooted in Just War theory. Further, this thesis will also show an inconsistency over time in the arguments presented. The contribution from this study lays in the analysis of the arguments on the basis of the principles of Just War theory, not from the perspective of international law. The intention from this thesis is not to analyse if the attack itself can be seen as just according to Just War theory but looking at the argumentation presented by the Trump administration.
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Jus post bellum and the international community : En diskursanalys av FN:s generalförsamlings diskussioner om krigssluts- och efterkrigsarbeteHellström, Patricia January 2021 (has links)
Jus post bellum is the less known part of the just war theory which concerns how one should act morally in the end and the aftermath of a war. Lately this component of the theory has gained a lot of attention among researchers who state that jus post bellum is at least as important as the other parts, jus ad bellum and jus in bello, and needs to be given more priority. Central in the researchers’concepts of jus post bellum is the international community which is stated to be a key party in the implementation. This essay aims to increase the understanding about this subject by analyzing how the problems surrounding jus post bellum is discussed by the international community today. This is achieved by using the “What’s the Problem Represented to Be” (WPR) policy analysis approach on the UN general assembly debate held in 2019. The results shows that jus post bellum is discussed frequently in the debate and contains several similarities with the research overview. However, opinions are divided on what the problems, solutions, responsibilities and main factors are which can be a problem for future development.
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Microencapsulation de composés nutraceutiques dans des complexes protéines-polysaccharidesBedie, Kouadio Gerard 13 April 2018 (has links)
Des complexes insolubles d'IPL/PFM ont été formés à pH 4.0, 3.5, 3.0 et 2.5 par le mélange de solutions d'isolât de protéines de lactosérum (IPL) et de pectine faiblement méthylée (PFM). L'acidification a été réalisée soit avant, ou après le mélange de solutions avec des ratios protéines:polysaccharide (P:Ps) de 2:1, 1:1 et 1:2 (0.4% de polymères totaux). La caractérisation des complexes a démontré, qu'au ratio 2:1, la turbidité et le rendement en complexes étaient optimaux à un pH aux environs de 3.0. De plus, les complexes obtenus par acidification après mélange des solutions avaient une taille plus petite et constante. L'évaluation de Pencapsulation d'ingrédients hydrosolubles par les complexes IPL/PFM en fonction de leur concentration a été effectuée aux pH 4.0, 3.5, 3.0 et 2.5 et au ratio P:Ps de 2:1. Les concentrations utilisées étaient de 0, 0.002, 0.01, 0.05 et 0.1% pour la thiamine et de 0.1, 0.2 et 0.3% pour les anthocyanes. L'encapsulation d'anthocyanes en fonction du ratio P:Ps à pH 3.5 a été aussi évaluée avec l'incorporation de 0.025% p/p d'anthocyanes dans les complexes aux ratios de 2:1 et 1:1. Le contenu en thiamine des complexes ainsi que l'efficacité d'encapsulation (4-7%) étaient optimaux à pH 3.5. Les hautes concentrations en thiamine ont entraîné une diminution du rendement en complexes à pH 3.5 mais aussi une augmentation du contenu en thiamine dans les complexes. L'efficacité d'encapsulation des anthocyanes était plus élevée avec le ratio P:Ps 2:1 comparativement au ratio 1:1. La protection d'ingrédients hydrosolubles par les complexes IPL/PFM a été évaluée dans du jus de pomme (pH 3.5) contenant des anthocyanes encapsulés. Le jus a été pasteurisé à 90°C/12 s et entreposé à 11 000 lux/40°C pendant 14 jours. La chaleur a entraîné la diffusion d'une proportion importante des anthocyanes encapsulés vers l'extérieur des complexes mais la quantité d'anthocyanes résiduelle dans les complexes est demeurée constante tout au long de l'entreposage. L'étude de la stabilité des complexes IPL/PFM, contenant de la thiamine, dans un système digestif modèle a démontré que les complexes ont libéré totalement leur contenu en thiamine dans le compartiment stomacal. Cet effet serait du au pH très acide du compartiment qui aurait dissocié le complexe IPL/PFM. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que le complexe IPL/PFM constitue une approche prometteuse pour l'encapsulation d'ingrédients hydrosolubles dans les aliments acides. / Insoluble WPI-LMP complexes have been formed at pH 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 by mixing whey protein isolate (WPI) and low methoxyl pectin (LMP) solutions. The acidification was performed before or after the mixing of the solutions at proteimpolysaccharide (P:Ps) ratios of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (0.4% total polymer). Characterization of the complexes demonstrated that at P:Ps ratio 2:1, the turbidity and the sedimental complex yield were optimal around pH 3.0. In addition, complexes obtained by post-blending acidification had small and constant particle sizes. Evaluation of water soluble ingredients encapsulation by WPI-LMP complexes as a function of ingredients concentration was achieved at pH 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 and at P:Ps ratio 2:1. Ingredients concentrations used were 0, 0.002, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% for thiamine and 0.1, 0.2 et 0.3% for anthocyanins. Anthocyanins entrapment as a function of the ratio at pH 3.5 has also been achieved with the incorporation of 0.025% w/w anthocyanins in the complexes at P:Ps ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. Thiamine content of the complexes as well as the entrapment efficiency (4-7%) was optimal at pH 3.5. High concentrations of thiamine induced a decrease of the sedimentable-complexes yield at pH 3.5 but increased thiamine content of the complexes. P:Ps ratio 2:1 provided higher entrapment efficiency of anthocyanins than ratio 1:1. The protecting effect of the WPI-LMP complexes was evaluated in apple juice (pH 3.5) containing encapsulated anthocyanins. The juice was pasteurized at 90°C/12 s and stored at 11 000 lux/40°C for 14 days. Although the heat induced the diffusion of a large portion of anthocyanins out of the complexes, the residual amount of anthocyanins in the complexes remained constant during storage. The study of the stability of WPI-LMP complexes, containing thiamine, in a gastrointestinal System demonstrated that complexes delivered the whole thiamine content in the stomach compartment. This effect was probably due to the very acidic pH of the compartment, which may have dissociated the complexes. The results of this project demonstrated that WPI-LMP complexes represent a promising tool for water soluble ingredients encapsulation in acidic foods.
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