The culture confrontation remains the central theme throughout this book, with special emphasis given to points of conflict. My approach to each particular era has been guided by the question: What were the areas of incompatibility or conflict between African and European culture in the Lower Congo? By focusing my analysis on the dynamics of this confrontation, the point of contact between Congolese and Europeans, I have marked that the purpose of this study is not to present a characterization of Congolese or African culture as separate entities. Its aim has been to analyse the essential features of the confrontation between the two cultures. The book's subtitle indicates that my study of the Lower Congo of the eighteen-eighties and nineties confines itself to the relationship between Congolese and Swedes, specifically the Swedish missionaries. This makes it possible to avoid repetition, since Slade's studies, together with David Lagergren's book Mission and State in the Congo, which was published in 1970, provide adequate coverage of the English-speaking Protestant missionaries, who with their Swedish counterparts played the principal role in the culture confrontation which took place in the region between the Atlantic and Stanley Pool at that period.

In 2004 a law banning all religious affiliation in public schools in France came into force. This started a heavy debate in the whole of Europe on whether this law is a violation of human rights law on the basis on freedom of religion and the freedom to manifest his/hers religion or belief in worship. This had the greatest impact on Muslim girls wearing the Islamic headscarf. This is a study of the legal framework of the law in the light of human rights perspective. It is also a semi comparison between the French and the United Kingdom way of approaching the issue with the Islamic headscarf in public schools.Keywords: religion,

This thesis has been carried out within the framework of the Master of ScienceProgramme in Sociotechnical Systems Engineering and performed for the SwedishTrade Council in London. The author investigates how the Swedish Trade Councilcan facilitate and bridge the contacts between venture capitalists in the UK andhigh-tech start-ups in Sweden. High-tech ventures in the start-up phases often face a challenge in accumulatingsufficient financial resources and skills to successfully move from concept stage tobusiness, particularly within the life sciences’. High costs associated to time consumingand demanding product development cycles may require external investors whichprovide venture capital and expertise. However, many face difficulties in attractingventure capital partly due to the so-called equity gap, which relates to financiersunwillingness for taking on risk and investing in the early-stages. The study shows that venture capital largely rely on local networks and are limited intheir investments’ geographical distribution. The interviewed market players alsoemphasise the importance of local networks in the investment processes. Given thesecharacteristics, it may be difficult for a Swedish company seeking venture capitalabroad without help from intermediaries. Although there is a role to fill forintermediaries in assisting in the investment discovery process, it is likely to provedifficult over time as tasks become increasingly cumbersome.

The production of biogas via anaerobic digestion is an effective technology for converting organic waste into renewable fuel. Using the Technological Innovation System (TIS) theory for assessing emerging technologies a comparison between the British and Swedish biogas sectors is carried out. There are seven components to a TIS allowing the sector to be broken down, a potential scheme for the connection of the functions is illustrated. The Swedish biogas sector is at a more advanced stage of development due to long-term governmental support both financially and through stringent environmental laws. Overall the Swedish government has been an effective system builder allowing the Swedish biogas sector to expand. The British biogas sector is conversely less advanced due to lack of this long-term support, although the scene is beginning to change as the government positions itself as a more effective system builder. Several lessons can be learnt from the Swedish biogas sector; longterm financial support for renewable energy is required and stringent organic waste disposal laws both encourage the development of biogas.

Biotrophic plant pathogens lead to huge crop losses and they have great economical drawbacks on wheat and barley production. These pathogens rely on formation of haustoria and transfer of effector proteins into the host cells for generating disease. The main role of effector proteins is to disable plant defense mechanisms. Effector proteins contain N-terminal signal peptides and they have little sequence similarity between each other. It is vital to detect as many effector proteins as possible to understand infection and disease formation processes of biotrophic plant pathogens. To this end, sequencing of pathogen genomes are being emerged, the data will be invaluable for identifying the candidate effectors in terms of biological and biochemical roles in infection and more. There are some bioinformatics based methods available that can be utilized to classify and distinguish effectors from other pathogenic genes. It is important to understand how candidate effectors can be searched from Expressed Sequence Tags or transcriptome sequences. Hereby, our attempt is to present a pipeline in establishing a methodology. As a consequence, here we propose new candidate effectors. In plant-pathogen interactions also miRNAs are too proving to be an important factor which cannot be neglected. During disease infection, expression levels of miRNAs are varying which in turn may be a proof of miRNA regulation of pathogen genes. Therefore, cross-kingdom RNA interference may take place between plant and pathogen. We have tested plant pathogens for possible plant miRNA availability and found their most likely targets with in the pathogen genes.

Excavations conducted in A.D. 1894 and 1895 by French archaeologist Jean- Jacques de Morgan at the funerary complex of the ancient Egyptian Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senwosret III on the plain of Dahshur revealed some unparalleled finds which included five or six small boats. These boats provide a unique opportunity in nautical archaeology—to study contemporaneous hulls. Today, only four of the "Dahshur boats" can be located with certainty; two are in the United States, one in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh and one in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. The remaining two are on display in The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Since their excavation these boats remained relatively inconspicuous until the mid-1980s when a study of the two hulls in the United States was conducted. However, the two boats in Cairo remained largely unpublished. This thesis combines personal observation and recording of the Cairo boats over two summers to reveal more unique characteristics of the hulls and will facilitate a future study of the group as a whole. Each boat is discussed individually and is further divided into its major components by order of construction.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2003. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-198).

Chapter 1 introduces the need for an updated study on the inheritance in the Pauline epistles, examines the history of research on this topic, and states the thesis of this dissertation. Then it explains the method that will be employed to examine the relevant inheritance texts and provides an overview of the dissertation. Chapter 2 argues that typology and intertextuality are significant for interpreting the inheritance in Paul. Thus it explains these hermeneutical concepts before moving on to an analysis of the pertinent texts. Chapter 3 contends that in Genesis to Chronicles the central understanding of the inheritance is the land of Canaan promised to Abraham and his descendants (e.g.Gen 15:3-5, 17:8; 21:10), the territory to which Israel sojourned and established a kingdom. Subsequently, chapter 4 displays that the Psalms and Prophets expand the inheritance to include the eschatological world (e.g., Ps 2; Isa 54, 65-66). When God's people enter their inheritance, David's royal descendent will reign over them forever (Ezek 36-37; cf. Dan 7). Chapter 5 demonstrates that the Second Temple literature, in line with the Psalms and Prophets, expands the inheritance to include the whole world (e.g., Sir 44:21; Jub. 22:14, 32:19). This is the place to which God's people will be resurrected to dwell (e.g., 4 Ezra 7) and over which Messiah will reign (e.g., 1 En. 51:1-5; 1QHª 14:29-31). Chapter 6 argues that Paul's interpretation of the inheritance in Galatians follows that of the Old Testament and Second Temple literature, for he views this theme to be the renewed world (3:15-29; 4:21-31) where God will establish his lasting monarchy (4:1-7). Paul also suggests that the Spirit will see to it that believers receive their future inheritance (4:1-7). Chapter 7 then examines the pertinent passages in Romans and other Pauline texts, confirming the observations about the inheritance in Galatians. Chapter 8 summarizes the findings of each chapter and affirms the thesis of this dissertation.

This dissertation seeks to answer the following question: how do recent spatial theories help one interpret Jesus' bringing of the kingdom in Matthew? The thesis argued that Jesus comes to reorder the space of the earth in Matthew uniting the two realms of heaven and earth through his body and through the body of his community. Chapter 1 demonstrates that although a resurgence in examining the land and spatial dimensions in the Scripture are underway, scholars in biblical studies still view space too narrowly. The conversation surrounding the spatial kingdom has been stunted in part due to the influence of Gustaf Dalman and George Eldon Ladd's definition of the kingdom. Chapter 2 examines two of Matthew's distinct themes, his focus on the spatial nature of the kingdom and the presence of Jesus. References to οὐρανός and γη and the Immanuel theme both provide warrant for examining the spatial kingdom in Matthew's narrative. Chapter 3 overviews recent advances in spatial theory arguing for a view called critical spatiality. Critical spatiality provides a way to understand space as a social product. Three categories for spatial understanding expand the conception of space. Space is physical, ideological, and imaginative. A trialectic of space, rather than a dialectic, begins to open up new ways of thinking of space. Chapters 4 examines one of the deeds of Jesus from a spatial perspective. When Jesus contests Beelzebul in Matthew 12, he challenges the "lord of the earth." By entering Satan's house, conquering him, and bestowing life to the exorcised person he reorders the space of the earth. Chapter 5 argues that the Spirit, in the Beelzebul controversy and Matthew more generally, inaugurates the new exodus/creation. Exorcisms are at least partly about power over place and the exorcism is one way in which the spatial kingdom is becoming in Jesus' ministry. Chapter 6 broadens the scope and moves to an overview of the first three discourses in Matthew. Jesus' words create worlds in the Sermon on the Mount where he calls his disciples to be salt and light on the earth. In the commissioning of the disciples, Jesus tells his disciples to go out bringing peace to places by healing the sick, raising the dead, and casting out demons. Jesus then explains in the kingdom parables that the space of the earth is the theater upon which the kingdom is enacted. The kingdom is here but hidden in plain sight upon the earth. Chapter 7 covers the last two discourses of Matthew. Jesus forms a meek community in the community discourse, creating a place in contrast to the communities of the earth. In the last discourse, Jesus contests the most important sacred space in the ancient world, the temple, and replaces it with his body. Chapter 8 analyzes two final texts that provide an inclusio to chapter 2. Both the spatial kingdom and the Immanuel theme are spoken of in Matthew 19:28 and 18:20 respectively. In Matthew 19:28 Jesus speaks of the new world and the new family. Then Jesus promises his presence to his church in Matthew 18:20, so that they can continue the spatial work. Chapter 9 argues Jesus' body and presence are the key to uniting the spatial and presence themes in Matthew. The body of Jesus is a microcosm of heaven and earth, and the kingdom is a thirdspace.

Consumers have increasing choice in food products and within the social environment of today's consumer, the factors of demand are increasingly complex. Food is no longer simply a primary necessity for survival, it is a leisure and family activity, the participation in which, takes up a considerable amount of time. Today, food is a social and a political issue - something about which people have opinions, be it food quality, healthiness, or the food supply itself. It is also central to consumer's self-image. There is a large sector of the economy which supplies food demand, and this sector is itself now under considerable scrutiny from the consumer. This thesis examines consumer behaviour and attitudes towards food, with particular reference to the health aspects of food issues. It describes a programme of qualitative and quantitative research - group discussions, personal interviews and postal questionnaires. The programme examines milk (particularly low fat milk) as a diet and health case study; knowledge about food; attitudes towards food; the food industry and related issues; shopping behaviour and eating habits. It is important to both the consumer and the supplier of food, that consumer behaviour and attitudes are understood as fully as possible. This research highlights the misunderstandings between consumer and producer, emphasises the mistrust of the consumer for the producer and concludes with the need for communication between them. The thesis discusses the background to diet and health as an issue, describes the development of the current consumer environment and gives a profile of today's consumer. It then goes on to detail the research - two quantitative surveys, each undertaken over two years and a series of group discussions. The final section summarises the findings of each individual piece of the programme as a whole for various groups: food Oroducers; food manufacturers; food retailers; advertisers; the media; health professionals; the consumer; consumer organisations and government.