Over the last quarter of a century, the nature and balance of the policies pursued by local government, and the ways in which local government pursues them, have changed considerably. In the face of technological advance, deindustrialisation, global restructuring and intensified competition, local authorities have had to become proactively engaged in promoting their assets and competing for much sought after investment. As such, it is widely acknowledged that there has been a reorientation in local government away from an emphasis on social service provision and social welfare, towards an emphasis on economic growth, economic development and policies designed to enhance economic competitiveness. This reorientation has been accompanied by changes in how these policies are delivered and by whom, and is classically referred to as the shift from managerialism to entrepreneurialism. For example, place promotional strategies have been delivered by an ever wider array of public, quasi-public and private sector agencies. Characterised by tile prioritisation of local economic development, most notably via the adoption of' place promotional strategies, and an institutional shift from public sector government to public-private governance, the shift to entrepreneurialism has fundamentally changed the way places are governed. It is widely perceived therefore that place promotion is integral to the process of contemporary governance, and yet despite this, few commentators have sought to specify the form of local governance arrangements that have developed in support of place promotion, or examine the relationship between place promotion and governance. These themes are developed in this thesis through a postal questionnaire survey of British local authorities and two case studies in Newcastle upon Tyne and Leeds. In general, the prominent role of local authorities within these new governance arrangements is highlighted, together with the complex and distinctive nature of the shift to entrepreneurialism in particular places.

The primary concern of this dissertation is to give historical perspective to the idea of the creative city and the creative, or "new," "knowledge," or "postindustrial" economy that has produced this new form of urban space. Austin, Texas, one of the developed world's premiere creative cities, is used as a test case. Like many urban scholars, I focus on the manifestation of the city as a unique material expression of the capitalist order, and also on the city as a symbolic discourse that has helped to generate its material conditions, including consistent socioeconomic unevenness. In broad outline I am interested in the forces of capitalism that cause cities and regions to grow. I begin with a basic question asked by geographer Allen J. Scott: "How do competitive advantages (including capacities for creativity) of cities emerge, and how might they be enhanced by public action?" In the case of Austin, I argue that the city's competitive advantage was engendered by an ethos that valued free market competition and a focus on the dual economic engines of technology and leisure which city and university leaders identified during World War Two. Austin's economic ideology, which consciously eschewed fordist modes of production in favor of knowledge-based growth associated with the University of Texas, was poised to blossom when macroeconomic ruptures forced massive restructuring associated with globalization during and after the 1970s. The city's inherent advantage as a site of surplus knowledge production for Texas and the Southwest created a highly paid, educated labor market that business people and politicians viewed as the core element of a non-industrial city. Even before the 1970s Austin was well on its way to economic growth through technological accumulation and modes of production that took advantage of skilled labor markets. The creative city thus has a history that must be understood before policy is adopted based on non-transferable conditions of growth. / text

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to recent research on women's entrepreneurship, focusing on Nordic countries. Design/methodology/approach – The paper encourages research that investigates how context, at the micro, meso and macro level, is related to women's entrepreneurship, and acknowledges that gender is socially constructed. Findings – This paper finds evidence that recent calls for new directions in women's entrepreneurship research are being followed, specifically with regard to how gender is done and how context is related to women's entrepreneurial activities. Originality/value – This paper assesses trends in research on women's entrepreneurship, mainly from the Nordic countries.

The topic of regional innovation systems is one that has been covered extensively in prior research. It has influenced regional policy by providing context of how regional actors and firms interact and how they are affected by institutional guidance and formal structuring tools. An aspect that has not been covered to a sufficient extent is the prospect of self-sustaining or spontaneous collaborative efforts. This is an interesting area to consider because it questions the idea that regional innovation systems need institutional support to survive. Instead, it suggests that firms can collaborate simply through a mutual understanding of their situation and how an integration of their competences can prove beneficial to their system. The bottom line for well-functioning regional innovation systems are its ability to facilitate knowledge transfer for its actors. This raises the question of how firms’ knowledge transfer processes, its absorptive capacity is affected by regional innovation systems. The purpose of this study is to create a conceptual framework exploring how and why regional innovation systems facilitates firms’ absorptive capacity, as well as how they are affected by being either institutional or entrepreneurial. This has been done through an inductive multiple case study where 18 different cases of regional innovation systems were surveyed. The study resulted in a process model of how regional innovation systems evolve, its facilitating effect on firms’ absorptive capacity, and how entrepreneurial or institutional setups influence this evolution. Our findings suggest that regardless of being institutional or entrepreneurial, regional innovation systems follow a similar evolutionary process to facilitate firms’ absorptive capacity. It is rather suggested that each system has individually negative and positive effects on the process. Firms’ absorptive capacity is facilitated by regional innovation systems as they provide firms with an environment driving similar knowledge and problem sets, being a source of complementary knowledge and social integration mechanisms. The process model provides implications for regional policy makers to facilitate optimal conditions for actors in their regions, as well as for firms active in regional innovation systems.

The restructuring of state bureaucracies into service organi zations and the new welfare state paradigm of activation have changed the work requirements of front-line workers in public employment agencies across Europe. Public employment agents are less engaged in bureaucratic labour, but have to perform service work. They use affective means to motivate and to monitor and sanction jobseekers. This article provides evidence that these transformations in Aus tria, Germany and Switzerland did not suspend the gender ing of public service work. We discovered four typical modes of affectively enacting the state: both male and female employment agents follow feminized service work pat terns or masculinized entrepreneurial norms. To prevent a possible loss of their professional status, some employment agents reinterpret affective labour as professional service work that demands high expertise. Others resist the activa tion paradigm by performing traditionally feminized care work or by still adhering to affect-neutral male bureaucratic work.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise das práticas de planejamento urbano vigentes em Porto Alegre em sua relação com os grandes projetos urbanos (GPUs) associados à realização da Copa do Mundo 2014. Para tanto, foram abordados os conceitos de empresariamento, gerencialismo e marketing urbano com a finalidade de compreender o conceito de empreendedorismo urbano. Buscou-se compreender, também, as relações entre empreendedorismo urbano, práticas de planejamento, GPUs e megaeventos. A pesquisa, realizada com base em estudo de caso único, integrado por três unidades de análise (mobilidade, estádios e orla), envolveu o estudo de 18 projetos. As análises feitas exploraram as múltiplas dimensões de GPUs, buscando conhecer o contexto em que os projetos surgiram e como se justificaram, bem como identificar as práticas de planejamento, os atores envolvidos, possíveis desdobramentos socioambientais, bem como as fontes de recursos a eles associados. Por fim, analisou-se a relação entre o processo e estratégias típicas do empreendedorismo urbano, indicando seus vínculos com os grandes projetos. / This work aims to analyses the urban planning practices present in Porto Alegre, and its relation with large urban projects being articulated for the FIFA World Cup 2014 mega event. The concepts addressed are entrepreneurialism, managerialism and urban marketing in its original fields to comprehend how Harvey built the urban entrepreneurialism concept and its best translation to Portuguese. This work aims, as well, comprehend the relation between urban entrepreneurialism and urban planning practices, large urban projects and mega events. This is a case study research with 3 unities of analysis incorporated: 1) mobility; 2) stadia; 3) water front. Those unities, therefore, are constituted by 18 different projects related to the FIFA World Cup, in a direct or indirect fashion. Their analyses are built by exploring its multiple dimensions regarded to large urban projects, by understanding the context where those projects have been created and how they are justified, by describing the projects elaboration processes to identify the urban planning practices related and its social and environmental impacts associated, and by analyzing the relation between this process and the urban entrepreneurialism strategies assigned by Harvey, indicating which project belongs to each strategies.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise das práticas de planejamento urbano vigentes em Porto Alegre em sua relação com os grandes projetos urbanos (GPUs) associados à realização da Copa do Mundo 2014. Para tanto, foram abordados os conceitos de empresariamento, gerencialismo e marketing urbano com a finalidade de compreender o conceito de empreendedorismo urbano. Buscou-se compreender, também, as relações entre empreendedorismo urbano, práticas de planejamento, GPUs e megaeventos. A pesquisa, realizada com base em estudo de caso único, integrado por três unidades de análise (mobilidade, estádios e orla), envolveu o estudo de 18 projetos. As análises feitas exploraram as múltiplas dimensões de GPUs, buscando conhecer o contexto em que os projetos surgiram e como se justificaram, bem como identificar as práticas de planejamento, os atores envolvidos, possíveis desdobramentos socioambientais, bem como as fontes de recursos a eles associados. Por fim, analisou-se a relação entre o processo e estratégias típicas do empreendedorismo urbano, indicando seus vínculos com os grandes projetos. / This work aims to analyses the urban planning practices present in Porto Alegre, and its relation with large urban projects being articulated for the FIFA World Cup 2014 mega event. The concepts addressed are entrepreneurialism, managerialism and urban marketing in its original fields to comprehend how Harvey built the urban entrepreneurialism concept and its best translation to Portuguese. This work aims, as well, comprehend the relation between urban entrepreneurialism and urban planning practices, large urban projects and mega events. This is a case study research with 3 unities of analysis incorporated: 1) mobility; 2) stadia; 3) water front. Those unities, therefore, are constituted by 18 different projects related to the FIFA World Cup, in a direct or indirect fashion. Their analyses are built by exploring its multiple dimensions regarded to large urban projects, by understanding the context where those projects have been created and how they are justified, by describing the projects elaboration processes to identify the urban planning practices related and its social and environmental impacts associated, and by analyzing the relation between this process and the urban entrepreneurialism strategies assigned by Harvey, indicating which project belongs to each strategies.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise das práticas de planejamento urbano vigentes em Porto Alegre em sua relação com os grandes projetos urbanos (GPUs) associados à realização da Copa do Mundo 2014. Para tanto, foram abordados os conceitos de empresariamento, gerencialismo e marketing urbano com a finalidade de compreender o conceito de empreendedorismo urbano. Buscou-se compreender, também, as relações entre empreendedorismo urbano, práticas de planejamento, GPUs e megaeventos. A pesquisa, realizada com base em estudo de caso único, integrado por três unidades de análise (mobilidade, estádios e orla), envolveu o estudo de 18 projetos. As análises feitas exploraram as múltiplas dimensões de GPUs, buscando conhecer o contexto em que os projetos surgiram e como se justificaram, bem como identificar as práticas de planejamento, os atores envolvidos, possíveis desdobramentos socioambientais, bem como as fontes de recursos a eles associados. Por fim, analisou-se a relação entre o processo e estratégias típicas do empreendedorismo urbano, indicando seus vínculos com os grandes projetos. / This work aims to analyses the urban planning practices present in Porto Alegre, and its relation with large urban projects being articulated for the FIFA World Cup 2014 mega event. The concepts addressed are entrepreneurialism, managerialism and urban marketing in its original fields to comprehend how Harvey built the urban entrepreneurialism concept and its best translation to Portuguese. This work aims, as well, comprehend the relation between urban entrepreneurialism and urban planning practices, large urban projects and mega events. This is a case study research with 3 unities of analysis incorporated: 1) mobility; 2) stadia; 3) water front. Those unities, therefore, are constituted by 18 different projects related to the FIFA World Cup, in a direct or indirect fashion. Their analyses are built by exploring its multiple dimensions regarded to large urban projects, by understanding the context where those projects have been created and how they are justified, by describing the projects elaboration processes to identify the urban planning practices related and its social and environmental impacts associated, and by analyzing the relation between this process and the urban entrepreneurialism strategies assigned by Harvey, indicating which project belongs to each strategies.

A investigação que embasa a presente tese tem como objetivo analisar a racionalidade pedagógica que sustenta a produção de subjetividades empreendedoras; e como horizonte teórico, algumas noções presentes no pensamento de Michel Foucault, especialmente em seus últimos cursos. A partir das proposições sobre uma pedagogia dita empreendedora, buscou-se compor um quadro das noções ético-políticos aí vigentes, as quais gravitam em torno de noções de felicidade, sucesso, destino, eficiência e produtividade, tomando o indivíduo como capital de si mesmo e sua própria vida como alvo de investimento ininterrupto. Entendendo o empreendedorismo menos como uma plataforma discursiva subserviente às forças ideológicas em voga e mais como uma espécie de poeira do presente, visou-se, por meio de um recuo arqueogenealógico, investigar a modulação do poder pastoral e da governamentalidade neoliberal operada na e pela literatura pedagógica do final do século XVIII e início do XIX. Na qualidade de fontes empíricas, foram selecionados alguns textos de Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, Johann Herbart e, em especial, Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister, obra de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Tal escolha deveu-se, sobretudo, ao fato de tais textos serem constantemente referidos como fundadores da educação moderna pela historiografia educacional. No que se refere ao âmbito teórico-metodológico, além de Michel Foucault, a pesquisa teve como intercessores privilegiados Gilles Deleuze, Paul Veyne, Nikolas Rose e Giorgio Agamben, entre outros pensadores alinhados à perspectiva pós-estruturalista. A partir do enfrentamento analítico com as fontes eleitas, pôde-se observar um deslocamento do governamento teístico para uma noção de salvação laica ancorada na ideia do homem educado como operador de seu destino. Despontaria aí um sujeito que se imagina construtor de sua própria história e, portanto, capaz de gerir sua vida, por meio de determinadas práticas sobre si mesmo, tais como: voltar o olhar para si, buscando sua motivação e sua verdade supostamente interiores; descobrir e desenvolver seus talentos; aprender a aprender; retirar das experiências com o mundo lições para uma vida bem-sucedida; identificar e aprimorar suas habilidades e aptidões; cuidar da própria saúde, mantendo-se saudável e produtivo; manter-se atualizado etc. Daí o pietismo configurar um capítulo destacado em tal projeto, com vistas à autonomização do homem e, por conseguinte, sua realização na vida mundana. No diagrama que vem produzindo esse éthos para o homem contemporâneo, planteiam-se modos de veridicção e de subjetivação em que querer, obedecer e empreender constituem um nexo indissociável na forja do governo de si e dos outros. / The purpose of the investigation that serves as the basis for this thesis is to analyze the pedagogic rationality that sustains the production of entrepreneurial subjectivities; and as a theoretical horizon, several notions present in the thinking of Michel Foucault, especially in his most recent courses. From the proposals of a pedagogy that is self-declared as entrepreneurial, an attempt was made to put together a set of applicable ethical and political notions, which revolve around notions of happiness, success, destiny, efficiency and productivity, which take on the individual as capital of himself and his own life as the target of uninterrupted investment. Understanding entrepreneurialism less as a platform for discourse that is subservient to the ideological forces of the moment and more of a kind of dust of the present, the aim was to investigate, by means of a geneological regression, the modulation of pastoral power and neoliberal governmentality operated in and by pedagogic literature at the end of the 18th Century and beginning of the 19th Century. As empirical sources, several texts by Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, Johann Herbart and, especially, Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, were selected. This choice was due, above all, to the fact that these tests are constantly referenced as the foundations of modern education by educational historiography. With regards to the theoretical-methodological sphere, besides Michel Foucault, the research features as privileged intercessors Gilles Deleuze, Paul Veyne, Nikolas Rose and Giorgio Agamben, among other thinkers aligned with the post-structuralist perspective. From an analytical confrontation with selected sources, there is a shift from theistic governing to a notion of secular salvation anchored in the idea of the educated man as the operator of his own destiny. This is when a subject is capable of imagining himself as the builder of his own story and thus capable of managing his own life, by means of certain practices involving himself, such as: looking back at himself, searching for his supposedly interior motivation and his truth; discovering and developing his talents; learning to learn; removing lessons for a successful life from experiences with the world; identifying and improving his abilities and skills; looking after his own health, keeping himself healthy and productive; keeping up to date, etc. Thus pietism constitutes a special chapter in this project, with a view to the autonomization of man and, consequently, his realization in everyday life. In the diagram that has been producing this ethos for modern man, methods for veridiction and subjection have been sown, in which wanting, obeying and developing constitute an unbreakable nexus of the government of oneself and others.

In 1982, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) led structural adjustment of the Moroccan state; the culmination of prolonged war in the Western Sahara, unstable agricultural productivity and unstable debt inflation. Since then, deep political economic reorganization has transformed the institutional, practical and physical articulation of urban management in the state. This study situates managerial shifts within an urban globalization context, with specific reference to Tangier. While Tangier?s urban development parallels many studies from the developing and less-developed world, its place-specific formation diverges because globalizing urban management is undertaken within the context of historically and geographically specific socio-economic development initiatives and constraints. My work provides a conceptual overview of globalizing management since Moroccan independence in 1956. Then, a spatially sensitive political economic lens is employed to analyze new urban managerial transformations emerging since 1983 adjustments. Finally, I take an in-depth case study of Tangier City Center project to question how Tangier?s current globalization effectively responds to both state and local urban social and economic development.