Intonation is one of the most important issues facing performers of string quartets. Often, string students learn to play in tune strictly in terms of their own melodic line. To play in tune in a string quartet requires an understanding of the underlying harmony and how intonation can be fluid and flexible in an ensemble. This paper offers students an introduction to harmonic intonation and provides exercises to put this knowledge into practice. The text begins with instruction and exercises related to perfect intervals, which form the basis for intonation. Next, consonant intervals are discussed along with exercises for practice and ear training. Chords are constructed and practiced upon the basis of this interval practice. Student quartets are then asked to play excerpts from the repertoire presented as harmonic reductions and as originally written in order to connect the theoretical knowledge to the string quartet repertoire. Finally, chorales by J.S. Bach arranged for string quartet are provided for continuing practice of intonation in tonal harmony. It is not the attempt of this project to teach music theory or present a comprehensive study of the many issues and challenges related to intonation in string quartet playing. The aim of this essay is to provide students with a solid foundation and practical application of basic principles of playing in tune in a string quartet.

The just-in-time (JIT) production and inventory philosophy coupled with manufacturing automation in the form of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) and its related facets are considered by many as great competitive weapons. The birth of JIT and its positive influence on the global strategic posture of Japanese firms is well-documented. In the 1980s many US manufacturers regarded JIT manufacturing as a peculiar Japanese contrivance, suited only to the oriental culture. However, as more companies with ever more diverse manufacturing environments successfully applied its principles, manufacturers recognized its inherent wisdom. Today, most US manufacturers have come to regard JIT as vital to their survival. This study examines the problems associated with the implementation of JIT in manufacturing environments and attempts to identify hindering factors for its success. An implementation strategy is proposed so that the organization will achieve the benefits of JIT and ultimately improve its strategic posture.

Just-Warists and War-Pacifists disagree on whether soldiers are morally justified in killing each other in wartime combat. Many of their respective arguments, and their contradictory conclusions, are based upon principles of self-defense. In this thesis, I examine the role that principles of self-defense play in the arguments surrounding the moral justification of killing in combat. I do so by critiquing both a Just-Warist argument that relies on self-defense (constructed from the works of Michael Walzer and Judith Jarvis Thomson) and a War-Pacifist argument (developed by Richard Norman) that condemns killing in combat based on the moral requirements of self-defense. I demonstrate that both arguments fail due to their mistaken assumptions that soldiers are not morally responsible for their actions. I conclude by arguing that--once soldiers are recognized as morally responsible agents--killing in combat can be morally justified by principles of self-defense. / Master of Arts

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Televised cruelty has become more severe in recent years likely in an attempt to pique the interest of viewers desensitized to its milder forms. Following the recent empirical interest in research dedicated to televised violence, which encompassed the typical, physical realm of cruelty, little research has focused on the psychological forms of cruelty demonstrated on television. Specifically, no research has examined the extent to which teasing, humiliation, gossip, ridicule, and verbal abuse, the five constituents of Caputo, Brodsky, and Kemp's (2006) definition of "ordinary cruelty," are perceived and enjoyed. A pilot study was conducted to narrow a pool of videos selected for their apparent content of ordinary cruelty. After the calculation of satisfactory estimates of reliability, summative scores were used to select the clips with the highest cruelty ratings: American Idol and Maury. Both videos were used in an experimental investigation of ordinary cruelty on television. Specifically, participants were divided into two groups: each group read a vignette, but the victim's deservingness was high in one group and low in another. Afterwards, all participants watched the same video clips and answered questions related to sympathy, empathy, parasocial identification, and other just world correlates. Belief in a Just World for Others (BJW-0) has been shown to be an index of harsh social attitudes. II was hypothesized that participants who have a high BJW-0 should enjoy the suffering of a deserving victim while not enjoying the suffering an undeserving victim, as the latter would present a threat to their beliefs. This hypothesis was marginally supported when measures were combined across both clips used within the study, but not for each individual clip separately. Sympathy is defined as expression compassion for another's suffering, while empathy is defined as experiencing one's emotions as though they were one's own. Both sympathy and empathy were hypothesized to be positively related to being victimized in the past, having no prior experience with the show, to perceiving oneself as similar to the victim, to not having committed victimization in the past, and to not perceiving oneself as similar to the perpetrator. The results partially supported these hypotheses, and the implications are discussed. Also hypothesized was that parasocial interaction, the feeling of closeness with the television character, with the victim would relate to less enjoyment, having a low BJW-O, and the victim's deservingness. However, none of these hypotheses were supported. Parasocial interaction with the host, however, significantly predicted enjoyment of the show. Results and limitations of the study overall are discussed as well as implications for Just World Theory.

Yes / The School of Law University of Bradford is a modern law school with a growing research portfolio on various aspects of sustainable development law and policy. We support an active research community which comprises our academics, our students, and external partners, leading on, and collaborating in, world-class research which is academically rigorous, innovative, applicable to real life, can positively influence policy and practice and promote social justice. For this purpose, we collaborate with academic, third sector, professional and industry partners at national and international levels to foster an active research community, social justice and innovative, policy-oriented research. The term ‘just transition’ has recently evolved from a process that seeks to galvanize a change in energy production and consumption practices to one which alludes to a transition from a fossil-fuel dependent economy or development approach to a lowcarbon economy. The just transition discourse takes as its point of departure the recognition that fossilfuel dependent economies were characterised by environmental injustice, inequalities or uneven distribution of environmental resources. Hence, the need to protect vulnerable communities, workers and dependent economic systems so that the adverse impact of the transition to a low-carbon economy will be reduced. It is imperative that a holistic approach be taken in recognising the inequalities which have arisen for various stakeholders within and between countries that bear the cost of decarbonization, including historical concerns and environmental (in)justice. Therefore, implementing just transition requires an overview of social equality; inclusive participation; distributive justice; policy reform and implementation of judicial and non-judicial mechanisms for access to environmental justice. Hence, the conference provided a forum to identify diverse pathways for implementing just transition, explore how inequalities arise from these transitions, and highlight effective legal frameworks for access to environmental justice at the international and national levels.

Inom alla processer är det viktigt att eftersträva effektivitet, dvs. minsta möjliga resursanvändning för att uppnå ett visst mål efter de förutsättningar som finns. Resurserna kan vara olika, t.ex. kapital, tid, energi, råvaror och material. Sammantaget är det av vikt att rättmaterial levereras i rätt tid, och för att uppnå det målet finns det ett antal verktyg och koncept som kan användas. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi ett av de kändaste verktygen förplanering: BIM (Building Information Model/Modelling), för att sedan kombinera kunskapen om dem med resultatet av våra intervjuer och observationer. Examensarbetets syfte är att besvara frågeställningen: Hur kan BIM öka möjligheterna för att material levereras till byggarbetsplatsen i rätt tid och i rätt mängd? Frågeställningen avgränsas till Veidekkes byggarbetsplatser inom Göteborgskommun under tidsperioden mars-april 2017. Detta examensarbete är uppbyggt med enlitteraturstudie för en djupare förståelse för ämnet. Intervjuer, platsbesök, möten och seminarier har genomförts för att samla mer information och kunskap om ämnet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för examensarbetet är forskningen och tillämpningen av BIM. BIM bygger i sin tur på teorier kring JIT (Just in time) som i sin tur bygger på teorier kring lean. För att ge en gedigen teoretisk bakgrund till BIM redovisar vi därför teorierna bakom lean och JIT. Enligt Koskela är lean bättre än traditionella koncept inom byggindustrin, bådegenom att lean baseras på bättre teorier och att lean är mer effektivt. JIT betyder Just in time, och innebär att material eller produkter levereras i rätt stund, alltså varken för tidigt eller försent. Att ett material eller produkt levereras i rätt stund underlättar flödet i organisationer. Sammanfattningsvis visade intervjuerna att BIM används i varierande grad och för olika syften. Alla intervjupersoner kunde se potentialen i BIM, även om de själva inte använde det fullt ut. BIM fungerar inte för alla aktörer pga. bristande eller otillräckliga kunskaper omdataprogram. Inga officiella utbildningar inom programmen har genomförts än. BIM har inte alltid stort användningsområde för JIT på grund av att vissa aktörer inte känner stor säkerhet eller riktighet i resultatet. Eftersom BIM förutsätter samarbete baserat på informationsutbyte mellan olika aktörer krävs att alla inblandade är förtrogna med BIM-systemet. Det är fullt förståeligt att aktörer fortfarande använder sig av traditionella, beprövade metoder baseradepå 2D-ritningar, men för att BIM ska kunna nå sin fulla potential behöver tilliten till systemetöka.• BIM har en viktig funktion och stor potential för moderna byggprocesser. • BIM används i dagsläget i varierande grad och för olika uppgifter men inte fullt ut. • BIM bör användas i så hög utsträckning som det aktuella projektet kräver och medger. • BIM bör användas redan från planeringsstadiet för att underlätta resten av projektet. • BIM:s användarvänlighet ökar ju fler övriga aktörer som använder det i projektet. Som förslag på fortsatt forskning inom ämnet BIM vill vi rekommendera empiriska studier kring erfarenheter av BIM4D och BIM5D. Vilka slutsatser kan dras av användningen av dessa verktyg? Studien kan vara jämförande med likvärdiga byggprojekt med BIM3D och byggprojekt där BIM inte används alls. / Within all processes it is important to pursue efficiency, i.e. the most efficient use of resources in order to achieve a certain goal given the circumstances. The resources may vary, for instance money, time, energy, raw materials and building materials. It is of significance that the right material is provided at the right time, and in order to achieve that there are numerous tools and concepts that can be used. In this report we analyze one of the best known tools for planning within construction: BIM (Building Information Model/Modelling), in order to combine that knowledge with the results from our interviews and observations. The purpose of this report is to answer the hypothesis: In what way can BIM help increase the possibilities for materials to be provided to the building site on time and in the right amount? This report consists of a theoretical study in order to gain a understanding of the subject. Interviews, site observations, participations in meetings and seminars have been made in order to gain further knowledge on the issue. The theoretical outset for the report is the research and application of BIM. BIM is based on the theories of JIT (Just in time), which in turn is based on the theories of lean. In order to provide a thorough background of BIM we therefore present the theories behind lean and JIT. According to Koskela (2002), lean is better than traditional concepts in construction, both due to that lean is based on superior theories and that lean is more effective. JIT means that materials or products are delivered at the right time, thus not too soon or too late. Materials or products delivered at the right time facilitate the flow inorganizations. The results from the interviews showed that BIM is being used in various degrees and for different purposes. All of the interviewees could recognize the potential of BIM, although they themselves did not fully use it. BIM does not work for all partners involved due to lack of sufficient knowledge of the BIM computer programs. BIM is not always of great use for JIT due to the fact that some partners do not trust the program. Since BIM requires cooperation based on information exchange between different partners, familiarization with the program is required. It is fully understandable that partners still use traditional, well-tried methods based on 2D blueprints, but in order for BIM to reach its full potential, the reliance of the system must increase.• BIM holds an important role and great potential for modern construction processes.• BIM today is used in various degrees and for different purposes but not at its full potential.• BIM should be used in the fullest extent as the project requires and allows.• BIM should be used readily from the planning level in order to facility of the rest of the project.• The usability of BIM increases the more other partners use it in the project. As suggestions for further research on the subject we would like to recommend empirical studies regarding experiences from BIM4D and BIM5D. What conclusions can be drawn from the use of these tools? The study can be comparative with similar projects using BIM3D and projects not using BIM at all.

As técnicas JIT, desenvolvidas na Toyota a partir da década de 40, apresentam hoje significativo nível de aplicação, sendo que importantes resultados têm sido atingidos com o seu uso, embora o processo de implementação possa apresentar uma série de problemas. Nesta pesquisa, uma revisão de literatura descreveu o conceito de JIT, resultados obtidos com sua implementação e principais problemas enfrentados. Os Fatores Críticos para a Implementação (FCI) foram definidos como fatores cuja consideração e tratamento são importantes para que a implementação tenha maior probabilidade de atingir os resultados dela esperados. Na revisão de literatura foi possível destacar FCI relacionados principalmente a aspectos ligados ao Apoio da Alta Administração, Educação e Treinamento, Produção, Organizacionais/Estruturais e Fornecedores. Teve-se como objetivo desta pesquisa identificar a forma de tratamento dos FCI das técnicas JIT em um conjunto de empresas industriais de Sorocaba, o que poderia contribuir com o melhor entendimento do processo de implementação. Como metodologia, optou-se pela proposta de Eisenhardt para a construção de teorias a partir de estudos de caso, que permite um maior aprofundamento na questão de pesquisa. A seleção das cinco empresas estudadas foi realizada por amostragem teórica e não estatística, e contou, como apoio, com uma pesquisa quantitativa sobre o uso de técnicas JIT tendo como universo as empresas industriais de Sorocaba. A coleta de dados no estudo de casos, predominantemente de cunho qualitativo, foi efetuada por uma equipe de pesquisa, abrangendo entrevistas pessoais aliadas à observação direta das instalações produtivas. O processo de análise incluiu a comparação entre os casos, a partir de uma perspectiva cronológica e segmentada por FCI, levando à formulação de hipóteses relacionadas à forma de tratamento destes FCI. Finalmente, compararam-se as constatações da pesquisa de campo com a literatura, propondo-se também implicações para a prática e sugestões para estudos posteriores. / Developed at Toyota since the 40’s, JIT techniques are nowadays intensively spread over the world, leading the organizations that applied them to obtain relevant results. On the other hand, its implementation may present a number of problems. In this research, a literature review described the JIT concept, results obtained by its use and major problems faced. Implementation Critical Factors (ICF) for JIT Techniques were defined as factors whose consideration and treatment are relevant to allow the implementation process to occur with greater probability of achieving the expected results. Five groups of ICF were identified in the literature review: Top Management Support; Education and Training; Manufacturing; Organizational/Structural and Suppliers. This work’s objective was to identify the way in which the ICF for JIT techniques were treated by a group of industrial enterprises in Sorocaba-SP. Such a study may contribute to a better understanding of the implementation process. Eisenhardt’s proposal for theory building from case study research was applied in the methodological field, allowing a deeper analysis of the research question. Five organizations were elected for the case studies, based on theoretical, not random, sampling. A survey among industrial enterprises of Sorocaba over the use of JIT techniques acted as a support to this choice. The data collection process in the case studies, focused mainly on qualitative information, was carried out by a research team, including personal interviews as well as direct observation of production facilities. This analysis enfolded a comparison between the implementation processes, from a chronological perspective and a cross sectional view, based on the groups of ICF, leading to the design of hypothesis. At last, the field research findings were compared to the existing literature and suggestions for further studies as well as for enterprises undertaking the JIT implementation were proposed.

Thesis advisor: Kenneth Himes / The category of jus post bellum (jpb, postwar justice and peace) is a welcome addition to discussions of the justice of war. The goal of this dissertation is to review the significance of this recent development within the just war tradition. This project is based on a proposition that just war should aim at just peace; peace does not mean the absence of armed conflict, but it requires the establishment of justice. There is no true peace if it exists for the strong but not for the weak, for the victor but not for the vanquished. At the heart of jpb is the establishment of a just peace. With this preliminary proposition in mind, this dissertation endeavors to challenge the view of those who argue that reconciliation, mainly political reconciliation, is the first and foremost ambition of jpb. Instead, it attempts to justify the proposition that achieving just policing, just punishment, and just political participation are key to building a just peace, of which the fundamental characteristic must be human security. In the immediate aftermath of war there is little or no policing, punishment, or avenues for political participation to protect the civilians of defeated states, especially the most vulnerable ones. Therefore, this project argues (i) that human security is a neglected theme in the discourse of moral and theological intellectual traditions; and (ii) that a more balanced understanding of jpb must pay direct attention to the elements comprising human security in a postwar context as well as the quest for reconciliation. In particular, holding a realistic view that war is inherently destructive of people, institutions, and infrastructure, this project focuses on justice in reconstruction—reconstruction of just policing, just punishment, and just political participation. This destruction raises questions about the fulfillment of justice in the damaged postwar society. Considering these issues through the lens of human security and political reconciliation theories, I propose my “maxim(um) of ethical minimalism” for jpb—the principle of achieving to the highest extent possible human security, which is the necessary and essential outcome for jpb. It is the norm for jpb of achieving the common good to the highest extent possible, with priority on human security, using nonviolent means insofar as possible and violent means when necessary. This proposal contends that determination of the content of the responsibilities for just war reconstruction should be specified on the basis of the damage to relationships that need to be not merely restored, but also fundamentally transformed in the postwar society that prevents future threats. This thesis pays particular attention to civil society peacebuilding, which needs to be considered only to the extent that it is an objective of the postwar discussion and to the extent it is affected by jpb decisions. Yet, my primary thesis is that this transformative vision of jpb should be distinguished from an extensive buildup of a civil society scheme, which requires a wider and longer range of peacebuilding efforts. Instead, it must be tempered by realism in a careful and concrete manner, since the priority should be given to human security in the immediate aftermath of war. This study is an exercise in applied political ethics that employs various disciplines—security studies, international law, and peacebuilding work—to address the topic of jpb as a means of illuminating the theological discourse. Plainly, I employ this literature to explore how contemporary scholars view the idea of jpb and how this relatively new development fits within the Christian tradition of just war, a moral tradition that is historically interdisciplinary. Further, this attempt is a valuable contribution to the just war tradition by identifying what I view as three key themes of jpb, namely, three practices that are essential to implementing jpb immediately after a war: just policing, just punishment, and just political participation. While examining the interrelated challenges of moral and social norms in both political and legal domains, this dissertation proposes an innovative methodology for linking theology, ethics, and social science so that the ideal and the real can inform each other in the ethics of war and peacebuilding. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ARI FRANCO ROMEIRO ALVES QUEIROZ.pdf: 527006 bytes, checksum: ae309eb207a7ec6bfcda674df0413f03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-26 / Como antecedentes a Frâncole, desde sua fundação em 17 de maio de 2002, vinha crescendo no mercado com sua produção desorganizada, o aprendizado era lento e empírico, faltavam normas de conduta e atribuição de responsabilidades, faltavam ferramentas para otimização do sistema de produção. A empresa utilizava várias ferramentas com pouca integração. Em 2009 e 2010 as vendas da empresa sofreram estagnação em seu crescimento em torno de sete por cento (7%), determinando a busca de novas ferramentas antes que a empresa apresentasse prejuízo. As lideranças da empresa assumiram, então, o propósito de buscar a Universidade a fim de aprender tais ferramentas de trabalho. Assim sendo, através do conhecimento adquirido, o esforço educacional resultou na concepção desta dissertação de mestrado cujo objetivo geral deste trabalho é determinar e evidenciar a aplicação dos princípios do Just in Time combinados com ferramentas de otimização de sistemas às práticas organizacionais de uma indústria do setor de confecções, localizada em Goiás, promovendo o seu crescimento. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a pesquisa-ação, unindo o conhecimento adquirido na pesquisa a ação prática e vice-versa. A estruturação da produção na empresa foi principalmente baseada no programa de eliminação de desperdícios, no controle da qualidade total e na implantação de uma metodologia de programação e ordenamento da produção baseada em otimização linear. Através das iniciativas de melhorias implantadas na indústria a empresa gerou vários resultados e benefícios como: melhora no fluxo de produção, redução de custos, redução dos estoques de matérias primas e produtos acabados, aumento da motivação, melhoria do aprendizado, aumento da qualidade e produtividade e aumento das vendas. Quanto às considerações finais deste trabalho destaca-se que os objetivos foram atingidos, a empresa está mais limpa, organizada, crescendo e melhorando continuamente segundo os princípios adotados.