The purpose of this study was to analyze juveniles' attitudes toward the police and how their attitudes were affected by prior victimization and delinquency, controlling for race, gender, and city of residence. All variables used in this study came from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) data collected by Esbensen (1999). The analysis indicated that females held more favorable attitudes toward the police than males, Whites held more favorable attitudes toward the police than non-Whites, and juveniles living in small rural/suburban areas held more favorable attitudes than those living in large urban areas. The major finding of this study was that a spurious relationship existed between prior victimization and attitudes toward the police with delinquency being the true predictor of juveniles' attitudes. A possible explanation for this finding is that those juveniles at the greatest risk of victimization are the same ones committing the majority of the delinquent acts.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the use of marijuana by juveniles and how outside influences such as peer pressure, race, parental influence, and prevention programs such as the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) contribute to the use of marijuana by juveniles. All of the variables used in this study came from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) data collected by Esbensen and Osgood (1999). The analysis indicated that juveniles are most influenced by their peers such as friends, that African American juveniles would be less likely than Whites and Hispanics to become regular users of marijuana, that juveniles living with both parents would be less likely to use marijuana compared to those with alternative living conditions, and that the programs such as the D.A.R.E. program would have little long-term effect on marijuana usage by juveniles.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influences such as age at current offense, gender, race, previous convictions, and the seriousness of crimes that contributed to the decisions received by juveniles in adult court. This study examined a secondary data set from the United States Department of Justice entitled Juvenile Defendants in Criminal Courts (JDCC): Survey of 40 Counties in the United States, 1998. The cases from these 40 jurisdictions represented all filings during one month in 75 of the most populous counties. The current study found significant differences among race, prior criminal history, current offense severity, and juveniles adjudicated in adult court. Future research should therefore continue to examine the impact of juveniles adjudicated in adult court to better inform the debate surrounding the potential dangers associated with juvenile offending and adult criminal sanctions.

A juvenile’s dependency on their caregiver is significant to the overall development of nutritionally related pathological lesions. However, not all skeletal pathology is caused by nutritional stress; despite anemia being the usual inferred cause, the origin of Cribra Orbitalia (CO) – lesions on the orbital roofs of the cranium– is undetermined. The purpose of this research is to compare the reconstructed diets of juveniles with and without CO and explore connections to dietary patterns (inferred from stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen). Rib bone samples of 79 juveniles with and without CO were sampled from the Kuelap archaeological site in Chachapoyas, Peru (AD 800–1532) – known for its archaeological diversity. Stable isotope analysis was conducted (δ13C and δ15N values) to statistically analyze each group’s values. Samples were further subdivided into age cohorts of infants (0–3 years), juveniles (4–11 years), and adolescents (12–18 years). The diets of juveniles with and without CO were determined to have no statistically significant difference between each other. However, a significant statistical difference did exist between the diets of the different juvenile age cohorts regardless of CO status, indicating that weaning and early dietary transitions through childhood affected the juvenile’s nutritional regime in the region. The research presented is the first study of the relationship between nutrition and CO from Kuelap; significantly, it further explores the lifestyle of past individuals in Chachapoyas through the understanding of childhood diets.

En la actualidad los índices de violencia se han incrementado notoriamente, esta problemática trae consigo diversas consecuencias negativas, cabe mencionar que, para la aparición de dicho fenómeno, intervienen tanto factores internos como externos, entre los cuales destaca la impulsividad, esta se encuentra directamente asociada a la consecución de actos delictivos, los cuales traen caos y atemorizan a la sociedad. La impulsividad es una variable estudiada; sin embargo, en nuestro país existen escasas investigaciones enfocadas en adolescentes infractores, especialmente en la región Lambayeque. El presente estudio fue de tipo descriptivo asociativo, de corte transversal, tuvo como objetivo determinar los factores asociados a la impulsividad en adolescentes infractores, para ello se trabajó con una muestra censal, la cual estuvo conformada por 150 participantes de un centro juvenil de medio cerrado del norte del Perú. Se empleó la versión adaptada al contexto peruano por Fernández de la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt (BIS - 11), compuesta por 30 ítems. Los resultados evidencian que el nivel moderado obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de impulsividad para cada una de las tres dimensiones: impulsividad cognitiva, impulsividad motora e impulsividad no planeada. Además, en cuanto a los factores asociados, se concluye que el factor edad, infracción cometida y tiempo de permanencia no están asociados a la impulsividad.

La evaluación de la reincidencia delictiva en adolescentes es una variable de relevancia para la sociedad, puesto que nos indica el nivel de tendencia a la recaída de un delito o la reiterada comisión de conductas infractoras en el menor. Asimismo, resulta importante para las instituciones detectar el riesgo y la necesidad individual de los menores generando programas preventivos promocionales que posibiliten la reinserción social del adolescente. Por ello, la problemática que se abordó en este estudio se centra en la pregunta ¿Cuáles son los niveles de riesgo de reincidencia global en adolescentes infractores de un centro juvenil de medio cerrado de Chiclayo 2022? Por lo tanto, se plantea el objetivo de determinar los niveles de riesgo de reincidencia en adolescentes infractores de un centro juvenil de medio cerrado, Chiclayo 2022. Así como los objetivos específicos de identificar los niveles de riesgo de reincidencia según edad, infracción y programa educativo en adolescentes infractores de un centro juvenil de medio cerrado, Chiclayo 2022. Para dar cumplimiento a estos objetivos, la presente investigación obedece a un estudio no experimental, transversal de tipo descriptivo. Siendo 100 adolescentes quienes conformaron la población. Asimismo, la variable se medió a través de la escala valorativa SAVRY. Se concluye que el nivel de riesgo de reincidencia medio es el que se presenta en la población con mayor frecuencia. / he evaluation of criminal recidivism in adolescents is a relevant variable for society, since it indicates the level of tendency towards a relapse of a crime or the repeated commission of infringing behaviors in the minor. Likewise, it is important for institutions to detect the risk and individual needs of minors, generating promotional preventive programs that enable the social reintegration of adolescents. For this reason, the problem that was addressed in this study focuses on the question: What are the levels of risk of global recidivism in adolescent offenders in a half-closed youth center in Chiclayo 2022? Therefore, the objective is to determine the levels of risk of recidivism in adolescent offenders in a closed youth center, Chiclayo 2022. As well as the specific objectives of identifying the levels of risk of recidivism according to age, offense and educational program. in adolescent offenders from a closed medium youth center, Chiclayo 2022. In order to comply with these objectives, the present investigation obeys a nonexperimental, cross-sectional study of a descriptive type. Being 100 adolescents who made up the population. Likewise, the variable was measured through the SAVRY assessment scale. It is concluded that the medium level of risk of recidivism is the one that occurs most frequently in the population.

There has been extensive research conducted on recidivism among serious juvenile offenders. This study examines juvenile recidivism through the lenses of General Strain Theory (GST). GST has been used in previous studies to explain recidivism, however, secure placement and its effect on juvenile mental health, has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to test for a relationship between emotional responses like anger and hostility and secure placement, utilizing the Pathways to Desistance data. I will also examine if anger and hostility act as a mediator between secure placement and recidivism. Pathways to Desistance was a prospective study of serious juvenile offenders in Phoenix, Arizona (N = 654) and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (N = 700). Specifically, I examined if secure placement, as measured by length of time spent in a secure facility (i.e., detention center), affects self-reported offending and criminal history. Anger and hostility were measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983). If results suggested that assigning juveniles to a secure placement does evoke negative emotional responses which in turn increase the likelihood of recidivism, policy reflecting a more constructive deterrent and rehabilitation for juveniles would need to be created.

Actualmente la violencia sexual es la segunda infracción más cometida por los adolescentes infractores en el Perú (Gerencia de Centros Juveniles, 2016). A pesar de ello, no existe aún un programa de tratamiento específico para la agresión sexual en adolescentes infractores. Asimismo, no existen herramientas adaptadas al contexto nacional para evaluar los niveles de riesgo y los factores asosciados a dicho delito, en favor a un trabajo de prevención y seguimiento de la evolución del adolescente infractor dentro del centro. La presente investigación da cuenta de los niveles de riesgo de reincidencia sexual entre adolescentes institucionalizados de Lima, Pucallpa, Huancayo y Piura. Asimismo, busca medir la presencia de los factores de riesgo de reincidencia y analizar la relación de dichos factores y el nivel global de riesgo con otras variables que caracterizarían la muestra en estudio. Se hizo uso de la versión traducida al español del Índice de riesgo de reincidencia en delitos sexuales para ofensores adolescentes (ERASOR por sus siglas en inglés) y de una ficha de datos sociodemográficos en 100 adolescentes varones, con una edad media de 17 años (SD=1.633) ingresados a un centro correccional por cometer algún delito contra la libertad sexual. Los resultados mostraron que la amplia mayoría de participantes poseía un Nivel de riesgo bajo. Por otro lado, entre los factores de riesgo más presentes en la muestra se encontraron la Escalada reciente de rabia, sentimientos negativos, Crimen sexual contra niños e Inexistencia de planes de tratamiento. Asimismo, se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables sociodemográficas teóricamente relevantes. Finalmente, se discuten estos resultados y las posibles futuras líneas de investigación sobre el tratamiento de la agresión sexual juvenil en el Perú. / Today, crime against sexual liberty is the second most commited crime in adolescents in Perú, followed only by crime against patrimony (Gerencia de Centros Juveniles, 2016). Nevertheless, there isn’t a sexual agression specific program for adolescent infractors in Lima. Also it was impotantat for the study to search the risk factors and the risk level of sexual recidivism in order to do a preventive work and follow the evolution of the infractor in the treatment center. The present investigation describes the level of sexual crime recidivism in institutionalized adolescents. In the other hand it was of interest to calculate the presence of the sexual recidivism risk factors to analize the relationship between each factor and the risk levels with other variables that characterized the sample of study. In order to do this, it was necessary the use of the Estimate of risk of adolescent sexual offense recidivism (ERASOR) and a sociodemografic data report in 100 male participants with an average age of 17 years (SD=1.633) institucionalized for commiting a crime against sexual liberty, were analized. The results showed that the grand mayority of participants had a low Risk level. On the other hand, it was found that the risk factors with more presence in the study sample were Escalade of recent rage or negative feelings, Sexual crimes against children and Non existence o treatment strategies. Also there were found several statistically significant correlations between these factors, their categories and risks levels, and the theoretically revelant variables of the sample. To conclude, the possible future lines of investigation about treatment and prevention of the sexual agression in Peru were discussed.

No description available.

Exoneration from crime has been studied among adults, but exoneration of juveniles (i.e., persons under age 18) has not been analyzed as a separate entity, despite distinct legal systems and developmental considerations. Wrongful conviction, while not always indicative of innocence, devastates lives of convicted individuals and their families, while increasing public mistrust and sometimes failing to convict truly guilty individuals. This devastation, as well as vulnerability to wrongful conviction, is significantly increased for youth who miss out on crucial developmental years, milestones, and opportunities. In the current study, I examined differing and intersecting contributors (i.e., individual characteristics, crime characteristics, legal system processes) associated with juvenile exoneration. My sample, retrieved in August of 2023 from the National Registry of Exonerations (NRE, 2023b), included 293 juvenile exonerees. Interesting findings regarding sentence length emerged, with significant associations with age and race. Older exonerees and Black and other racially minoritized exonerees typically received lengthier sentences. Future research analyzing sentencing decisions is warranted to promote equitable treatment of all navigating legal systems. Similarly, Black exonerees were more likely to experience mistaken witness identification, which is in line with previous research. Contrary to prediction on false confessions, 17-year-old exonerees were more likely to falsely confess than younger counterparts, raising questions about what factors make youth more susceptible to falsely confess in real-world settings. Additionally, interesting findings emerged for time before exoneration, with violent crimes tending to endure longer periods before exoneration than sexual and other non-violent crimes. Considerations related to exoneration and crime type are discussed. Geographic location was also analyzed, and US regions were significantly associated with time before exoneration, official misconduct, and false confessions. Interestingly, the Northeast and Midwest regions tended to be associated with more negative outcomes (i.e., longer time before exoneration, more official misconduct, more false confessions). Official misconduct was further analyzed, with significant relationships between crime type and witness tampering, crime type and interrogation misconduct, age and interrogation misconduct, crime type and prosecutorial misconduct, and age and prosecutorial misconduct. Discussion on these relationships with official misconduct are included, as well as implications for future research.