Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10892a.pdf: 1446856 bytes, checksum: b8584942c83d1ed625c0076b4f6f900e (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-10892a.pdf: 1446856 bytes, checksum: b8584942c83d1ed625c0076b4f6f900e (MD5) Publico-10892b.pdf: 1591232 bytes, checksum: 19cbbe483605beb743a5e89a4ee18045 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-10892a.pdf: 1446856 bytes, checksum: b8584942c83d1ed625c0076b4f6f900e (MD5) Publico-10892b.pdf: 1591232 bytes, checksum: 19cbbe483605beb743a5e89a4ee18045 (MD5) Publico-10892c.pdf: 1743672 bytes, checksum: 388b1349efb7e835d3d05a3575699591 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 4 Publico-10892a.pdf: 1446856 bytes, checksum: b8584942c83d1ed625c0076b4f6f900e (MD5) Publico-10892b.pdf: 1591232 bytes, checksum: 19cbbe483605beb743a5e89a4ee18045 (MD5) Publico-10892c.pdf: 1743672 bytes, checksum: 388b1349efb7e835d3d05a3575699591 (MD5) Publico-10892d.pdf: 1690185 bytes, checksum: 34b03df3cf5cbb70f29cd94d1a659d77 (MD5) / Objetivos: Determinar as freqüências dos principais polimorfismos KEL, KEL*1,2, KEL*3,4,21 e KEL*6,7, e de dois novos alelos KEL, KEL*29 e KEL*30, em pacientes com hemoglobinopatias e doadores de sangue. Elucidar, empregando técnicas moleculares, casos raros envolvendo o sistema Kell. Casuística e métodos: As freqüências dos polimorfismos KEL*1,2, KEL*3,4,21 e KEL*6,7 foram avaliadas por PCR-RFLP em 108 pacientes portadores de hemoglobinopatias e 205 doadores de sangue. As freqüências dos polimorfismos KEL*29,KEL*29- (1988G>A) e KEL*30,KEL*30- (1033G>A) foram estudadas por PCR-RFLP em 68 pacientes com hemoglobinopatias e 300 doadores. Afim de elucidar um caso raro de aloimunização anti-KEL7 em uma gestante com antecedente de perdas fetais, estudamos por PCRRFLP os principais polimorfismos KEL nos 6 indivíduos da família. Empregando a técnica de seqüenciamento, pesquisamos as bases moleculares responsáveis pelo fenótipo KELnull em 2 pacientes e a mutação responsável pelo padrão anômalo na genotipagem do polimorfismo KEL*3,4 por PCR-NlaIII-RFLP em 3 indivíduos. Resultados: O genótipo KEL*1/KEL*2 foi observado em 6,5% (7/108) dos pacientes com hemoglobinopatias e em 6,3% (13/205) dos doadores de sangue (p>0,999). O genótipo KEL*3/KEL*4 foi observado em apenas 1% (2/205) dos doadores de sangue (p=0,547). O genótipo KEL*6/KEL*7 foi detectado em 6,5% (7/108) dos pacientes com hemoglobinopatias e em 4,4% (9/205) dos doadores (p=0,430). Todos os 68 pacientes portadores de hemoglobinopatias e os 300 doadores de sangue foram genotipados como KEL*29/KEL*29 e KEL*30/KEL*30. A identificação do aloanticorpo anti-KEL7 na gestante foi auxiliada pelo estudo molecular KEL. A gestante apresentava o genótipo KEL*6/KEL*6, sua mãe e sua filha eram KEL*6/KEL*7, enquanto seu segundo parceiro e sua neta foram genotipados como KEL*7/KEL*7. O recém nascido apresentou o mesmo genótipo da mãe. A mutação C1042T (Q348X) foi detectada pela reação de seqüenciamento e confirmada pela técnica de PCR-Tsp45I-RFLP nas pacientes portadoras do fenótipo KELnull. A mutação IVS6-13C>T foi identificada pela reação de seqüenciamento nos indivíduos com o padrão anômalo na genotipagem KEL*3,4. Conclusões: Não foi observada diferença significativa nas freqüências dos polimorfismos KEL entre os pacientes brasileiros afro-descendentes com hemoglobinopatias e os doadores de sangue. A concordância na genotipagem KEL observada entre as populações de doadores e receptores de sangue sugere que os pacientes brasileiros politransfundidos apresentam menor risco de aloimunização Kell quando comparados aos dados reportados em estudos onde a população de doadores de sangue é predominantemente constituída por indivíduos de origem caucasiana. Em adição, nossos dados sugerem que a necessidade de transfusão de hemácias com fenotipagem expandida pode não ter o mesmo custo-benefício nos pacientes politransfundidos no Brasil. Nenhum alelo variante KEL*29- (1988G>A) ou KEL*30- (1033G>A) foi identificado entre os 736 alelos analisados. Nossos dados sugerem que os antígenos KEL29 e KEL30 têm pouco impacto clínico, uma vez que a aloimunização a estes antígenos é, provavelmente, um evento raro restrito a poucos casos envolvendo indivíduos com fenótipo KEL:-29 ou KEL:-30. Finalmente, o estudo molecular KEL possibilitou a elucidação do caso de aloimunização anti-KEL7 associado às mortes fetais intra-uterinas, a identificação das bases moleculares do fenótipo KELnull em dois indivíduos brasileiros e a detecção da mutação responsável pelo padrão anômalo na genotipagem KEL*3,4. / To evaluate the KEL polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with hemoglobinopathies and blood donors and to elucidate some rare cases implicating Kell blood group system. Subjects and methods: Employing the PCR-RFLP technique, we evaluated the KEL*1,2, KEL*3,4,21 and KEL*6,7 polymorphisms frequencies in 108 patients with hemoglobinopathies and 205 blood donors. We also studied the KEL*29,KEL*29- (1988G>A) and KEL*30,KEL*30- (1033G>A) polymorphisms frequencies in 68 patients with hemoglobinopathies and 300 blood donors. In adition, the KEL polymorphisms were evaluated in an Afro-descent Brazilian pregnant woman and her relatives to elucidate a rare case of anti-KEL7 alloimmunization associated to intrauterine deaths. To elucidate the molecular basis of KELnull phenotype in Brazilian patients and to identify the mutation responsible for the abnormal pattern observed in three different samples in KEL*3,4 genotyping by PCR-NlaIII-RFLP, KEL sequencing was performed. Results: The KEL*1/KEL*2 genotype was found in 6.5% (7/108) of patients with hemoglobinopathies and in 6.3% (13/205) of blood donors (p>0,999). The KEL*3/KEL*4 genotype was observed in only 1.0% (2/205) of blood donors (p=0,547). The KEL*6/KEL*7 genotype was found in 6.5% (7/108) of patients with hemoglobinopathies and in 4.4% (9/205) of blood donors (p=0,430). We also found 1 (0.5%) donor with KEL*6/KEL*6 genotype. There was no statistically significant difference between the frequencies of KEL*1/KEL*2, KEL*3/KEL*4 and KEL*6/KEL*7 genotypes seen in patients with hemoglobinopathies compared to those observed in blood donors. All tested subjects, 300 donors (100%) and 68 patients (100%), were homozygous for the wild type consensus nucleotides at the KEL*29 and KEL*30 positions. No variant allele 1988G>A KEL*29 or 1033G>A KEL*30 was identified among the 736 analyzed alleles. The pregnant woman (propositus) was KEL*6/KEL*6, her mother and her daughter were KEL*6/KEL*7 heterozygous, and her former partner was KEL*7/KEL*7. The newborn was also tested and presented the same KEL*6/KEL*6 genotype of his mother. The propositus and her available relatives were KEL*2,4/KEL*2,4 homozygous. In addition, the C1042T (Q348X) mutation was detected by KEL sequencing, and corroborated by the PCR-Tsp45I-RFLP technique, in Brazilian patients with KELnull phenotype. The IVS6-13C>T mutation was also detected by KEL sequencing in subjects with abnormal pattern in KEL*3,4 genotyping by PCR-NlaIIIRFLP. Conclusions: The observed concordant KEL genotyping donor-recipient population suggests that Brazilian patients are at lower risk for Kell alloimmunization than that reported by studies where the donor population is predominantly formed by white Caucasians. In addition, our data indicate that the requirement for extended antigen-matched RBC transfusion in multitransfused patients may not be cost-effective in Brazil. Moreover, our data suggest that the KEL29 and KEL30 antigens have little clinical impact, since the alloimmunization by these antigens is probably a very rare event, restricted to a few cases involving subjects with KEL:-29 or KEL:-30 phenotype. Finally, we also report a rare case of anti-KEL7 alloimmunization associated to intrauterine deaths in an Afro-descent Brazilian woman, as well as the molecular basis of KELnull phenotype in Brazilians and the mutation implicated in the abnormal pattern seen in KEL*3,4 genotyping were identified by molecular studies. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

As indagações que orientam este trabalho tiveram início na procura de averiguar como os conteúdos de sites e blogs, elaborados em parceria ou pelos próprios Kel tamacheques, auxiliam-nos a compreender a história contemporânea dessa sociedade. Diante dessa busca, pesquisamos e elaboramos corpus imagético capturado da web indexável, buscando verificar suas contribuições de modo a compreender os alcances desse conteúdo como auxilio profícuo para o estudo da história dos Kel tamacheques. Metodologicamente a pesquisa imagética que aqui apresentamos implica em uma determinada forma de encarar os conteúdos da web, tomando como base somente a produção dos próprios Kel tamacheques, em língua francesa. Destarte, por meio dessa pesquisa, concluímos que é possível não só ter acesso às demandas da história contemporânea dessa sociedade, mas também do entendimento, transição e interconexão do passado e dos tempos atuais. Assim, criamos um website almejando atender a perspectiva da universidade e transversalidade no que se referem à melhoria da sociedade e da humanidade a partir dos temas e conflitos vividos pelas pessoas em seu dia-a-dia, sejam em África ou no Brasil. / The inquiries that guide this work began in the search to find out how the content of websites and blogs, elaborated in partnership or by Kel tamacheques themselves, help us to understand the contemporary history of this society. In view of this search, we researched and elaborated an imaged corpus captured from the indexable web, seeking to verify its contributions in order to understand the scope of this content as a useful aid to the study of the history of the Kel tamacheques. Methodologically, the imagery research presented here implies a certain way of looking at the contents of the web, taking as a basis only the production of the Kel tamacheques themselves, in French. Thus, through this research, we conclude that it is possible not only to have access to the demands of the contemporary history of that society, but also to the understanding, transition and interconnection of past and present times. Thus, we created a website aiming to meet the perspective of the university and transversality in what refers to the improvement of society and humanity from the themes and conflicts experienced by people in their daily lives, whether in Africa or in Brazil.

As indagações que orientam este trabalho tiveram início na procura de averiguar como os conteúdos de sites e blogs, elaborados em parceria ou pelos próprios Kel tamacheques, auxiliam-nos a compreender a história contemporânea dessa sociedade. Diante dessa busca, pesquisamos e elaboramos corpus imagético capturado da web indexável, buscando verificar suas contribuições de modo a compreender os alcances desse conteúdo como auxilio profícuo para o estudo da história dos Kel tamacheques. Metodologicamente a pesquisa imagética que aqui apresentamos implica em uma determinada forma de encarar os conteúdos da web, tomando como base somente a produção dos próprios Kel tamacheques, em língua francesa. Destarte, por meio dessa pesquisa, concluímos que é possível não só ter acesso às demandas da história contemporânea dessa sociedade, mas também do entendimento, transição e interconexão do passado e dos tempos atuais. Assim, criamos um website almejando atender a perspectiva da universidade e transversalidade no que se referem à melhoria da sociedade e da humanidade a partir dos temas e conflitos vividos pelas pessoas em seu dia-a-dia, sejam em África ou no Brasil. / The inquiries that guide this work began in the search to find out how the content of websites and blogs, elaborated in partnership or by Kel tamacheques themselves, help us to understand the contemporary history of this society. In view of this search, we researched and elaborated an imaged corpus captured from the indexable web, seeking to verify its contributions in order to understand the scope of this content as a useful aid to the study of the history of the Kel tamacheques. Methodologically, the imagery research presented here implies a certain way of looking at the contents of the web, taking as a basis only the production of the Kel tamacheques themselves, in French. Thus, through this research, we conclude that it is possible not only to have access to the demands of the contemporary history of that society, but also to the understanding, transition and interconnection of past and present times. Thus, we created a website aiming to meet the perspective of the university and transversality in what refers to the improvement of society and humanity from the themes and conflicts experienced by people in their daily lives, whether in Africa or in Brazil.

The Kel Tamachek and Hassanya are nomadic people who live in Sahel‐Sahara but some of them have become semi‐nomad or sedentary throughout the time. Since the independence they were divided in five countries. In Mali they occupy the 75% with 932 490 sqm of the territory which is 1 241 238 sqm5 and 10% of the population’s 13 millions.6 Their area is the north Mali which is administratively divided in three regions: Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal called also respectively the 6th region, 7th region and 8th region. They share the area with other ethnic groups such as Fulbe which are nomadic peoples and indigenous peoples and the Songhai or Sonrhai, Sorko and Bambara. The Kel Tamachek as other indigenous peoples of the world were discriminated and marginalized which started since the colonization. The colonizers tried to exterminate them because of their resistance and their refusal to be dominated and assimilated. The Frenchmen after establishing their power on the colonies started to ‘civilize’ their subjects. However, the nomads were forgotten in these programs because no school was created in their area. And when an exceptional leader Mohamed Ali Ag Attaher Alansary11understood that the best arm for combating the colonizers was to learn their knowledge which will ensure also the success for the future. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Ms Odile L. Tung, Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Abstract This thesis discusses the Veps indefinite pronoun system and its development. I show how the long lasting contact effect of Russian can be perceived in the Veps indefinite pronoun system. The approach I have adopted in this study combines insights from multilingualism and linguistic typology. The study is concerned mainly with the synchronic level of the language, but I have also examined the diachrony of the system. The data of this study consist of both sociolinguistic and language data, quantitative and qualitative data, old and new data, and data representing both written as well as spoken registers. The study consists of four separate publications. The first of them is a collaborative publication, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report. The publication has a sociolinguistic viewpoint: it enlightens the linguistic situation of the Vepsians. In the article The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns, I describe the Veps indefinite pronouns by means of the semantic map methodology. I show that, despite the numerous similarities between the Russian and Veps pronominal series, the Veps indefinite pronouns actually constitute a distinctive system. In the article Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns, I classify the Veps indefiniteness markers as MAT (morpheme transfer) loans or PAT (morphological pattern transfer) loans, according to the manner in which they have been acquired from Russian. I show that the Veps indefinite pronominal system has undergone obvious contact-induced morphological changes. In the article Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö, I show that in addition to the interrogative-derived indefinite pronouns the use of bare interrogatives as indefinites is common in Veps. I have divided this use into nine different clause and phrase structures. In the study, I show that the diachronically unstable system of indefinite pronouns has undergone many changes in Veps, due to language contact with Russian. From the individual speaker’s mind and speech, the effect of Russian has gradually spread as a part of the linguistic system of the Veps speech community. Thus, the contacts of the Veps and Russian speech communities have resulted in changes in the Veps indefinite pronoun system. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani vepsän kielen indefiniittipronominijärjestelmää ja sen kehitystä. Osoitan, miten venäjän vuosisatoja jatkunut kontaktivaikutus näkyy vepsän indefiniittipronominien järjestelmässä. Tarkastelun näkökulmat olen omaksunut kontaktilingvistiikasta, monikielisyystutkimuksesta ja typologisesta kielentutkimuksesta. Tutkimus koskee pääosin kielen synkronista tasoa, mutta olen ottanut kantaa myös järjestelmän diakroniseen kehitykseen. Tutkimuksen aineistokokonaisuuteen kuuluu sekä sosiolingvististä että kieliaineistoa, kvantitatiivista ja kvalitatiivista aineistoa, uutta ja vanhaa aineistoa sekä niin kirjoitettua kuin puhuttuakin kieltä. Tutkimus koostuu neljästä erillisestä osajulkaisusta. Ensimmäinen niistä on yhteisjulkaisu, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report. Julkaisu on näkökulmaltaan sosiolingvistinen: se valottaa vepsäläisten kielellistä tilannetta. Artikkelissa The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns kuvaan vepsän indefiniittipronomineja semanttisten karttojen metodologian avulla. Osoitan, että lukuisista venäjän ja vepsän kielen pronominisarjojen yhtäläisyyksistä huolimatta vepsän indefiniittipronominit muodostavat omaleimaisen järjestelmänsä. Artikkelissa Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns luokittelen vepsän venäjän kielestä lainatut indefiniittisyyden tunnukset niiden lainaustavan mukaan joko MAT- tai PAT-lainoiksi. MAT-lainoissa kielelliset segmentit toisinnetaan toisessa kielessä, PAT-lainoissa funktionaaliset mallit. Osoitan, että vepsän indefiniittipronominien järjestelmässä on tapahtunut selviä kontaktilähtöisiä morfologisia muutoksia. Artikkelissa Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö osoitan, että tunnuksisten indefiniittipronominien lisäksi käytetään vepsässä yleisesti myös paljaita interrogatiiveja. Olen jaotellut niiden esiintymisympäristöt yhdeksäksi erilaiseksi lause- ja lausekerakenteeksi. Tutkimuksessa osoitan, että indefiniittipronominien diakronisesti epästabiili järjestelmä on vepsässä kokenut venäjän kontaktivaikutuksesta monia muutoksia. Yksittäisen kielenpuhujan mielestä ja puheesta venäjän vaikutus on vähitellen levinnyt osaksi vepsäläisen kieliyhteisön kielen järjestelmää. Näin vepsäläisen ja venäläisen puhujayhteisön kontaktit ovat johtaneet vepsän kielen indefiniittipronominien systeemin muutokseen. / Lühenduz Ičein dissertacijas minä tarkištelen vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemad i sen kehitoitust. Ozutan, kut äjad voz’sadad olijad kontaktad tuleba sil’mnägubale vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemas. Tedotön perspektivaks olen otnu ičelein kontaktkel’oppindan, äikeližuz’oppindan i tipologižuz’oppindan pirdoid. Tedotö om tobjimalaz sinhronine, no olen tarkištanu mugažo erasid problemoid diahronižen kehitoitusen sistemaspäi. Tedotön lähtematerialoihe mülüb sociolingivistižid materialoid, kel’materialoid, kvantitativižid i kvalitativižid materialoid, uzid i vanhoid materialoid paginkelespäi i kirjutadud kelespäi. Neciš tedotös om nel’l’ erilašt kirjutest. Ezmäine niišpäi, Veps in Russia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report, om ühthižkirjutez. Necen kirjutesen nägemuz om sociolingvistine. Sen päazj om tedištada i ezitada vepsän kelen i vepsläižiden oloid nügüd’aigas. Kirjuteses The Implicational Semantic Map for Veps Indefinite Pronouns kuvadan vepsän indefinitižid pronominoid semantižiden kartoiden metodologian abul. Ozutan, miše hot’ venän i vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden affiksoiden kogomused oma karthižed, vepsän indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistem om kaiken-se originaline. Kirjuteses Borrowing Morphology: The Influence of Russian on the Veps System of Indefinite Pronouns tarkištan venäkelespäi vepsän kel’he ottud affiksad MAT- i PAT- velgmaneran mödhe. MAT-velg znamoičeb, miše ühten kelen kel’material kopiruidas toižehe kel’he, a PAT-velgoiš kopiruidas vaiše znamoičendoid. Ozutan, miše vepsän indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemas om sündunu morfologižid vajehtesid, miččed oma sel’ktad kel’kontaktoiden jäl’ged. Kirjuteses Vepsän kielen paljaiden interrogatiivien indefiniittinen käyttö ozutan, miše indefinitižiden pronominoiden ližaks vepsän keles voib kävutada interrogativižid pronominoid indefinitižiden pronominoiden sijas. Olen tarkištanu virkehid, kus nene azjad ezineba i olen mülütanu niid ühesandehe erazvuiččehe gruppaha. Indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistem ei ole diahronijan polespäi seižui. Ičein oppindas ozutan, miše vepsän kelen sistem om lujas vajehtanus venäkelen kontaktpainandan tagut. Ühten kelen pagižijan melespäi i paginaspäi om venäkelen painastuz aigan sirttes levitanus vepsän kelen sistemaha. Muga oma vepsän i venän pagižijoiden keskeižed kosketused vajehtanuded vepsän kelen indefinitižiden pronominoiden sistemad.

Surface manifestations of hydrothermal fluids such as fumaroles and hot springs provide valuable information about the level of activity of a volcano during quiescent period. Geochemical study of gas and spring waters is useful to elaborate geochemical model for magmatic-hydrothermal system. Furthermore, temporal geochemical monitoring of these fluids with time provides a better understanding in processes occurring inside the volcano and can be useful to detect any changes in the activity of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. This thesis investigates two hydrothermal systems at Kelud and Papandayan volcanoes that are located at Java Island in Indonesia. Kelud is considered as one of the most dangerous volcanoes of Java because of its frequent eruptions. After the last eruption that occurred in 1990, a new lake rapidly filled the crater of Kelud volcano. Water samples collected since 1993 are near neutral Na-K chloride fluids and are typical of aged hydrothermal system where the acidity has been completely neutralized by fluid-rock interaction and where the emission of acid magmatic gases has stopped. Two sudden increases in lake temperature in 1996 and 2001 were accompanied by rapid changes in lake water compositions and suggest the existence of two hydrothermal systems feeding the lake: a shallow hydrothermal system dominated by Ca-Mg sulfate waters and a deepest aquifer with neutral alkali chloride waters. From 2001 to 2005, measurements of CO2 emitted by the surface of the lake were performed by using the accumulation chamber method modified in order to work at the surface of a crater lake. Two statistical methods were used to process data: the graphical statistical and stochastic simulation methods. The results of graphical statistical approach showed that two different degassing processes are acting at the lake surface: one corresponding to CO2 fluxes resulting from rising bubbles and the other corresponding to equilibrium diffusion of dissolved CO2 at the water-air surface. Total CO2 emission rate estimated by stochastic simulation ranges from 105 t/day for 2001 to 32 t/day for 2005. Thermal energy released by the lake was also estimated by using an energy balance model with a new constraint using the CO2 flux. The thermal flux decreased from 200 MW (2001) to 100 MW (2002) and then remained stable. Correlation between the chemical data of waters, the fluxes of CO2 and energy show that a constant decrease in the level of activity of the volcano since 1993 occurred although the lake temperature has been stable since 2003. Since the last magmatic eruption that occurred in 1772, phreatic eruptions occur on Papandayan volcano with the last one in 2002. The volcanic material ejected during this eruption is essentially made of altered rocks from within the hydrothermal system. The interaction of acid waters with the host rocks corresponds to an advanced argilic alteration. The chemical compositions of waters from Papandayan volcano and Kelud lake waters are contrasting. Indeed, the spring waters sampled since 1994 are acid sulfate-chloride waters and acid sulfate waters. The chemical and isotopic analyses of gases and waters suggest a significant magmatic contribution in SO2, HCl and HF to the hydrothermal system. The chemical composition of waters sampled after the 2002 eruption have provided information about origin of this eruption. Decrease in chloride concentration and in delta 34S of dissolved sulfates showed that the magmatic contribution in these fluids are less important and that the waters are likely to be formed by the condensation of steam (H2O, H2S) rising from a boiling aquifer.

Surface manifestations of hydrothermal fluids such as fumaroles and hot springs provide valuable information about the level of activity of a volcano during quiescent period. Geochemical study of gas and spring waters is useful to elaborate geochemical model for magmatic-hydrothermal system. Furthermore, temporal geochemical monitoring of these fluids with time provides a better understanding in processes occurring inside the volcano and can be useful to detect any changes in the activity of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. This thesis investigates two hydrothermal systems at Kelud and Papandayan volcanoes that are located at Java Island in Indonesia. Kelud is considered as one of the most dangerous volcanoes of Java because of its frequent eruptions. After the last eruption that occurred in 1990, a new lake rapidly filled the crater of Kelud volcano. Water samples collected since 1993 are near neutral Na-K chloride fluids and are typical of aged hydrothermal system where the acidity has been completely neutralized by fluid-rock interaction and where the emission of acid magmatic gases has stopped. Two sudden increases in lake temperature in 1996 and 2001 were accompanied by rapid changes in lake water compositions and suggest the existence of two hydrothermal systems feeding the lake: a shallow hydrothermal system dominated by Ca-Mg sulfate waters and a deepest aquifer with neutral alkali chloride waters. From 2001 to 2005, measurements of CO2 emitted by the surface of the lake were performed by using the accumulation chamber method modified in order to work at the surface of a crater lake. Two statistical methods were used to process data: the graphical statistical and stochastic simulation methods. The results of graphical statistical approach showed that two different degassing processes are acting at the lake surface: one corresponding to CO2 fluxes resulting from rising bubbles and the other corresponding to equilibrium diffusion of dissolved CO2 at the water-air surface. Total CO2 emission rate estimated by stochastic simulation ranges from 105 t/day for 2001 to 32 t/day for 2005. Thermal energy released by the lake was also estimated by using an energy balance model with a new constraint using the CO2 flux. The thermal flux decreased from 200 MW (2001) to 100 MW (2002) and then remained stable. Correlation between the chemical data of waters, the fluxes of CO2 and energy show that a constant decrease in the level of activity of the volcano since 1993 occurred although the lake temperature has been stable since 2003. Since the last magmatic eruption that occurred in 1772, phreatic eruptions occur on Papandayan volcano with the last one in 2002. The volcanic material ejected during this eruption is essentially made of altered rocks from within the hydrothermal system. The interaction of acid waters with the host rocks corresponds to an advanced argilic alteration. The chemical compositions of waters from Papandayan volcano and Kelud lake waters are contrasting. Indeed, the spring waters sampled since 1994 are acid sulfate-chloride waters and acid sulfate waters. The chemical and isotopic analyses of gases and waters suggest a significant magmatic contribution in SO2, HCl and HF to the hydrothermal system. The chemical composition of waters sampled after the 2002 eruption have provided information about origin of this eruption. Decrease in chloride concentration and in delta 34S of dissolved sulfates showed that the magmatic contribution in these fluids are less important and that the waters are likely to be formed by the condensation of steam (H2O, H2S) rising from a boiling aquifer.<p><p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished