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The environment and climate are in critical condition with climate change and the breaching of planetary boundaries. Various approaches are being implemented to tackle these issues, including Nature-based Solutions. This thesis looks at the Nature-based Solution of wetland restoration in Iceland and challenges in implementing this approach to reduce emissions and foster ecosystem services, focusing on political, economic, and social aspects of wetland restoration. The research questions asked in this thesis are: what are the challenges within wetland restoration management in Iceland; how do challenges commonly associated with Nature-based Solutions appear within wetland restoration efforts in Iceland? Using the lens of the political economy of natural resources and the concepts of Nature-based Solutions and ecological restoration, challenges were identified with expert interviews and grey literature as the data source. Findings present various interconnected political, economic, and social challenges that significantly overlap with challenges observed with Nature-based Solutions in general. The issues of how wetlands are valued and negatively perceived in Iceland are seen as significant challenges. These challenges act as barriers to increased wetland restoration in Iceland and a more holistic approach to Icelandic wetland management is needed to highlight the multiple ecosystems benefits it can bring.

I denna uppsats så undersöks huruvida Centrala Nacka kännetecknas av en nyliberal planeringspraktik, och på vilket sätt marknadsföringskonceptet Naturban påverkar stadsutvecklingen. Analysen utgår från Nackas plandokument samt intervjuer med tjänstemän som varit involverade med Naturban. Materialet visar att Centrala Nacka uppvisar tecken på en nyliberal planeringspraktik genom att prioritera frågor om tillväxt och attraktionskraft framför andra sociala målbilder. Detta sker delvis som följd av att kommunen som största markägare i Centrala Nacka har ett intresse av att driva upp markpriserna och därför aktivt arbetar med platsmarknadsföring som planeringstaktik. Vidare så problematiseras i uppsatsen vad det kommunala markägarskapet innebär för en analys av nyliberal praktik i en svensk kontext.

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the opinions regarding different visitor-fees related to nature-based activities and how the insertion of fees would affect individuals’ experienced accessibility. This is investigated in the context of the custom of “allemansrätten” and the important role of outdoor recreation in the Swedish society. The survey constitutes a case-study of the phenomenon that was performed in the High Coast of Sweden, a destination minted of nature-based tourism and a potent increase and concentration of tourists.The survey was conducted through a digital questionnaire that was distributedonline to habitants in the region as well as visitors. The questionnaire covered questions regarding the overall opinion of mandatory and optional payment. The questionnaire also involved questions regarding fees’ effect on the respondents’ experienced accessibility, the expectations they have as consequence to insertionsof fees and opinions of who should cover the cost that the maintenance requires. The study substantiated the perception that fees in connection to nature is a complex matter and the opinions regarding it differ. However, the survey demonstrated that a majority is positive regarding visitor-fees as long as they are well-motivated and the process is transparent. It is visible that the “Allemansrätt” is highly defended and even though individuals are aware of the problems of nature being strained by the increasing number of outdoor practitioners the introduction of fees must be understood and clear improvements must be visible. Individuals of the survey mediated that with introduction of fees several expectations follow. KEYWORDS: Fees. Outdoor recreation. Nature based tourism. Allemansrätten.

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