This thesis studies the learning process between foreign and local knowledge in a community of organic farmers by the name Atitlán Organics in Tzununa, rural Guatemala. Foreign settlers with formal education and contemporary farming experience work alongside indigenous local Guatemalan farmers in this community, which also takes on international volunteer workers. These people of various background and differing intentions cooperate to develop the community and its business of organic food production while learning from each other. The foreigners bring global theories that relate to farming such as permaculture designs and scientific knowledge while the Guatemalans know the local land and how to work with it. This thesis outlines the learning process between these different competencies and presents a nuanced discussion on how these types of knowledge exchange can be beneficial for the people and the community. Diverse competencies can complement each other and enhance collaborative work but limitations can also occur due to difficulties of understanding other socio-cultural contexts, while risks of neo-colonial tendencies and western knowledge hegemony lure in these situations. The discussion in this thesis highlights the importance of mutual consciousness about this process in the community and what that can be done to enhance collaborative learning while avoiding such risks.

Despite decades of scholarly scrutiny, the politico-economic exploits of vikings in and around the Frankish realm (c. 750-940 CE) remain - to a considerable extent - obscured by the constraints of a fragmentary and biased corpus of (near-)contemporary evidence, conveying the impression that these movements were capricious, haphazard, and gratuitous in character. For this reason, rather than selectively assessing individual instances of regional Franco-Scandinavian interaction, the present study approaches the available interdisciplinary data on a cumulative and conceptual level, and combines this with the innovative use of GIS to detect and define overall spatiotemporal patterns of viking activity. Set against a backdrop of continuous commerce and knowledge exchange, this overarching survey demonstrates the existence of a relatively uniform, sequential framework of wealth extraction, encampment, and political engagement, within which Scandinavian fleets operated as adaptable, ambulant polities - or 'hydrarchies'. By delineating and visualising this framework, a four-phased conceptual development model of hydrarchic conduct and consequence is established, whose validity is substantiated by its application to three distinct regional case studies: the lower Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Basin, the Seine Basin, and the Loire Basin. As well as facilitating the deductive analysis of viking activity for which primary evidence has thus far been ambiguous or altogether absent, the parameters of this abstract model affirm that Scandinavian movements across Francia were the result of prudent and expedient decision-making processes, contingent on exchanged intelligence, cumulative experience, and the ongoing individual and collective need for socioeconomic subsistence and enrichment.

The understanding of the role of the contracting authority in public procurement is important to understand the underused potential of public procurement to contribute to the sustainable development of society. In particular, the concept of public-private cooperation was suggested to increase this potential, but not enough is known about how the interaction has to take place in order to address the behavioural factors that cause the barriers to sustainable public procurement. The results of this research showed that the leading role of the contracting authority could facilitate sustainable procurement by increasing engagement, interaction and collaboration. A strategic planning approach to support the public-private cooperation in the procurement process is needed. Based on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, a support for the contracting authority was designed to guide the strategic planning of the procurement process. The suggested design of Support for Strategic Sustainable Procurement was evaluated and found likely to support the contracting authority in strategically leading the public procurement process to leverage the potential of public procurement on the transition towards a sustainable society.

En los últimos años cambios importantes en las condiciones laborales mundialmente, influenciados por crisis económicas y transformaciones de diversas industrias, han impulsado la aparición de más profesionales independientes. Esta tendencia motivó la aparición de los coworking para satisfacer esta nueva necesidad. A través de la revisión de la literatura, esta investigación tiene como objetivo presentar el estado del arte sobre la contribución de los espacios de coworking con la creatividad e innovación. Se ha tomado en cuenta los factores motivacionales, las herramientas tecnológicas, el intercambio de la información entre los participantes y el rol de los espacios en la creatividad e innovación. Los estudios demuestran que la contribución de estos espacios es positiva ya que potencia el desempeño creativo e innovador de los participantes, lograda principalmente a través del factor social, el intercambio de conocimientos, la noción de pertenencia y el acceso a las herramientas tecnológicas. Se encontraron controversias con respecto a los factores que motivan a la utilización de los coworking, la contribución de las herramientas tecnológicas y la contribución a la creatividad e innovación; sin embargo son aisladas y la mayoría de autores mantiene una posición positiva. Sobre el intercambio de conocimiento se encontraron mayores controversias sobre las características de los participantes y la dinámica en los espacios de coworking; sin embargo, se encontró que la interacción social es fundamental en el intercambio del conocimiento y la colaboración. Por este motivo, estos espacios resaltan la importancia de la proximidad física ofreciendo ambientes abiertos que permiten la colaboración. / In recent years, major changes in working conditions worldwide, influenced by economic crises and transformations in various industries, have led to the emergence of more independent professionals. This trend motivated the appearance of coworking to satisfy this new need. Through the review of the literature, this research aims to present the state of the art on the contribution of coworking spaces to creativity and innovation. Motivational factors, technological tools, information exchange among participants and the role of spaces in creativity and innovation have been taken into account. Studies show that the contribution of these spaces is positive since it enhances the creative and innovative performance of the participants, achieved mainly through the social factor, the exchange of knowledge, the notion of belonging and access to technological tools. Controversies were found regarding the factors that motivate the use of coworking, the contribution of technological tools and the contribution to creativity and innovation; however, they are isolated and most authors maintain a positive position. Regarding the exchange of knowledge, greater controversies were found about the characteristics of the participants and the dynamics in the coworking spaces; However, it was found that social interaction is fundamental in the exchange of knowledge and collaboration. For this reason, these spaces highlight the importance of physical proximity by offering open environments that allow collaboration. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Studien syftade till att undersöka huruvida en kunskapsöverföring av tidigare erfarenheter har applicerats på den nya destinationen inför det årliga svenska vinterrallyt. Evenemanget har arrangerats på samma destination i 55 år, vilket mynnade ut i en problemdiskussion som berörde hur implicita och explicita erfarenheter hanterats och förmedlats till den nya destinationen. Problemdiskussionen berörde även på vilka sätt dessa tidigare erfarenheter utspelat sig i evenemanget, och hur ett återkommande evenemang arbetar med den dokumenterade erfarenheten efter avslutat projekt.  Via en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt 12 deltagare. Datan genomgick sedan en tematisk analys, vilket resulterade i tre centrala teman; Effekten av en kedjereaktion, Vägvalet: Ett rally med, eller utan, Värmland? och Ett kretslopp av erfarenheter. Resultatet mynnade ut i slutsatser som bland annat visar att implicit kunskap för evenemanget är essentiellt, eftersom kunskapsutbytet påverkades av yttre faktorer som den ansvariga organisationen inte enskilt kunde eller får besluta om. Faktorerna låg till grund för bristen på erfarenhet till evenemanget, och således osäkerhet för diverse beslutsfattare och markanvändare på den nya destinationen. Resultatets slutsatser visar också att implicit kunskap efter evenemanget alltid får goda möjligheter till att fångas upp och transformeras till explicit tack vare en gedigen utvärderingsprocess. Utåt sett blev tävlingshelgen lyckad, men fortsatt är det en framtida process med att lära och samla på sig nya erfarenheter till nästkommande år. I förhållande till det är vilja är en viktig faktor att inneha i den interna processen med att lära och erfara, och således en aktuell aspekt under hela planeringsfasen. Studien kunde slutligen påvisa att erfarenhet inte alltid anses vara av positiv karaktär, till exempel när nya förändringar vill genomföras. / The study aimed to investigate whether a learning process from previous experiences has been applied to the new destination before the annual Swedish winter rally. The event has been arranged at the same destination for 55 years, which resulted in a problem discussion that concerned how implicit and explicit experiences were handled and communicated to the new destination. The problem discussion also touched on how these previous experiences took place in the event, and how a recurring event works with the documented experience after the project has ended.  Through a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 12 participants. The data then underwent a thematic analysis, which resulted in three central themes; The effect of a chain reaction, The choice of route: A rally with, or without, Värmland? and finally A cycle of experiences. The outcome resulted in conclusions that show that implicit knowledge for the Swedish rally is essential, as the exchange of knowledge was affected by external factors that the responsible organization not individually could decide on. The factors were founded in the lack of experience for the event, and therefore uncertainty for various decision makers and land users at the new destination. The conclusions of the result also show that implicit knowledge after the event always has good opportunities to be captured and transformed into explicit thanks to a solid evaluation process. Externally, the weekend of the event was successful, but it is still a future process of learning and gaining experiences for the coming years. In relation to that, will is an important factor to possess in the internal process of learning and experiencing, and thus a current aspect throughout the planning phase. Finally, the study was able to show that experience not always is considered to be of a positive nature, for example when new changes want to be implemented.

Between 2005 and 2010 and across 48 countries, including the United States, an increasing positive correlation emerged between national intellectual capital and gross domestic product per capita. The problem remains organizations operating with increasingly complex knowledge networks often lose intellectual capital resulting from ineffective knowledge management practices. The purpose of this study was to provide management opportunities to reduce intellectual capital loss. The first research question addressed how an enhanced intelligent, complex, and adaptive system (ICAS) model could clarify management's understanding of organizational knowledge transfer. The second research question addressed how interdisciplinary theory could become more meaningfully infused to enhance management practices of the organization's knowledge ecosystem. The nature of this study was phenomenological to gain deeper understanding of individual experiences related to knowledge flow phenomena. Data were collected from a single historical research dataset containing 11 subject interviews and analyzed using Moustakas' heuristic framework. Original interviews were collected in 2012 during research within a military unit, included in this study based on theme alignment. Organizational, knowledge management, emergent systems, and cognition theories were synthesized to enhance understandings of emergent ICAS forces. Individuals create unique ICAS flow emergent force dynamics in relation to micro- and macro-meso sensemaking and sensegiving. Findings indicated individual knowledge work significantly shapes emergent ICAS flow dynamics. Collectively enhancing knowledge stewardship over time could foster positive social change by improving national welfare.

I mars 2020 klassades Covid-19 som en pandemi och kan liknas en kris vilket medförde att flera företag fått ändra om sina arbetssätt för att kunna förhålla sig till restriktionerna. Revisionsyrket har likt många andra verksamheter drabbats av distansering där fysisk kontakt med kollegor och kunder begränsats. Detta har gjort att revisorn har behövt hitta alternativa sätt för att genomföra arbetet. De nya omständigheterna innebär att det krävs mer forskning inom ämnet för att se hur det påverkar revisorns arbete, då tidigare kriser har visat sig ha en påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Det förändrade arbetssättet förväntas även delvis fortsätta framgent vilket gör studien aktuell.  Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur revisorns arbete har påverkats under distanseringen och hur det har påverkat revisionskvaliteten. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där sammanlagt tio respondenter deltog genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga respondenter har varit verksamma inom revisionsyrket i minst två år från det att Covid-19 klassades som en pandemi, vilket gjorde att de hade erfarenhet av såväl arbete på distans som på arbetsplatsen.  Studiens resultat indikerar att distanseringen har påverkat revisorns arbete, vilket har påverkat revisorns tillstånd av komfort som i sin tur har en inverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Revisorn har behövt använda alternativa sätt vid insamling av revisionsbevis vilket har varit extra kännbart vid lagerinventering. Distanseringen har påverkat kommunikationen med kollegor och kunder vilket har försvårat kunskapsutbytet och förståelsen av det reviderade bolaget. Samtidigt har distanseringen effektiviserat arbetet och gjort det mer flexibelt där nya möjligheter skapats. För att möjliggöra arbetet under distanseringen har digitala lösningar använts i större utsträckning av både revisorerna och kunderna. Fortsättningsvis kommer revisorerna kombinera distansarbete, arbete på kontor och ute hos kund eftersom studien indikerar på att fysiska möten är av betydelse. / In March 2020, Covid-19 was classified as a pandemic and can be likened to a crisis, which meant that several companies have changed their working methods to be able to relate to the restrictions. The auditing profession, like many other businesses, has been affected by distancing where physical contact with colleagues and customers has been limited. This has meant that the auditor had to find alternative ways of carrying out the work. The new circumstances mean that more research is needed in the subject to see how it affects the auditor's work as previous crises have been shown to have an impact on the audit quality. The changed way of working, which is partly expected to continue in the future, makes this study relevant. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of how the auditor's work has been affected during the distancing and how it has affected the audit quality. The study is based on a qualitative research strategy and a total of ten respondents participated through semi-structured interviews. All respondents have been active in the auditing profession for at least two years since covid-19 was classified as a pandemic, which meant that the auditors had experience of both working from home and at the workplace.  The results of the study indicate that the distancing has affected the auditor's work, which has affected the auditor's state of comfort, which in turn has an impact on the audit quality. The auditor has had to use alternative methods when collecting audit evidence, which has been particularly noticeable during the inventory. The distancing has affected communication with colleagues and customers, which has made it difficult to exchange knowledge and understand the audited company. The distancing has at the same time streamlined the work and made it more flexible where new opportunities have been created. To enable the work during the distancing, digital solutions have been used to a greater extent by both the auditors and the customers. The auditors will continue to combine homeworking, office work and out at the client's because the study indicates that physical meetings are important.

This thesis analyzes the decade-long collaboration between The Silent University and Tensta konsthall, investigating its role as a lasting, solidarity driven, educational, socially engaged art project within an art institution. Utilizing qualitative methods and institutional ethnography, the study examines the relationship between The Silent University within Tensta konsthall. The research uses three guiding questions: 1) How can The Silent University and its integration into Tensta konsthall be interpreted as a socially engaged, transformative, and performative artwork?; 2) How has the implementation of The Silent University at Tensta konsthall evolved since its inception?; 3) What is the current status of The Silent University as a socially engaged project and artwork within the context of Tensta konsthall? The first question is answered by employing Umberto Eco's concept of "open" works and Claire Bishop's analysis of socially engaged art and uses secondary sources as material. The second question is approached through interviews with Fahyma Alnablsi and Emily Fahlén. Drawing from Michel de Certeau’s concepts of "tactics" and "strategies," as well as Sara Ahmed's notions of the "stranger" and community building, the second chapter explores the project's evolving dynamics and potential tensions since its establishment. In response to the third question, the discussion synthesizes The Silent University's journey at Tensta konsthall, underscoring its evolution and present condition. Findings highlight The Silent University's classification as an "open" and transformative artwork. It has transitioned from a primarily educational focus to a more socially engaged approach within the framework of Tensta konsthall. The project's sustainability is closely intertwined with Alnablsi’s involvement and engagement, thus posing both a strength and a challenge. In essence, this thesis dissects The Silent University's role within Tensta konsthall, delving into its transformative artistic, educational, and social facets, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the interplay between socially engaged art, institutions, and community dynamics.

This paper explores the existence of a shared community involving the members, users and organisers of three collaborative work spaces located in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Situated as part of an emergent global phenomenon, these spaces, despite having notable differences, share many important features and are, I argue, part of a knowledge exchanging cluster of grassroots entrepreneurialism and innovation-oriented organisations, groups and events in the Phnom Penh area. I explore this cluster as a community in two ways: firstly through the mapping of a knowledge architecture locating the spaces and their actors as nodes within a flow of relationships and activities, secondly, via a networked ethnographic inquiry tracing these flows to actors within the network through qualitative research methods. In doing so I reveal the degree to which there exists a shared community perceived by the users and organisers of these spaces as well highlighting potential opportunities for greater sharing of knowledge, ideas and experience. The paper finds that though a nascent community does exist, there is still significant variance in the levels of cognisance of this community by the different actors as well as in the approach to its engagement. Despite this, there remains, in large part, a shared set of goals and values paving the way for future community collaboration.

The need for carbon emission reduction is a pressing concern, particularly in the construction sector, which demands innovative and sustainable solutions. Public clients play a crucial role due to their ability to set demands and requirements that help to achieve national and regional carbon reduction goals. However, carbon management efforts face challenges and necessitate the identification of problem areas and solutions. This thesis examines a Swedish public client, the Administration for Extended Metro, through three projects executed by international construction contractors. Notably, the new metro has a long-term vision for carbon management and aims for a 25% reduction in emissions at all stages of the metro extension projects. The aim of the study is to identify the challenges and motivations influencing the achievement of carbon reduction targets in the construction stages of public infrastructure projects. The scope includes an exploration of the dynamics of cooperation between Swedish public clients and international contractors, examining the effectiveness of procurement requirements, collaboration and management practices in fostering knowledge sharing and learning. Due to the nature of the study, a qualitative approach was adopted. A literature review was conducted to understand the background of carbon reduction in the construction industry. The theory focused on prior research on learning and knowledge sharing, which facilitated the formulation of the created analytical framework for this thesis. Empirical data was gathered through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the client and contractor representatives involved in the projects. Based on the results of the study, it is evident that the Administration is developing requirements, which still need further clarification and detail. Additionally, improvements are necessary to the process to attract and select suitable contractors. The study identifies specific challenges in knowledge exchange and learning at intra- and inter-organisational levels and highlights the role of individuals in carbon management efforts. In addition, more general challenges were outlined for actors to consider when it comes to carbon reduction efforts during a collaboration between public organisations and international contractors. The study outlines seven groups of challenges faced during the execution of the new metro projects: resource and expertise deficits, skill and knowledge gaps, the interrelation of carbon and the iron triangle, cultural differences and intra-organisational relationships, engagement and resistance, organisational alignment and communication complexities, and industrial restrictions. In conclusion, the client should clarify their intended role in the projects, deciding whether to adopt the role of an educator to guide contractors' knowledge development, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of carbon management efforts. The recommendations emphasise the need for improved work practices at the project level, and the implementation of internal knowledge and learning management systems at the organisational level. Suggestions are applicable to both public clients and contractors, including the Administration for Extended Metro and international contractors working on the new metro projects. / Behovet av att minska koldioxidutsläppen är stort, inte minst inom byggsektorn, där innovativa och hållbara lösningar efterfrågas. Offentliga beställare spelar en avgörande roll eftersom de kan ställa krav som bidrar till att uppnå nationella och regionala reduktionsmål. Arbetet med att minska koldioxidutsläppen medför dock utmaningar, vilket kräver att problemområden och lösningsåtgärder identifieras. I detta examensarbete studeras en svensk offentlig beställare, Förvaltningen för utbyggd tunnelbana i Stockholm, genom tre projekt som utförs av internationella entreprenörer. Beställarorganisationen har en långsiktig vision för sitt klimatarbete och strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläppen med 25 % i samtliga skeden av de nya tunnelbaneprojekten. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera de utmaningar och drivkrafter som påverkar i vilken mån offentliga infrastrukturprojekt kan uppnå sina mål för minskade koldioxidutsläpp i byggskedet. Studien omfattar en granskning av dynamiken i samarbetet mellan den svenska beställaren och internationella entreprenörer, med fokus på effektiviteten i upphandlingskrav, samarbete och ledningspraxis för att uppnå kunskapsdelning och lärande. På grund av studiens karaktär har en kvalitativ ansats valts. En litteraturgenomgång genomfördes för att ge en bakgrund till drivkrafter och metoder för att uppnå koldioxidreduktion i byggbranschen, medan teorin fokuserade på tidigare forskning om lärande och kunskapsdelning. Detta ledde fram till ett analytiskt ramverk som har använts i examensarbetet. Empiriska data samlades in genom dokumentanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter för beställare och entreprenörer som var involverade i projekten. Granskningen av resultaten tyder på att beställarorganisationen utvecklar krav, men att det finns ett behov av ytterligare förtydligande och detaljering av dessa. Dessutom krävs förbättringar i processen för att attrahera och upphandla lämpliga entreprenörer. Studien identifierade utmaningar gällande kunskapsutbyte och lärande på både intra- och interorganisatorisk nivå. Dessutom lyftes individernas roll i arbetet med att minska koldioxidutsläppen fram, samt generella utmaningar för aktörer att ta hänsyn till när vid samarbete mellan offentliga organisationer och internationella entreprenörer. Rapporten avslutas med att identifiera sju grupper av utmaningar som ställdes under genomförandet av de nya tunnelbaneprojekten: resurs- och kompetensbrister, kompetens- och kunskapsluckor, sambandet mellan koldioxid och järntriangeln (tid, kostnad, kvalitet), kulturella skillnader och relationer inom organisationen, engagemang och motstånd, organisatorisk anpassning och kommunikationskomplexitet samt industriella restriktioner. En viktig slutsats är att beställaren bör klargöra sin roll i projekten och ta ställning till om de vill ta på sig uppgiften att utbilda och vägleda leverantörerna i deras kunskapsutveckling, för att på så sätt öka effektiviteten i klimatarbetet. Rekommendationer ges för att förbättra både arbetsmetoderna på projektnivå och den interna organisationens kunskap och lärande, vilket gynnar både offentliga kunder, inklusive Förvaltningen för utbyggd tunnelbana, och entreprenörer.