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The tourism industry in many parts of the world is highly developed and this is attributed to the influx and fast growing of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operations in the sector. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in the development of tourism in Africa in general and Ghana in particular. This research seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the role and challenges of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) operation in the tourism sector of the Central Region of Ghana (Cape Coast). The research gathered data from both secondary and primary sources and used the qualitative research method approach. The key instruments used for the data collection were interview guides, focus group discussion guide and observation checklist. A total of thirty (30) participants who are Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) owners operating in the tourism industry in the Central Region of Ghana (Cape Coast) took part in the study. The sampling technique employed in the selection of the participants of the study was purposive sampling technique. It emerged from the study that the main challenges that Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) operators face in the tourism sector of the Central Region of Ghana (Cape Coast) were low patronage, financial constraints, high competition for limited customers, low prices provide to customers, high government tax and high interest rate charges from financial institutions that provide loans for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) to operate. The study also found that Small and Medium Scale Enterprises operators surviveby adopting livelihood strategies such as being innovative, practicing international standards, and relying on saving and loan culture. The study recommends that the government of Ghana through the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture and Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Non-Governmental Organizations, financial institutions and civil society groups should provide financial support and an enabling environment for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises owners to operate effectively and efficiently in the tourism industry thereby ensuring sustainable tourism development towards the socio-economic development of Ghana. / <p>2021-06-04</p>

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As the title already says the thesis will examine the densification processes and its socio-spatial effects in Santiago de Chile. This thesis has been written in cooperation with a research internship at the Universidad Católica in Santiago at the institute of urban and regional studies. Santiago is the capital of Chile and is a city with one of the highest living standards compared to other South American cities. Santiago, as many other big cities, faces varied problems. Santiago, for example has a rapid population growth mainly through the migration from rural areas and other South American countries (Peru, Colombia, Venezuela). Other problems that Santiago faces are e.g. high resource consumption, air pollution, high number of individual motorisation and lack of green spaces. Especially the smog through the traffic is one of the biggest problems. Due to its location in a valley, Santiago suffers from a lot of air pollution. Santiago needs to further develop and expand its surface for housing. This results in urban sprawl, which has been the past and will be the future development. Through this urban sprawl a lot of residential areas were constructed further outside, on the edge of the city where commuting to the city takes more than 1.5 hours. As people want to live in the urban area of Santiago, they are taking this burden and move outside of the city. Thus the increasing land price makes it harder for low-income people to live closer to the city, as they simply cannot afford living there. Which leads to the topic of this thesis, namely the examination of socio-spatial effects through densification processes will be examined. The scale of the investigation is on a district-level and further research is done on specific building levels. This helps in getting more detailed information, as examining whole Santiago with its different municipalities is difficult and will give a blurry picture on the densification processes. The district, Quinta Normal has been selected for detailed investigation. Quinta Normal lies in the west of Santiago, bordering the district Santiago Centro. With its close proximity to the city centre, good public transport and cheaper land prices than in other parts of Santiago, it is attractive for prospective inhabitants. But due to the constant urban development the land prices are starting to increase as the district gets more attractive through the construction of metro stations. Quinta Normal is challenged by the arrival of high density buildings and new population with different income group. Quinta Normal is described as a district full of life where people established a community, interact and communicate with each other. Is this quality of social life threatened now through the arrival of high densification houses where people who are not originally from Quinta Normal are moving in and changing the structure of the district? Furthermore, there are many effects of segregation and this thesis chose to look at the change of the socio-economic structure in Quinta Normal. The district is mainly inhabited by middle to low-income families. This is a change from previously, when mostly low to very low-income people were living there. Nowadays there is a constant exchange between people moving to and from Quinta Normal. Thus, the future development of Quinta Normal is leading to a bedroom district where people rent an apartment but work in another part of the city. A density calculation has been made, which helps in understanding the effects of different building types on the social structure of the district. The buildings have been evaluated by size of apartment, price, accessibility, green areas, and security in order to give the reader the necessary explanation on the chosen houses and their differences. In summary, this thesis will try to examine the effects of densification processes in Quinta Normal with especially looking at newly constructed residential buildings and how those buildings interact with the existing urban but also social structure. Through a literature review, a characterisation of different types of buildings, a density calculation as well as interviews with the responsible people for the development of the district, an analysis of the effects on the social structure of the district will be attempted.

Kandidatarbetets syfte är att försöka finna samband mellan den minskandehyresmarknaden och den ökade segregationen i Stockholm Stad. Andelen hyresrätterav bostadsbestånden i Stockholm Stads stadsdelsnämnder har undersökts samt olikasocioekonomiska klasser som existerar i dessa områden. Utvecklingen av antalethyresrätter mellan 1990 och 2014 har jämförs med utvecklingen i medelinkomst ochindivider med utländskbakgrund mellan 2000 och 2015 samt ohälsotalen i områdenamellan 2000 till 2014.Resultat visar att minskat hyresrättbestånd kan ha bidragit till ökad segregationenmellan stadsdelsnämnderna. Områden med stor andel hyresrättsminskning har haftkraftig ökning i medelinkomst, en liten ökning individer med utländskbakgrund samten stor minskning i ohälsotal. Samtidigt har de områden som haft minst minskninghyresrätter haft lägst medelinkomstutveckling, haft större ökning utlandsfödda ochmindre minskande ohälsotal. Författaren vill tydligt trycka på att resultatet inteimplicerar i att hyresrätter är dåligt för samhället utan istället att Stockholm blir mersegregerat efter hyresrättbeståndet som existerar i olika områden, samt att ett störrebehov av hyresrättsbebyggelse i attraktiva områden är av vikt för att minskaoattraktiva områdens sociala instabilitet.En regressionsanalys utförs för att undersöka sambandet mellan andelen hyresrättersom existerade i Stockholm 2014 och segregation. Hyresrätter ställs mot olika utvaldaförklaringsvariabler var av ett statistiskt signifikant resultat erhålls med R2 = 0,919 samt ett p värde för F = 0,018

This dissertation, Permaculture in the South of Brazil – the start of a silent revolution? examines the role of permaculture in farms that undergo agroecological transitions. The overall aim is to shed light on how the concept could enable a sustainable agricultural sector. This was done by exploring the motivations, challenges and potential benefits of a transition inspired by permaculture. Extensive field research was performed in the Brazilian states Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais; interviews were held with farmers from four different farms in transition, permaculture teachers and scholars. The theoretical support for the analyses of the findings comes under radical geography. It has led to insights from the assemblage theory and the potentially crucial role of shifting worldviews. The results indicate that permaculture becomes a part of an assemblage when applied in agroecological transitions. The concept inspires a shift in worldviews, fundamentally changing the role of a farmer. The thesis concludes that permaculture is a valuable consideration for a sustainable agricultural sector in the future.

Sense of place refers to people's perception of the environment and determines the type of emotional relationship between man and place. This sense plays a decisive role in determining one's satisfaction with their place of residence, sense of place identity, belonging and attachment, and, consequently, willingness to stay there.Skellefteå is one of the fastest-growing northern cities in Sweden, with an increasing population of immigrants. Immigrants will therefore make up a significant portion of the city's population in the near future, and recognizing their perspectives on the city can help stabilize the population and sustain the city.This study looksat newcomers' sense of place in Skellefteå, with a focus onimmigrants,and identify elementsthat play critical role. This study employs a qualitative approach, with semi-structured in-depth interviews with newcomersof various ethnicities. The interviewees were chosen using two methods: snowball and purposive sampling. The results of the interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis method.The findings of this study show that a variety of environmental and individual factors have influenced newcomers’sense of place. Although the majority of respondents were somewhat satisfied with life in this city, this satisfaction was due to a favorable work or study situation rather than the city's characteristics.Positive aspects of the city, such as pristine nature and tranquility, undoubtedly have a positive impact ontheir perceptions. On the other hand, weather conditions, a lack of certain facilities, and society's limited capacity to welcome immigrants make it difficult for them to fully integrate and feel a sense of belonging to the city.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the user’s perspective of traveling with public transportation to and from Umeå’s city center. The aim was also to investigate what would be needed to increase their use of it. This was interesting to study due to the demand on a sustainable development where the public transportation is a crucial component.  The result was found out through qualitative interviews with people living in rural areas outside of Umeå. The result of the study shows that the freedom and the flexibility that the car offers is the main reason why people choose to travel by car instead of public transportation. The cost for the tickets and lack of departures is two other reasons why people use the car instead of public transportation. More departures and lower prices for the tickets would motivate people to travel more by public transportation due to the participants in this study.