Aujourd’hui, les écrans ont envahi nos quotidiens. Cette colonisation a engendré l’avènement de nouveaux écrans, les écrans de grand format. Or, ces grands écrans sont souvent utilisés comme de simples affichages statiques n’autorisant que très peu d’interaction aux utilisateurs en présence. Mais alors comment permettre des interactions multi-utilisateur et surtout quels modes et moyens d’interactions proposer afin d’interagir avec ces grands écrans ? Il faut évidemment définir des règles de collaboration : que faire si plusieurs personnes consultent la même information en même temps ? Comment permettre à un nouvel arrivant de prendre conscience de ce qu’il y a à voir alors que des utilisateurs ont déjà “transformé” l’affichage par leur utilisation courante ?Face à ces enjeux, notre travail a consisté, dans un premier temps, à tester des interactions multi-utilisateurs sur grand écran à l’aide d’un dispositif de détection et de suivi de la position et de l’orientation de la tête (head tracking) instrumenté. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence l’importance du concept de « vision flottante » dans la recherche collaborative d’informations sur grand écran. Dans un second temps, nos recherches se sont concentrées sur le développement d’un dispositif d’head tracking permettant des interactions multi-utilisateur (jusqu’à 6 personnes), sans artefacts et sans calibrage avec un écran de grand format. Enfin, nous présentons l’étude comparative d’un même affichage tantôt statique et tantôt rendu dynamique à l’aide de notre dispositif. Cette étude est basée sur l’évaluation de l’expérience utilisateur (UX). Ainsi, nous avons pu dégager les premières recommandations concernant les métaphores d’interactions à mettre en place pour interagir avec un écran de grand format dans un contexte d’usage en groupe ouvert.Ce travail de doctorat a été consacré à la mise en avant de la faisabilité, de l’intérêt et de la proposition de premières orientations concernant la conception d’interactions multi-utilisateurs avec un écran de grand format basées sur une technique d’head tracking. / Screens have invaded our daily life. Amongst them, large displays are becoming increasingly present in public places. Sometimes, a few interaction are proposed to the users, but most of the time they are simply used as static displays. So, how to interact with these large displays and especially how to allow multi-user interactions? Of course, we have to define rules for collaboration: what we have to do if several people consult the same information at the same time? How to allow a newcomer to become aware of what there is to see when users have already "transformed" the display by their current use?First, our work consisted in testing instrumented multi-user interactions, based on a head tracking system, during a collaborative information seeking task, on a large display. In this part, we have highlighted the importance of the concept of "floating vision". Then, our research focused on the development of a head tracking system allowing intuitive interactions, without needing neither a special equipment nor individual calibration. Our system supports several users (up to six) simultaneously interacting with individualized information on a large display. Finally, we present the study of performance gain within a context of multi-user competitive consultation of information. We compare the benefit of an adaptive display (information move in front of users who are focusing on them), with a standard display. This study is based on user experience (UX) analysis. Thus, we were able to identify the first recommendations about interaction metaphors allowing intuitive interactions with a large display in an open group context.This research was devoted to highlighting the feasibility, interest and proposition of initial orientations concerning the design of multi-user interactions with large public displays based on a head tracking technique.

The thesis aims to present a case for a rethinking of the paradigmatic frames underpinning food marketing control policy and research. In support of its contention, it reports on the methodological strategies, evidence outcomes and knowledge translation contributions of a series of research projects. The projects were commissioned by national and international policy makers during the period 2009-2015 in support of responsible food marketing policy development. They were conceptualised, developed and interpreted through participatory and iterative research planning processes. The research drew on theories and constructs from multiple disciplines. Public health, marketing and policy science contributed most, but information economics and management theories also informed research design and analysis and interpretation of findings. Its key generalizable findings can be summarised as follows: • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence indicating contemporary food and beverage marketing is an interactive, dynamic phenomenon. • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence demonstrating it significantly impacts sociocultural determinants of food behaviours. • The generation of evidence demonstrating a gap between the strategic aims of responsible marketing policy regimes and the inherent capacity of implemented interventions to constrain marketing’s food environment impacts. • The generation of evidence demonstrating that critical re-appraisal of food marketing policy research assumptions and preconceptions is a strategy supportive of policy innovation. • The generation of evidence that research intended to support real world multi-stakeholder policy development processes requires additional skills to those established and recognised as central to high quality research. These include the ability to engage with dynamic and politicised policy processes and their public communications challenges. • The generation of evidence that can inform future independent benchmark standard for responsible marketing development initiatives. • The generation of evidence that can inform future research on designing and developing policy that is ‘future proof’ and targets marketing’s sociocultural food environment impacts. Its most significant knowledge translation contributions have been: • Support for the WHO Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children (subsequently endorsed at the 2010 World Health Assembly and the 2011 United Nations General Assembly). • Participatory research contributions to the Scottish Government’s responsible marketing standard development initiative (PAS2500). • Supporting the planning and development of the Scottish Government’s Supporting Healthy Choices Policy initiative. • Knowledge exchange with policy makers and stakeholders engaged in a scoping and prioritisation initiative commissioned by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health (An analysis of the regulatory and voluntary landscape concerning the marketing and promotion of food and drink to children). • Supporting responsible marketing policy agendas targeted to the engagement of a broad mix of stakeholders in innovative policy development processes. • Supporting policy makers’ efforts to increase popular support for stronger, more effective responsible marketing policy controls. The thesis therefore aims to present evidence that the programme of research presented here has made useful and original contributions to evidence and knowledge on contemporary food marketing and its impacts on food behaviours and the food environment. It aims to build on this by demonstrating how this evidence informed and supported policy development. Through this the thesis aims to support its case that a rethinking of food marketing policy research assumptions and conceptions can expand and enrich the evidence base as well as real world policy innovation.

Today, many organizations are facing an increased necessity to employ cross-functional teams. Its growing popularity is rooted in its positive impacts on innovation. Additionally, these teams are an excellent way of managing complex organizational tasks without the need for a significant modification of the existing organizational structure. Despite the benefits of the cross-functional team, the diversity in the profession and the specialized knowledge possessed by the team members lead to different thought worlds and perceptions, causing communication barriers. This is problematic because communication is needed to share, transfer, and create knowledge, which are the prerequisites of both individual and organizational learning. There is various literature on knowledge management and learning; however, our understanding of how knowledge interchanges in cross-functional teams remain limited. Therefore, this thesis conducts semi-structured interviews at five successful companies to examine the policies and procedures established by management to facilitate the interchange of knowledge in the organization. Also, it investigates the activities used by coordinators to maximize learning and create a sense of belonging in the cross-functional team. The findings of this study revealed several activities that could increase both the knowledge interchange and the team’s learning. First, it is preferred to have decent knowledge accessibility, where the bar to contact anyone is low. Second, it seems that knowledge receptivity has to be increased, which can be done by giving knowledge a meaning, using pictures, analogies, metaphors, Etc. Third, a frame of reference could be needed, where people can get into each other’s shoes through, for example, job rotations and learn each other’s jobspecific terminologies. Fourth, competition is preferred to be eliminated, which can be achieved by establishing a common team goal, removing internal bonuses, and eliminating ranking systems. Finally, it seemed essential to have cohesion in the group, which can be accomplished by having, for instance, afterworks, group travel activities, and collective organizational culture

Global projects have a high failure rate, with many project failures attributed to lack of effective leadership. A knowledge gap about leadership requirements and complexities in a global project management environment has increased the risks in global projects. The problem is evident in the increasing project failure rate and the struggling national strategies in the oil and gas industry in the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the role of leadership in project success and adaptation complexities in GCC. The conceptual framework consisted of complex adaptive systems and contingency theories. A qualitative approach was used to capture common understandings of project leaders' role and the opportunities and challenges in a multicultural global project environment. Personal interviews were conducted with 25 participants from the oil and gas industry in GCC who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Six themes emerged from an exploratory and comparative analysis, including: adaptable project structure with team and environment dynamics; leadership role and the impermanent multicultural environment; project success definition and the success criteria; aligned performance and governance systems; changing organizational strategy; and team building and the project complexity management. Based on study findings, a framework was created for leading 4 organizational processes in global projects, which includes the environment, team building, leadership selection, and setting of project success criteria. Higher efficiency in leading these processes may contribute to positive social change and support practitioners to promote a project environment for active knowledge integration.

Bränder som innefattar många drabbade eller ger stor förstörelse är oftast de som blir mest omtalade. Efter händelsen sker ett omfattande utredningsarbete för att förelägga hur det som inte fick hända kunde ske. Utredningen beskriver även räddningstjänstens val av metod och taktik för att kunna nyttja detta för framtida insatser. Vad som däremot lätt glöms bort är de insatser då räddningstjänstens arbete får god effekt och resulterar i att olyckans skada begränsas. Detta examensarbete kommer beröra just dessa händelser av brand i bostad, då räddningstjänstens arbete får den effekt som eftersträvas, det vill säga arbetet har lett till en lyckad insats. Arbetet kommer därefter belysa vilka faktorer som legat till grund för att insatsen blivit lyckad, så kallade framgångsfaktorer. Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera framgångsfaktorer vid lyckade insatser för brand i bostad. Framgångsfaktorerna ska ligga till grund för att skapa ett utvecklingsunderlag berörande metod- och taktikval inom räddningstjänsten. För att göra detta krävs en tydlig definition av innebörden av en lyckad insats. Utifrån syftet har följande frågeställningar formulerats: Vad innebär att en insats är lyckad? Vad innebär framgångsfaktorer för operativa insatser vid brand i bostad? Vilka framgångsfaktorer kan identifieras inom de utvalda insatserna och hur kan de identifieras, finns det gemensamma? Hur kan framgångsfaktorer nyttjas? Metoderna som tillämpats är kvalitativa intervjuer och granskning av bland annat händelserapporter från utvalda insatser av brand i bostad. Ansvarigt befäl för samtliga händelser tillfrågades att delta som respondenter till intervjustudien. Intervjufrågorna är framtagna med avsikt att besvara rapportens tre frågeställningar. Arbetet ger ett resultat som beskriver följande framgångsfaktorer för brand i bostad: Riktig och tillräcklig information i ett tidigt skede Ett snabbt motiverat agerande för att direkt slå ner branden Yttre faktorer som räddningstjänsten inte kan påverka: Agerande av utomstående innan räddningsinsatsen påbörjats Byggnadens utformning Brandens placering Delegera ansvar och uppgifter Ett tydligt definierat mål som samtliga eftersträvar Utbildning och kunskap, tidigare erfarenheter, nya metoder Tillgängliga resurser Ha god kvalitet vid omhändertagande av de drabbade, såväl på plats som efteråt Samverkan mellan berörda aktörerHa en helhetssyn över situationen och samtliga aktörers behov Ha förståelse för olika aktörers perspektiv av situationen Ha ett gemensamt språk mellan aktörer för att undvika missförstånd Dela information mellan inblandade aktörer för att undvika dubbelarbete Slutligen belyser arbetet hur räddningstjänstens kunskapsutbyte ser ut i dagsläget.

Due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments, many individuals are unemployed or under-employed following a traumatic brain injury. The research evidence links the rigour of a vocational evaluation to future employment outcomes. Despite this link, no specific guidelines exist for vocational evaluations. Using the research evidence and a diverse panel of clinical and academic experts, the primary objective of this doctoral research was to develop an inter-professional clinical practice guideline for vocational evaluation following traumatic brain injury. The objective of the guideline is to make explicit the processes and factors relevant to vocational evaluation, to assist evaluators (i.e. clients, health and vocational professionals, and employers) in collaboratively determining clients’ work abilities and developing recommendations for work entry, re-entry or vocational planning. The steps outlined in the Canadian Medical Association's Handbook on Clinical Practice Guidelines were utilized to develop the guideline and include the following: 1) identifying the guideline’s objective/questions; 2) performing a systematic literature review; 3) gathering a panel; 4) developing recommendations; 4) guideline writing; 5) pilot testing. The resulting guideline includes 17 key recommendations within the following seven domains: 1) evaluation purpose and rationale; 2) initial intake process; 3) assessment of the personal domain; 4) assessment of the environment; 5) assessment of occupational/job requirements; 6) analysis and synthesis of assessment results; and 7) development of evaluation recommendations. Results from an exploratory study of the guideline’s implementation by occupational therapists in their daily practices revealed that clinicians used the guideline to identify practice gaps, systematize their evaluation processes, enhance inter-professional and inter-stakeholder communication, and re-conceptualize their vocational evaluations across disability groups. Statistically significant improvements were also noted in clients’ participation scores on the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory–4 following guideline use. This guideline may be applicable to individuals with TBI, clinicians, health and vocational professionals, employers, professional organizations, administrators, policy makers and insurers.

Due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments, many individuals are unemployed or under-employed following a traumatic brain injury. The research evidence links the rigour of a vocational evaluation to future employment outcomes. Despite this link, no specific guidelines exist for vocational evaluations. Using the research evidence and a diverse panel of clinical and academic experts, the primary objective of this doctoral research was to develop an inter-professional clinical practice guideline for vocational evaluation following traumatic brain injury. The objective of the guideline is to make explicit the processes and factors relevant to vocational evaluation, to assist evaluators (i.e. clients, health and vocational professionals, and employers) in collaboratively determining clients’ work abilities and developing recommendations for work entry, re-entry or vocational planning. The steps outlined in the Canadian Medical Association's Handbook on Clinical Practice Guidelines were utilized to develop the guideline and include the following: 1) identifying the guideline’s objective/questions; 2) performing a systematic literature review; 3) gathering a panel; 4) developing recommendations; 4) guideline writing; 5) pilot testing. The resulting guideline includes 17 key recommendations within the following seven domains: 1) evaluation purpose and rationale; 2) initial intake process; 3) assessment of the personal domain; 4) assessment of the environment; 5) assessment of occupational/job requirements; 6) analysis and synthesis of assessment results; and 7) development of evaluation recommendations. Results from an exploratory study of the guideline’s implementation by occupational therapists in their daily practices revealed that clinicians used the guideline to identify practice gaps, systematize their evaluation processes, enhance inter-professional and inter-stakeholder communication, and re-conceptualize their vocational evaluations across disability groups. Statistically significant improvements were also noted in clients’ participation scores on the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory–4 following guideline use. This guideline may be applicable to individuals with TBI, clinicians, health and vocational professionals, employers, professional organizations, administrators, policy makers and insurers.