Tesis (magíster en derecho con mención en derecho penal) / En el presente trabajo se pretende analizar las consecuencias jurídicas de la sanción penal impuesta bajo el régimen de adolescentes previsto en la ley 20.084 ante un nuevo reproche penal, ahora como adulto, en relación con la circunstancia atenuante de irreprochable conducta anterior, la agravante de responsabilidad penal de reincidencia y la posibilidad de obtención de penas sustitutivas según lo dispone la ley 18216. Lo anterior, atendido a que nuestro ordenamiento jurídico no regula expresamente estas consecuencias, lo que ha dado lugar a diversas respuestas e interpretaciones jurisprudenciales sin que hasta la fecha exista una posición pacifica al respecto

Life without parole for juvenile offenders is a controversial issue across the globe. Recently, the United States stands alone as the only country in the world that allows juvenile offenders to be sentenced to life time confinement without the possibility of parole. Furthermore, the U.S. has seen an increase in juvenile waivers and blended sentences, which has resulted in harsher penalties for juvenile offenders who have committed serious and violent crimes. This analysis examines scientific evidence that shows juveniles are different from adults in terms of brain development, rational decision making abilities, and maturity levels. These findings have questioned the reasoning behind imposing adult punishment on adolescent behavior. This analysis also presents the legal arguments suggesting that juvenile life without parole is unconstitutional and violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Arguments for and against life sentences were also presented. This study concludes with a discussion of policy implications, whether the U.S. Supreme Court should abolish juvenile life without parole sentencing practices and explores the possible future direction of juvenile sentencing in the United States.

Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

This study had a two-fold purpose. The first purpose was to compare the rankings of a set of knowledge/skills statements as reported by teachers of students with emotional behavioral disorders and teachers in juvenile correctional special education settings. A survey instrument designed to measure the importance, proficiency, and frequency of use of clusters of knowledge/skills statements was administered to 123 teachers in juvenile correctional special education settings in state institutions. Mann Whitney U analyses were calculated to compare the mean rankings of the two groups of teachers. The findings indicated that teachers in juvenile correctional special education settings and teachers of students with emotional and behavioral disorders were very similar as to which knowledge/skills clusters were important to their job performance, which clusters they were most proficient at using, and which clusters they utilized most frequently. The second purpose was to compare the teachers in juvenile correctional special education settings and to determine whether their mean rankings of the knowledge/skills clusters varied when analyzed by differing categories of age, type of certification held, years of teaching experience, and level of the teachers' education. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in the mean rankings in any of the comparison groups. Therefore teacher age, level of education, type of certification held, or years of teaching experience yielded no significant differences on the mean rankings of the knowledge/skills clusters.

Juvenile misuse of prescription drugs in the United States has continuously increased over the last few decades, especially within rural regions of the country. Despite continuous increase in rates of misuse, limited research exists on elements of socialization that may function to prevent drug use. The current study utilized the Monitoring the Future Survey data to explore prescription drug misuse between different populations of juveniles. While using Hirschi’s (1969) theory of social bonds as a theoretical framework, different elements of socialization were explored to determine whether they work to contribute or prevent prescription drug misuse among rural and urban juveniles. Results indicated that parental attachment served as the most substantial protective factor among both populations of juveniles. Additionally, socialization differed in relation to prescription drug use among rural and urban youth. These findings could be implicated in future anti-drug programs that specifically target different regions of the country.

The high recidivism rate of Black male juvenile offenders is a problem in the United States that continues to be of great concern. Probation has gained popularity as being a means of addressing and reducing the high recidivism rates of juvenile offenders. However, there is a lack of research regarding Black male juvenile probationers' perceptions of their probation officers' role in reducing their recidivism. This study examined the following: a) the predictive relationships between Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers, their perceptions of the probation officers' job, and their recidivism within 3 years of being place on probation; and (b) Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers, their perceptions of the probation officers' job, and their ratings of the probation officer's effectiveness in deterring their recidivism. Ecological systems theory was used as the theoretical foundation for guiding this research. Results from a logistic regression analysis showed that Black male probationers' perceptions of their probation officers and the job of their probation officers did not predict their recidivism. The study has implications for social change because the results provide empirical evidence regarding Black male probationer's perceptions of their probation officers and recidivism. Human services professionals, leaders in the criminal justice field, and policy makers could use findings from the study to advocate for the need to develop training programs for probation officers that foster positive relationship building between probationers and probation officers. The positive relationships may subsequently bring social change by reducing recidivism among Black juvenile male offenders.

Within the Stockton community there are agencies a) whose primary purpose is treatment of juvenile offenders, or b) whose auxiliary function is the treatment of juvenile offenders . One of the working assumptions of these agencies is that if the juvenile, as a first offender or minor offender, can be diverted from the juvenile courts or even from the probation office, then the juvenile can receive more effective care and treatment. Many juvenile offenses such as truancy, or incorrigibility, or psychological problems can obviously be handled better out of court and out of jail. The purpose of this project is to investigate diversionary attempts within the Stockton community and in San Joaquin County as they apply to Stockton. This project will seek to not only identify diversionary attempts and define diversion in some of its forms, but also to produce a statement regarding the potential for city and related county agencies to achieve coordination of juvenile diversionary services.

No description available.

Ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning [IF] som grupp lever i en mycket ojämlik situation i förhållande till andra grupper i samhället. Många ungdomar med IF lever i ett utanförskap och forskning visar att det finns en ökad risk för normbrytande beteende för gruppen. På så vis är detta en klientgrupp som socialsekreterare möter i sitt arbete. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur socialsekreterare i en medelstor kommun arbetar med kriminella ungdomar som också har en IF. Studiens metod är kvalitativ utifrån semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra socialsekreterare samt en gruppledare. De vetenskapsteoretiska utgångspunkter studien grundar sig i är professionsteori samt samverkansteori. Intervjupersonerna hade en gemensam uppfattning om att arbetet med målgruppen är utmanande samt komplext. Både faktorer inom den egna verksamheten och utomstående faktorer skapade utmaningar för arbetet. Slutsatser som dras av den genomförda studien är att nuvarande insatser inte är anpassade efter målgruppens behov samt att kunskapen och samverkan kring gruppen behöver öka. Arbetet med målgruppen beskrivs vara komplext samtidigt som forskningen kring gruppen är bristande. Gruppen unga kriminella med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning måste uppmärksammas inom det sociala arbetet och forskningen för att skapa en mer gynnsam framtid både för målgruppen och de professionella som möter den / Juveniles with intellectual disability (ID) as a group live in an unequal situation in relation to other groups in society. Many juveniles with ID lives in isolation and research shows that there is an increased risk of norm-breaking behavior. In this way, it is a client group that social service workers meet in their work. This study aims to examine how social service workers in a medium-sized municipality work with criminal juveniles who have an ID. The method of the study is qualitative on the basis of semi-structured interviews with four social service workers and one group leader. The theoretical approaches of the study are professional theory and interplay theory. The interviewees had a common perception that working with the target group is challenging and complex, partly because of internal factors within the organization but also external factors. Conclusions that are being made are that current efforts are not well adjusted for the target group’s needs, as well as that the knowledge and interplay about the group needs to increase. Working with the target group is being described as complex and the scientific research about the group is lacking. Criminal juveniles with ID need to be acknowledged within social work and scientific research to create a more favorable future for the target group and the professionals who meet them

No description available.