Submitted by Eliane Roio Ferreira null (eliane_roio@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-22T17:04:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eliane 31-07-2017 (Salvo Automaticamente) repositorio.pdf: 1376384 bytes, checksum: fe63f38c9413fbb73b267ecfae5dfb34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sulamita Selma C Colnago null (sulamita@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-07-23T13:30:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_er_me_bot.pdf: 1376384 bytes, checksum: fe63f38c9413fbb73b267ecfae5dfb34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T13:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_er_me_bot.pdf: 1376384 bytes, checksum: fe63f38c9413fbb73b267ecfae5dfb34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24 / O tratamento do campo de cancerização tem o intuito de evitar a progressão das lesões pré-malignas ou desenvolvimento de lesões subclínicas, como forma de prevenção da carcinogênese. Existem diversas propostas de tratamento, porém, há poucos estudos com nicotinamida oral, nenhum comparando a eficácia entre 5-fluorouracil (5FU) tópico com fotoproteção, ou na sua associação com a nicotinamida oral. Objetivos: Avaliação da eficácia da nicotinamida oral, versus 5FU tópico intermitente, e fotoproteção, no tratamento do campo de cancerização cutâneo e queratoses actínicas (QA). Casuística e métodos: Desenho: ensaio clínico randomizado (em blocos), controlado (intrasujeito), duplo cego, fatorial. Participantes: pacientes imunocompetentes, que continham entre três e dez QA cada antebraço, selecionados durante os atendimentos do ambulatório oncológico do serviço de dermatologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – UNESP no período de março a setembro de 2016. Houve randomização em blocos e alocação em grupos dos pacientes e antebraços. Intervenção: um grupo recebeu nicotinamida 500mg, via oral, cada 12h, e o outro, placebo. Um dos antebraços recebeu 5FU 5% creme, noturno, 3x por semana, e ambos, filtro solar (FPS 30) diurno. A duração dos tratamentos foi de 120 dias. Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos: T0 e T120 para avaliação clínica (contagem de QA, escore de gravidade de QA e escore de fotoenvelhecimento) e biópsia de pele para avaliação do grau de neoplasia intraepitelial dos queratinótitos (KIN), p53 e ki67. Foram avaliados ainda os efeitos adversos no T14. Desfechos: foram analisados por intenção de tratamento (ITT), e os dropouts imputados com os valores da última avaliação disponíveis (LOCF). Os grupos foram comparados por modelo linear generalizado de efeitos mistos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 participantes (72 antebraços). A média de idade foi 71,6 (8,6) anos, fototipos I e II prevaleceram (94%) e 61% eram do sexo feminino. Houve redução na contagem de QA para nicotinamida com 5FU (-71%) e com filtro solar (-50%), assim como para placebo e 5FU (-62%) e filtro solar (-60%), 5FU apresentou superioridade ao FPS (p<0,05). O clearance parcial de QA (>50%), apresentou redução para todos os subgrupos (-83%; -50%; -72%; -61%), com superioridade para 5FU (p<0,05). O clearance total de QA não apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos (p=0,72,). Houve redução do escore de gravidade de QA (-74%; -62%; -81%; -64%) e de fotoenvelhecimento (-10%; -6%; -22%; -8%), sem diferença entre os grupos (p>0,2). Os principais efeitos adversos observados foram eritema (50%) e dor local (5%) com uso de 5-FU, epigastralgia e náusea com nicotinamida (5%). Houve redução no escore KIN em todos os grupos (p<0,05), sem diferença entre os subgrupos. Houve redução da atrofia epitelial em todos os tratamentos (p<0,05), com superioridade para 5FU (p<0,05). Houve redução do escore Ki67 em ambos os tratamentos (p<0,05), com maior redução no grupo que recebeu nicotinamida (p<0,05). Para p53 não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (p=0,81). Ocorreram 3 dropouts. Conclusão: 5-FU tópico reduz a atividade do campo de cancerização de forma mais eficaz que o filtro solar quanto à contagem e ao clearance de QA. Nicotinamida oral não promoveu melhora clínica, mas histológica (Ki67), adicional à fotoproteção ou ao uso de 5FU. / Background: The treatment of the skin field cancerization is aimed at preventing the progression of premalignant lesions or the development of subclinical lesions as a way of preventing carcinogenesis. There are several treatment proposals, however, there are few studies with oral nicotinamide, none comparing the efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with photoprotection, or its association with oral nicotinamide. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of oral nicotinamide versus intermittent topical 5FU and photoprotection in the treatment of cutaneous cancer and actinic keratoses (AK). Casuistry and methods: Design: randomized (blocks), controlled (intrasubject), double blind, factorial clinical trial. Participants: immunocompetent patients, who had between 3 and 10 AK each forearm, selected during the visits of the oncology outpatient clinic of the dermatology department of Botucatu Medical School - UNESP from March to September, 2016. There was randomization in blocks and allocation in Groups of patients and forearms. Intervention: one group received nicotinamide 500mg, orally every 12h, and the other, placebo. One of the forearms received 5FU 5% cream, overnight, 3x per week, and both, daytime (SPF 30) sunscreen. The duration of the treatments was 120 days. The patients were evaluated at the moments: T0 and T120 for clinical evaluation (AK score, AK severity score and photoaging score) and skin biopsy for evaluation of the levels of keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia (KIN), p53 and ki67. Adverse effects were also evaluated in the T14. Outcomes: were analyzed by intention to treat (ITT), and the imputed dropouts with the values of the last observation carried forward (LOCF). The groups were compared by generalized linear model of mixed effects. Results: 36 participants (72 forearms) were included. The mean age was 71.6 (8.6) years, phototypes I and II prevailed (94%) and 61% were female. There was a reduction in the counts of AK for nicotinamide with 5FU (-71%) and with sunscreen (-50%), as well as for placebo and 5FU (-62%) and sunscreen (-60%), 5FU presented SPF superiority (P <0.05). The partial clearance of AK (> 50%) presented a reduction for all subgroups (-83%, -50%, -72%, -61%), with a superiority of 5FU (p <0.05). Total clearance of AK did not show any difference between the treatments (p = 0.72,). There was a reduction in the severity score of AK (-74%, -62%, -81%, -64%) and of photoaging (-10%, -6%, -22%, -8%), with no difference between Groups (p> 0.2). The main adverse effects observed were erythema (50%) and local pain (5%) with use of 5-FU, epigastralgia and nausea with nicotinamide (5%). There was a reduction in the KIN score in all groups (p <0.05), with no difference between the subgroups. There was reduction of epithelial atrophy in all treatments (p <0.05), with superiority to 5FU (p <0.05). There was a reduction in the Ki67 score in both treatments (p <0.05), with a larger reduction in the nicotinamide group (p <0.05). For p53 there was no difference between treatments (p = 0.81). There were 3 dropouts: one per death, one refusal because the lesions improved, and one drop due to adverse local effects. Conclusion: Topical 5-FU reduces the activity of the cancerization field more effectively than the sunscreen in the counting and clearance of AK. Oral nicotinamide did not promote clinical improvement, but histological improvement (Ki67), additional to photoprotection or the use of 5FU.

Submitted by ANNA CAROLINA MIOLA (anna_fmrp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-25T13:27:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 defesa-FINAL-repositorio.pdf: 1407690 bytes, checksum: 620d293167960fc67b1031c581f71462 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T16:10:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 miola_ac_me_bot.pdf: 1407690 bytes, checksum: 620d293167960fc67b1031c581f71462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T16:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 miola_ac_me_bot.pdf: 1407690 bytes, checksum: 620d293167960fc67b1031c581f71462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24 / Fundamentos: Campo de cancerização cutâneo representa uma área com alterações genômicas induzidas pela radiação ultravioleta, cujo sinal de atividade são as queratoses actínicas (QA). Tratamentos que visem sua estabilização podem reduzir a incidência de QA e de tumores cutâneos não melanoma. Estudos em terapia fotodinâmica com metil aminolevulinato (TFD-MAL) no tratamento do campo de cancerização cutâneo mostram redução de até 89% na contagem de QA, já com colchicina tópica, há redução de até 78%. Até o momento, não há estudos comparando colchicina com TFD-MAL. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar eficácia e segurança de colchicina 0,5% creme versus TFD-MAL no tratamento do campo de cancerização dos antebraços. Casuística e métodos: Ensaio clínico aberto, controlado, randomizado, envolvendo 36 pacientes do ambulatório de Dermatologia da UNESP-Botucatu, com 3-10 QAs em cada antebraço, tratados (cada antebraço) com creme de colchicina 0,5% (2x/dia por 10 dias) ou uma sessão de TFD-MAL; reavaliados após 60 dias. A avaliação clínica foi realizada pela contagem de QAs, seus subtipos clínicos, sua escala de gravidade e escala de fotoenvelhecimento dos antebraços. Avaliação histopatológica foi realizada pelo escore KIN (Keratinocyte Intraepithelial Neoplasia), atrofia epitelial e imunohistoquímica de p53 e Ki67. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo e randomizados fizeram parte da população ITT (intention to treat). Os dados do único dropout foram imputados como LOCF (last observed carried forward). Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 participantes: 50% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média (dp) de 70,9 (8,6) anos e predominância de pacientes fototipos I e II (89%). O clearance total de QAs ocorreu em 6 (17%) de COL e 7 (19%) de MAL-PDT (p=0,76), e clearance parcial (> 50%) foi alcançado em 16 (44%) dos antebraços COL e 24 (67%) MAL-PDT (p=0,07). Houve redução significativa no escore da escala de fotoenvelhecimento para COL e TFD-MAL (-6% vs -6%), escore de gravidade de QA (-65% vs -73%), subtipos clínicos das QAs presentes e contagem de QA (-45% vs -40%), após as intervenções (p<0,01), sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Houve redução no escore KIN em ambos os grupos (p<0,01), normalizado em 28% dos pacientes MAL-PDT e 20% em COL. Houve redução da atrofia epitelial após 60 dias (p<0,01), sem diferenças entre os tratamentos (p=0,58). Houve redução significativa do escore Ki67 em ambos os tratamentos: 15% em COL e 9% em MAL-PDT, sem diferença entre os grupos (p=0,32). Houve redução do escore de p53 em 27% no grupo COL, porém, um aumento de 4% na MAL-PDT (p<0,05). Efeitos adversos foram relatados em ambos os grupos: 69% em COL e 67% em TFD-MAL. Não houve evento adverso grave. Conclusão: Colchicina 0,5% creme e TFD-MAL são eficazes e seguros no tratamento do campo de cancerização cutâneo. / Background: Skin field cancerization is an area with genomic alterations induced by ultraviolet radiation, and actinic keratosis (AK) is a sign of its activity. Treatments to stabilize it may reduce the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers and AK. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate (TFD-MAL) in the treatment of skin field cancerization shows a reduction of up to 89% in the AK count, and topical colchicine, up to 78% of reduction. To date, there are no studies comparing colchicine with PDT-MAL. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of colchicine 0.5% cream versus PDT-MAL in skin field cancerization treatment of the forearms. Patients and methods: A randomized, controlled clinical trial involving 36 patients from the UNESP-Botucatu Dermatology outpatient clinic, with three to 10 AKs in each forearm, treated (each forearm) with colchicine cream (2x / day for 10 days) and one session of PDT-MAL. Reassessed after 60 days. Clinical evaluation was performed by AK count, its clinical subtypes, severity scale and forearm photoaging scale. Histopathological evaluation performed by KIN (Keratinocyte Intraepithelial Neoplasia), epithelial atrophy and immunohistochemistry of p53 and Ki67. All patients included in the study and randomized were part of the ITT population (intention to treat). The only dropout was analyzed through LOCF (last observation carried forward). Results: Thirty-six participants were included: 50% were males, mean age (SD) of 70.9 (8.6) years and predominance of phototype I and II patients (89%). Total clearance of AK occurred in 6 (17%) of COL and 7 (19%) of MAL-PDT (p = 0.76), and partial clearance (> 50%) was achieved in 16 (44%) of COL and 24 (67%) of MAL-PDT (p = 0.07). There was a significant reduction in the photodamage scale for COL and PDT-MAL (-6% vs -6%), AK severity score (-65% vs -73%), clinical subtypes of the present AK and AK (-45% vs -40%) after interventions (p <0.01), with no significant differences between the groups (p> 0.24). There was a reduction in KIN score in both groups (p <0.01), normalized in 28% of MAL-PDT patients and 20% in COL. There was reduction of epithelial atrophy after 60 days (p <0.01), with no differences between treatments (p = 0.58). There was a significant reduction of the Ki67 score in both treatments: 15% in COL and 9% in MAL-PDT, with no difference between groups (p = 0.32). There was a reduction of the p53 score in 27% in the COL group, but a 4% increase in MAL-PDT (p <0.05). Adverse effects were reported in both groups: 69% in COL and 67% in PDT-MAL. There was no serious adverse event. Conclusion: Colchicine 0.5% cream and TFD-MAL are effective and safe in skin field cancerization treatment.

O conceito de campo de cancerização, em dermatologia, sugere que a pele fotodanificada tem maior potencial para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias cutâneas. A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é um método não invasivo para o tratamento de queratoses actínicas (QA) múltiplas, possibilitando a abordagem de todo o campo. Vinte e seis pacientes com múltiplas QAs na face foram submetidos a três sessões de TFD com metilaminolevulinato 16% (MAL) e luz vermelha, com intervalo de um mês. Biópsias foram realizadas antes e após três meses da última sessão e o material corado para hematoxilina-eosina e Weigert. O estudo imunohistoquímico foi feito para os marcadores: TP-53, pró-colageno I, Metaloproteinase-1 e Tenascina-C. A avaliação do fotoenvelhecimento global melhorou consideravelmente (p < 0,001) e a cura clínica das QAs foi de 89,5% ao final do estudo. Duas sessões mostraram ser equivalentes a três sessões de TFD. Diminuição significante do grau e extensão da atipia celular (p < 0,001), aumento das fibras colágenas (p = 0,001) e melhora do grau de elastose (p = 0,002) foram observadas. O estudo imunohistoquímico mostrou diminuição da expressão da TP-53 (p = 0,580), aumento de pró-colágeno I (p = 0,477) e de MMP-1 (p = 0,08), embora não houvesse diferença estatisticamente significante. Aumento significativo foi observado para Tenascina-C (p = 0,024). Múltiplas sessões de TFD com MAL induziram melhora clínica e histológica do campo de cancerização. A diminuição da severidade e extensão da atipia celular associada à menor expressão de TP-53 sugerem redução do potencial carcinogênico do campo / The field cancerization concept suggests that photodamaged skin has an increased risk for the development of malignant lesions. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapeutic method for multiple actinic keratosis (AK), allowing the possibility of treating the entire surface. Twenty-six patients with photodamaged skin and multiple AKs on the face were submitted to three consecutive sessions of PDT with mehtylaminolevulinate 16% (MAL) and red light, one month apart. Biopsies were performed before and three months after the last treatment session, and stained for hematoxilin-eosin and Weigert. Immunohistochemestry study was performed for TP-53, pro-collagen I, Metalloproteinase-1 and Tenascin-C. The global score for photodamage improved considerably in all patients (p < 0.001). The AK clearance rate was 89.5% at the end of the study. Two treatments were similar to three MAL-PDT sessions. A significant decrease in keratinocytes atypia grade and amount was observed (p < 0.001). A significant increase in collagen deposition (p = 0.001) and improvement of solar elastosis (p = 0.002) were noticed. Immunohistochemical study showed decreased TP-53 expression although not statistically significant (p = 0.580), increased pro-collagen I and MMP-1 expressions (p = 0.477 and p = 0.08) again not statistically significant and a increased expression of Tenascin-C (p = 0.024), which was statistically significant. In conclusion, multiple sessions of MAL-PDT induced clinical and histological improvement of field cancerization. The decrease in severity and extension of keratinocytes atypia associated with a decreased expression of TP-53 suggest a reduced carcinogenic potential of the altered field

A instabilidade genômica tem sido amplamente usada para caracterizar células cancerosas. Alterações genéticas em queratose actínica (QA) e carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) foram investigadas pelo método de random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) e análise de microssatélites com o objetivo de encontrar marcadores moleculares para auxiliar o prognóstico e o diagnóstico médico. O DNA foi obtido de pacientes brasileiros cirurgiados e tratados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, totalizando oito QAs, 24 CECs, e tecidos normais e/ou leucócitos correspondentes. Os microssatélites estudados foram D6S251, D6S252, D9S15, D9S50, D9S52, D9S180, D9S196, D9S280 e D9S287, tendo em vista a detecção de instabilidade genômica representada por perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) e instabilidade de microssatélites (MSI). Os \"primers\" usados para comparar os padrões de RAPD foram OPA-2, OPA-7, OPA-13, OPA-17, OPB-8, OPB-13, OPB-17 e OPB-19. Foi obtida correlação significativa na progressão de QA (1/8) para CEC (5/22) referente ao microssatélite D6S251. As diferenças nos padrões de DNA obtidos pelo método RAPD comparados aos controles foram maiores em lesões com maior grau de severidade segundo critério histológico. O mesmo padrão RAPD foi observado no controle e no tumor em 27% QA, 24% CEC I, 9% CEC II e 0% CEC III. Estes resultados mostram que o microssatélite D6S251 e o método de RAPD são informativos, podendo ser potenciais candidatos para auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico de QA e CEC. / Genomic instability has been widely used to characterize cancer cells. Genetic alterations in human actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were investigated by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, and microsatellite analysis. DNA was obtained from Brazilian patients diagnosed and treated in the School of Medicine of University of Sao Paulo out Clinics Hospital. Eight AKs, 24 SCCs, and 4 BCCs, matched to normal skin tissue and/or leukocytes were studied. Microsatellite patterns were obtained with primers specific to amplify D6S251, D6S252, D9S15, D9S50, D9S52, D9S180, D9S196, D9S280, and D9S287, in search of detection Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and Microsatellite instability (MSI). The RAPD primers were: OPA-2, OPA-7, OPA-13, OPA-17, OPB-8, OPB-13, OPB-17, and OPB-19. A significant correlation was obtained regarding the progress of AK (1/8) to SCC (5/22) detected with the D6S251 microsatellite. DNA fingerprint obtained with RAPD primers were altered in increasing number of samples, according to their histological degree of differentiation. Similar RAPD patterns were observed in tumor and control in 27% AK, 24% SCC I, 9% SCC II, and zero SCC III. These results suggest microsatellite D6S251 and RAPD method to be potential tools in diagnosis and prognosis of AK and SCC.

Abstract This study utilized normal and defective epithelial cell cultures and epidermal skin samples to examine intra- and intercellular calcium signaling. The main interests of this thesis were Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), Darier disease (DD), neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). HHD and DD diseases are rare autosomal dominant skin disorders characterized by dissociation of epidermal keratinocytes (acantholysis) at the suprabasal layer of the epidermis. HHD and DD diseases are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the calcium pumps in the Golgi apparatus (hSPCA1) and endoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2b), respectively. Due to these mutations calcium uptake into the Golgi apparatus or ER is diminished, which is believed to cause abnormal cell junction protein processing and dissociation of keratinocytes. This study utilized electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and demonstrated for the first time that lesional areas of HHD and DD and non-lesional areas of DD epidermis display abnormally low calcium content in the basal cell layer. Furthermore, ATP mediated calcium signaling was impaired in cultured HHD and DD keratinocytes and epidermal ATP receptor localization was disrupted. In conclusion, these results suggest that the low calcium content in the basal cell layer is the reason for suprabasal ruptures in HHD but not necessarily in DD lesions, and that abnormal ATP receptor localization contributes to the calcium signaling defects. NF1 deficient keratinocytes display abnormally low resting cytosolic calcium levels and it has been suggested that the calcium concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is decreased. This study demonstrated that NF1 keratinocytes rely mostly on ATP mediated calcium signaling while normal keratinocytes rely mostly on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Studies with TCC cells have demonstrated that gap junctions participate in intercellular calcium wave propagation. This thesis demonstrated that the ATP mediated pathway was also operational in calcium wave propagation in normal uroepithelial and TCC cell cultures. Furthermore, impaired calcium wave propagation in the TCC cell culture could be improved through PKC α/βI –isoenzyme inhibition with Gö6976. Gö6976 treatment increased connexin 26 clustering at plasma membrane but did not alter expression level of the protein. This thesis contains a wide repertoire of calcium detection techniques including a new cutting-edge technology for elemental calcium detection of epidermal samples. These techniques can be used for molecular specific analysis of calcium signaling in epithelial cells.

O conceito de campo de cancerização, em dermatologia, sugere que a pele fotodanificada tem maior potencial para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias cutâneas. A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é um método não invasivo para o tratamento de queratoses actínicas (QA) múltiplas, possibilitando a abordagem de todo o campo. Vinte e seis pacientes com múltiplas QAs na face foram submetidos a três sessões de TFD com metilaminolevulinato 16% (MAL) e luz vermelha, com intervalo de um mês. Biópsias foram realizadas antes e após três meses da última sessão e o material corado para hematoxilina-eosina e Weigert. O estudo imunohistoquímico foi feito para os marcadores: TP-53, pró-colageno I, Metaloproteinase-1 e Tenascina-C. A avaliação do fotoenvelhecimento global melhorou consideravelmente (p < 0,001) e a cura clínica das QAs foi de 89,5% ao final do estudo. Duas sessões mostraram ser equivalentes a três sessões de TFD. Diminuição significante do grau e extensão da atipia celular (p < 0,001), aumento das fibras colágenas (p = 0,001) e melhora do grau de elastose (p = 0,002) foram observadas. O estudo imunohistoquímico mostrou diminuição da expressão da TP-53 (p = 0,580), aumento de pró-colágeno I (p = 0,477) e de MMP-1 (p = 0,08), embora não houvesse diferença estatisticamente significante. Aumento significativo foi observado para Tenascina-C (p = 0,024). Múltiplas sessões de TFD com MAL induziram melhora clínica e histológica do campo de cancerização. A diminuição da severidade e extensão da atipia celular associada à menor expressão de TP-53 sugerem redução do potencial carcinogênico do campo / The field cancerization concept suggests that photodamaged skin has an increased risk for the development of malignant lesions. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapeutic method for multiple actinic keratosis (AK), allowing the possibility of treating the entire surface. Twenty-six patients with photodamaged skin and multiple AKs on the face were submitted to three consecutive sessions of PDT with mehtylaminolevulinate 16% (MAL) and red light, one month apart. Biopsies were performed before and three months after the last treatment session, and stained for hematoxilin-eosin and Weigert. Immunohistochemestry study was performed for TP-53, pro-collagen I, Metalloproteinase-1 and Tenascin-C. The global score for photodamage improved considerably in all patients (p < 0.001). The AK clearance rate was 89.5% at the end of the study. Two treatments were similar to three MAL-PDT sessions. A significant decrease in keratinocytes atypia grade and amount was observed (p < 0.001). A significant increase in collagen deposition (p = 0.001) and improvement of solar elastosis (p = 0.002) were noticed. Immunohistochemical study showed decreased TP-53 expression although not statistically significant (p = 0.580), increased pro-collagen I and MMP-1 expressions (p = 0.477 and p = 0.08) again not statistically significant and a increased expression of Tenascin-C (p = 0.024), which was statistically significant. In conclusion, multiple sessions of MAL-PDT induced clinical and histological improvement of field cancerization. The decrease in severity and extension of keratinocytes atypia associated with a decreased expression of TP-53 suggest a reduced carcinogenic potential of the altered field

Το καρκίνωμα εκ πλακώδους επιθηλίου ή πλακώδες καρκίνωμα (ΠΚ) του δέρματος είναι ο δεύτερος πιο συχνός καρκίνος του δέρματος και εμφανίζεται συνήθως σε έδαφος ακτινικής υπερκεράτωσης (ΑΚ). Τα νεοπλασματικά κύτταρα εκφράζουν μια ποικιλία αντιγόνων προσελκύοντας με αυτό τον τρόπο λεμφοκύτταρα, τα διηθούντα τον όγκο λεμφοκύτταρα (Tumor Ιnfiltrating Lymphocytes-TILs) στο μικροπεριβάλλον του όγκου. Με βάση το ανοσοφαινοτυπικό τους προφίλ η πλειοψηφία των TILs εκφράζει το μόριο CD3 και αφορά σε Τ-λεμφοκύτταρα. Αυτά με την σειρά τους διαχωρίζονται σε CD8+ Τ-κυτταροτοξικά λεμφοκύτταρα και CD4+ Τ-λεμφοκύτταρα. Η έκφραση του δείκτη CD25+ επιτρέπει τον διαχωρισμό των CD4+ λεμφοκυττάρων σε δύο επιπλέον υποομάδες, τα T-επικουρικά (CD4+/CD25-) και τα Τ-ρυθμιστικά (CD4+/CD25+) κύτταρα. Ο πιο αξιόπιστος δείκτης για την ανίχνευση των Τ-ρυθμιστικών κυττάρων (Tregs) θεωρείται ο Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Ο αυξημένος αριθμός των TILs έχει συσχετισθεί με την πρόγνωση και τη θεραπευτική αντιμετώπιση σε μια ποικιλία νεοπλασμάτων, περιλαμβανομένων και καρκίνων του δέρματος όπως το μελάνωμα. Η μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης της λεμφοκυτταρικής διήθησης, ωστόσο, δεν έχει ακόμα αποσαφηνισθεί και ποικίλλει στα διάφορα είδη νεοπλασμάτων. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας η ανίχνευση των Τ-λεμφοκυττάρων έγινε με ανοσοϊστοχημική μέθοδο με τη χρήση των κατάλληλων αντισωμάτων (CD3, CD4, CD8, Foxp3). Η παρουσία των κυττάρων αξιολογήθηκε με τη χρήση φωτονικού μικροσκοπίου με δυο διαφορετικά ημιποσοτικά συστήματα βαθμολόγησης για όλους τους μελετηθέντες Τ-κυτταρικούς υποπληθυσμούς καθώς και με ένα τρίτο σύστημα ποσοτικής καταμέτρησης για τα Τregs. Σκοπός ήταν να γίνει σύγκριση των μεθόδων ώστε να βρεθεί η καταλληλότερη μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης της λεμφοκυτταρικής διήθησης στο πλακώδες καρκίνωμα του δέρματος, να υπολογιστεί ο αριθμός των Tregs στις μελετούμενες οντότητες χρησιμοποιώντας το βέλτιστο σύστημα βαθμολόγησης και να αναζητηθούν διαφορές στην πυκνότητα των λεμφοκυτταρικών υποπληθυσμών μεταξύ των οντοτήτων, οι οποίες μπορεί να έχουν παθογενετική ή θεραπευτική κλινική σημασία. / Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is the second most common skin cancer. It usually develops in a background of actinic keratosis (AK). Neoplastic cells express a variety of antigens, attracting lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment (Tumor Ιnfiltrating Lymphocytes-TILs). Based on the immunophenotypic profile, the majority of TILs expresses the CD3 molecule, so they are T-lymphocytes. These in turn are divided into CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and CD4+ T-lymphocytes. The expression of CD25 enables the separation of CD4+ lymphocytes in two further subgroups, the T-helper (CD4+/CD25-) and T-regulatory (CD4+/CD25+) cells. The most reliable marker for the detection of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) is considered to be the Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). The increased number of TILs is associated with prognosis and treatment in a variety of tumors, including skin cancers, such as melanoma. The evaluation methology of lymphocytic infiltration, however, is not yet clarified and varies in different types of tumors. In the context of this thesis, the detection of T-lymphocytes was performed by immunohistochemistry using the appropriate antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD8, Foxp3). The presence of the cells was evaluated using light microscopy with two different semiquantitative scoring systems, for all the T-lymphocyte subpopulations, as well as with a third system of quantification of Tregs. The purpose was to compare the methods in order to find the most suitable methodology for the evaluation of the lymphocytic infiltration in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, to evaluate the number of Tregs in the studied entities using the best method and examine for differences in the density of lymphocyte subpopulations.

Für die Entstehung nicht-melanozytärer Hauttumore sind mehrere Risikofaktoren verantwortlich: UV-Exposition, Pigmentierung, Alter, Immunsuppression und möglicherweise Humane Papillomviren (HPV). Die molekularen Mechanismen der Tumorgenese des kutanen Plattenepithelkarzinoms (SCC) sowie der Präkanzerose Aktinische Keratose (AK) sind nur lückenhaft bekannt. Fokus dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von SCC-Genexpressionsprofilen sowie der Einfluss kutaner HPV-Typen während der Karzinogenese bei immunkompetenten und immunsupprimierten, organtransplantierten Patienten. Durch Genexpressionsanalyse kutaner SCC, AK und normaler Haut konnten 118 differenziell exprimierte Gene in SCC mittels cDNA-Microarrays identifiziert werden. Bestätigt wurde die Expression von 11 aus 13 ausgewählten Genen (85%) mittels quantitativer real-time RT-PCR (qPCR), dabei konnte eine Korrelation der Genexpression mit der Progression der AK zum SCC für 3 Gene nachgewiesen werden. Dazu zählen das Gen Metalloproteinase-1, kodierend für ein Enzym, das in den Umbau von extrazellulärer Matrix involviert ist, das Protoonkogen RAB31 und das Tenascin-C (Tn-C) kodierende Gen Tn-C. Tn-C war im SCC-Gewebe an der Invasionsfront in Basalzellen sowie Keratinozyten im Stratum papillare und retikulare als Protein nachweisbar, nicht aber in normaler Haut. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmalig nachgewiesene 2243 bp-Spleißvariante von Tn-C könnte aufgrund der primären Expression in SCC–Gewebe als diagnostischer Marker für SCC dienen. Diese Daten zeigen, dass simultane, multifaktorielle Dysregulationen von Genexpression und DNA-Reparatur, Zellzyklus und Proliferation, proteolytischen Enzymen und Adhäsionsmolekülen in SCC vorliegen. Ferner wurde die Expression von HPV in SCC und damit der kausale Zusammenhang einer HPV-Infektion mit der Hauttumorgenese untersucht. Das Infektionsmuster von SCC-Gewebe und normaler Haut mit spezifischen HPV-Typen erfolgte durch den Nachweis typenspezifischer HPV-DNA. Virale E6/E7-mRNA-Transkripte der kutanen HPV-Typen 8, 9 und 15 wurden in AK und SCC nachgewiesen. Dagegen konnten in HPV-DNA positiver, gesunder Haut oder Warzen keine HPV-Transkripte gefunden werden. Die Variantenanalyse des offenen Leserahmens von E6 identifizierte eine einzelne, bislang nicht beschriebene Punktmutation mit nicht bekannter Veränderung der Proteinstruktur. Die virale Aktivität der Onkogene E6 und E7 einiger kutaner Typen in AK und SCC weisen auf eine mögliche Rolle von HPV bei der kutanen Hautkarzinogenese hin. / During development of non-melanoma skin cancer, several risk factors are involved: UV-exposition, pigmentation, age, and potentially human papilloma virus (HPV). The molecular mechanisms underlying tumourgenesis in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its pre-cancerosis actinic keratosis (AK) are not fully understood. In this study, the gene expression profile and HPV-infection status were analysed in SCC from immunocompetent and organ transplanted, immunocompromised patients.By global transcriptome analysis from cutaneous SCC, AK and healthy skin, 118 genes were identified differentially expressed in a cDNA-microarray. The expression of 11 out of 13 selected genes (85%) was investigated by real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) and the expression of three genes remarkably induced in SCC correlated with the progression to AK until SCC. These genes encoded for Metalloproteinase-1, which is involved in the remodelling of extracellular matrix, and the protooncogene RAB31 and Tenascin-C (Tn-C). Tn-C protein is expressed in SCC-tissue at the invasion front in basal cells and in keratinocytes in the Stratum papillare and retikulare, but not in healthy skin. This study, the 2243 bp Tn-C-specific splice-variant has for the first time detected in SCC, but not in normal skin. Thus it might serve as diagnostic marker of SCC progression. The data of the transcriptome analysis indicates that a simultaneous dysregulation of oncogene expression and DNA-repair, cell-cycle and proliferation, proteolysis and adhesion molecules exists in SCC. Additionally, the expression of HPV in SCC and thus the causal relationship between HPV-infection and tumourgenesis of SCC in immunocompromised patients was investigated. The HPV-infection pattern in SCC-tissue and normal skin was assessed by detection of DNA from cutaneous HPV-types. Viral E6/E7-mRNA-transcripts of the cutaneous HPV-types 8, 9, 15 were expressed selectively in AK and SCC. In contrast, no HPV-specific mRNA was present in HPV-DNA positive normal skin. The analysis of the open reading frame from the respective E6-protein genes unravelled one single pointmutation, which is not been characterized so far in terms of e.g. its impact on protein structure. The viral activity of the oncogenes E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV-types indicates a potential function of HPV in the tumourgenesis of SCC in immunocompromised individuals.