¡@In recent years, the industry environment has been affected by the globalization and the dramatic changes of industrial competition, thus the enterprises, considering cost, flexibility and speed, show a yearly rising employment rate of foreign workers in Taiwan and some of them even reach the top limit. In addition, they gradually stop employing full-time or long-term workers, but start to employ the outsourced and dispatched personnel. As a result, the traditional employment relationships are confronted with challenges. According to the survey issued by CHEER magazine in April, 2004, more than 12% enterprises possess 10~20% contract-based employees of their total staff, and in the future more than 35% enterprise will continue to enlarge the scale of contract-based employees. Hence, the long-term official employment relationship is no longer the only choice, the enterprises tend to use multiple and flexible employment modes. ¡@¡@From 2008 to now, after experienced the financial crisis, have the enterprises added the application of flexible manpower employment strategies, or examined and adjusted their current flexible employment strategies? Therefore, the study further explores the current situation of enterprises¡¦ application of flexible employment strategies. ¡@¡@This study hopes to utilize the interview to collect the enterprises¡¦ current situation of flexible manpower employment, application reasons and effectiveness, as well as the relevant management regulations and practical operations derived from the application of flexible manpower employment in the enterprises, so as to explore the influences of flexible manpower employment strategies on the enterprises. Finally, it can be served as references for the enterprises of different fields to utilize the flexible manpower employment and the government to draft relative policies and labor laws in the future. ¡@¡@From the interview data, the flexible manpower mainly takes charge of the peripheral work like administrative support and elementary manufacturing or service works. However, it is extraordinary that the enterprises related to credit cards of financial service sector often employ the dispatched manpower, or assign the core business to the atypical employees. ¡@¡@As for the reasons for applying flexible employment, taking cost into consideration, serving as bridge to employ the regular workers are the primary. The benefits of flexible employment strategies are mainly shown in the cost reduction in welfare, training and recruiting and the flexibility of personnel application. During the financial crisis of 2008 when the case company conducted the organizational adjustment and downsizing, it primarily controlled and downsized the dispatched manpower by means of non-renewal of contracts upon labor termination or early termination of contract. However, it didn¡¦t downsize all the dispatched personnel but reserved the excellent ones. In addition, the regular workers without an outstanding performance were also handled. Moreover, the issues faced by dispatching companies such as high labor turnover rate, hard to recruit, low personnel quality, and unable to recruit the excellent personnel are also the important subjects to be faced and solved for the enterprises.

No / This paper investigates the equilibrium relationship between taxation, portfolio choice (risk-taking) and capital accumulation. Specifically, it examines how taxes affect risk-taking and capital accumulation. We extend the existing literature by relaxing two crucial assumptions in modelling risk-taking behavior: (i) that the investment opportunity set is fixed and (ii) that there is no distinction between attitudes towards risk and behavior towards intertemporal substitution. We extend the investment opportunity set of individuals through optimally determined human capital; and distinguish intertemporal substitution from attitudes towards risk via a recursive utility function. In the presence of these extensions, the paper successfully derives a closed-form solution to the stochastic growth model with stochastic wage income.

In the recent years, ¡§Atypical Employment¡¨ has been accepted by most of the enterprises. The enterprises of the software service industry use atypical employment originally from the design theory of Shamrock Organization to seek the professional technical manpower. This research is to find out the determinants of hiring contracted workers or dispatched workers based on the atypical employee. The results are as follows: I. The organizational background: 1. The larger the scale of organization is, the better the possibility of hiring the dispatched workers of the atypical employment is. 2. The software industry is more likely to hire the contracted workers of the atypical employment than other service industries are. II. The determinants of the enterprises hiring the atypical employment: 1. The higher the enterprises pay the salary packages, the better the possibility of the use of dispatched workers is. 2. The higher the employee training costs, the better the possibility of the use of the contracted workers is. 3. The higher the job needs the degree of professional skill, the better the possibility of the use contracted workers is. 4. The higher the job needs the special techniques, the better the possibility of the use of the dispatched workers is. 5. The more the enterprises have products in diversity, the better the possibility of the use of the dispatched workers is. 6. The more the flexibility of the job arrangement is, the better the possibility of the use contracted worker is. III. The changeable factors of manpower demand: 1. The higher the degree of the demand of manpower change is, the better the possibility of hiring dispatched workers.

Labor flexibility in Spain and Peru: Analysis of somedifferential aspectsThis paper contains a comparative analysis of the labor flexibility processes held in the past decades both in Spain and Peru, trying to identify the most relevant differential aspects between them based on the following three factors: (i) the existence —or not— of a political framework; (ii) the labor markets particularities that influence the regulation of the individual labor contracts; and (iii) the potential of unions and collective bargaining / En el presente artículo se efectúa un análisis comparado de los procesos de flexibilidad laboral llevados a cabo en las últimas décadas tanto en España como en Perú, buscando identificar los principales aspectos diferenciadores entre ambos a partir de tres factores: (i) la existencia o no de un marco político de referencia; (ii) las características del mercado de trabajo que inciden en la regulación de la contratación individual; y (iii) la potencialidad de la negociación colectiva.

The process of collective bargaining reforms in SpainThis article aims to analyze the main lines of development of the process of collective bargaining reforms in Spain. For this purpose, after of being described those characteristic elements of the Spanish model about this fundamental right, it highlight the principal legislative changes that involved the great labor reform of 1994, which have continued through the regulations issued between 2011 and 2012, generating a synergy that actually delimit a new right of collective bargaining. / El presente artículo tiene por finalidad analizar las principales líneas de desarrollo del proceso de reformas de la negociación colectiva en España. A dicho efecto, luego de describirse aquellos elementos característicos del modelo español respecto a este derecho fundamental, se resaltan los principales cambios legislativos que implicó la gran reforma laboral de 1994, los cuales han continuado a través de las normas emitidas entre 2011 y 2012, generándose una sinergia que en realidad delimita un nuevo derecho de la negociación colectiva.

The ability to be flexible will be of great importance to stay competitive as a manufacturing company, and the human operator is a key resource to rapidly respond to changes within manufacturing. Creating a cross-trained workforce where the operators have the ability to rotate between tasks is a strategy to increase the labor flexibility, which in turn can increase the manufacturing flexibility. Equipping the operators with supporting technology has been seen beneficial to become more flexible. Using AR (Augmented Reality) for training has great potential, but few tests have been made in a real industrial environment. Furthermore, there is a lack of involvement of the operators in previous research. This study aims to investigate how AR can be implemented practically at an automotive manufacturing company and, by involving the operator, examine how the AR solution can contribute to increased labor flexibility. To fulfill the aim of the study, the following research question was formulated: • What factors are important to consider when implementing AR technology for increased labor flexibility in a manufacturing company? The research process of this study has included a literature review and a single case study conducted at a production line in an automotive manufacturing company. The design thinking process has been followed during the case study, to be able to always include the operators in the process. In the final phase of the case study, two prototypes were created to evaluate, from the operator’s perspective, how AR can be used at the shop floor. Data was gathered using tools from the design thinking toolbox, including explorative interviews and observations. The study results shows that the preferred AR method for experienced operators is using a hand-held device. Head mounted devices still has barriers to overcome, and more tests are needed to evaluate the user acceptance and risks involved with using head mounted devices in an industrial environment. The thesis has contributed to highlight what factors needs to be considered when implementing AR, by conducting real-life tests at the case company. Implementing AR in an industrial environment is not only buying the right hardware and software. There is a need for a strategy in how the technology should be adapted to the organization. This thesis proposes a start of the implementation journey in using AR to increase labor flexibility by formulating solution targets for further developing of AR technology.

Towards a new labor model in SpainThe article starts with confirming the acceleration process in reforms of labor regulations-intensive and extensive-which is faced bySpain that has considered even the reform of constitutional framework. It should be noted that measures taken in the Spanish reform are aimed at increasing the employability of workers and with regard to promotion of employment stability; we find the incorporation of a new contractual modality, literally called “employment contract for indefinite time to support entrepreneurs”.Meanwhile, as the most important novelties are located the following: elimination with general character of administrative authorization for collective dismissals, the expansion of the proper reasons of economic dismissals, with the corresponding reduction effect of the judicial control as justification for business measure and the possible reduction in the practice of dismissal cost, the generalization of compensatory amount for unfair dismissal after 33 days of salary per year of seniority with limit of the 24 monthly salary, the complete suppression of processing salaries when the employer chooses indemnified extinction in case of unfair dismissal, among others. All this range of regulatory changes is analyzed critically by the author who, starting from the Spanish legislation, studies the most relevant legal concepts. / El artículo analiza el proceso acelerado de las reformas en la normativa laboral —intenso y extenso— que ha contemplado incluso la reforma del entramado constitucional. Entre las medidas adoptas en la reforma española se encuentran las dirigidas a incrementar la empleabilidad de los trabajadores y respecto del fomento de la estabilidad en el empleo encontramos la incorporación de una nueva modalidad contractual, literalmente denominada «contrato de trabajo por tiempo indefinido de apoyo a los emprendedores». Mientras que, como las novedades más destacadas se ubican las siguientes: la eliminación con carácter general de la autorización administrativa para los despidos colectivos; la ampliación de las causas justificativas de los despidos económicos, con el correlativo efecto dereducción del control judicial de justificación de la medida empresarial y la posible reducción en la práctica del coste del despido; la generalización de la cuantía indemnizatoria por despido improcedente a los 33 días de salario por año de antigüedad con el tope de las 24 mensualidades; la supresión completa de los salarios de tramitación cuando el empresario opta por la extinción indemnizada en caso de despido improcedente; entre otras. Todo este abanico de cambios normativos es analizado críticamente por el autor quien, partiendo de la legislación española, estudia los conceptos jurídicos más relevantes.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender as relações do capital e do trabalho e o novo sindicalismo, bem como, mensurar o perfil ideológico e teórico das centrais sindicais. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo de caráter exploratório foi atingido pela análise bibliográfica e documental, sendo possível desenvolver o tema da presente dissertação: `A relação entre empresa e sindicato e as bases das convenções coletivas da indústria do Estado de São Paulo. Como resultados foi apontado o desenvolvimento histórico do sindicalismo no Brasil, e demonstrado o surgimento da Central Única dos Trabalhadores, da Força Sindical, e da Coordenação Nacional de Lutas, sendo elas as mais influentes centrais sindicais do país, bem como, suas diferenças culturais. Em seguida definiu-se o conceito de diálogo social inserido na negociação coletiva e seus impactos no desenvolvimento social. Pontuou-se os principais conflitos sindicais das últimas décadas até os dias atuais, foi constatado além da ocorrência de conflitos, as principais reivindicações e soluções no período de 2007 a 2011 e demonstrou-se as tendências do comportamento sindical frente ao atual cenário político e econômico. Foram analisadas, a partir do Sistema Mediador do Ministério do Trabalho, 513 convenções coletivas do trabalho. Desse número delimitou-se a base em 81 convenções coletivas todas relacionadas á indústria do Estado de São Paulo. Na dissertação ficou demonstrado a relevância histórica da ação sindical em nossa sociedade, evidenciado o sindicalismo de resultado praticado pela Força Sindical e o sindicalismo ideológico da Central Única dos Trabalhadores e CONLUTAS, bem como, seus impactos e a necessidade da aplicação do diálogo social nas relações trabalhistas e sindicais visando manter o equilíbrio e a sustentabilidade diante de um instável cenário global. / The object of the following study was to understand the relations of capital and labor and the new unionism, as well as measure the ideological and theoretical profile of the union confederations. Therefore a research was done with qualitative approach, whose objective of exploratory manner was reached by the documental and bibliographic analyses, was possible to develop the theme of this dissertation: `The relationship between the company and the union and the basis of collective agreements of the State of São Paulo industry. As results we pointed the historical development of the syndicalism in Brazil, it was demonstrated the appearance of `Central Única dos Trabalhadores, `Força Sindical and the `Coordenação Nacional de Lutas the greatest and most influent labor centers in the country, as well as its cultural differences. Afterwards we defined the concept of social dialog inserted in the group negotiation and its impacts on social development. We pointed the main labor conflicts in the past few decades until the current days, we could see beyond the conflicts occurrence, the man demands and solutions in the period of 2007 to 2011 and we demonstrate the future tendencies on labor behavior facing the current political and economic scenario. Were analyzed from the Mediation System of the Ministry of Labor, 513 collective agreements work. That number was delimited on the basis of 81 collective agreements will all related industry of São Paulo. Concluded the work demonstrating the historical relevance of union activity in our society, evidenced unionism result practiced by `Força Sindical and syndicalism ideological by `Central Única dos Trabalhadores and CONLUTAS. Concluded the dissertation by demonstrating the historical relevance of labor action in our society, its impacts and need of applying the social dialog in labor and syndicalist relations aiming to keep the balance and the sustainability in the face of an unstable global scenario.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral descrever o tipo de trabalho oferecido por duas Cooperativas de Trabalho Associado à luz do conceito de Trabalho Decente postulado pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Com este intuito, se buscou descrever o conceito de flexibilidade na produção, as modalidades que esta apresenta, bem como a precarização das condições no trabalho que gera. Posteriormente, se apresenta o cooperativismo, e em especial as Cooperativas de Trabalho Associado CTAs- como alternativa para contrabalancear a flexibilização do mercado de trabalho. Na seqüência, se expõe o conceito de Trabalho Decente como ferramenta que permite identificar a existência de precariedade no trabalho, e seu instrumento para a análise do nível micro. Os dados desta pesquisa foram coletados e sistematizados sob a ótica do Trabalho Decente, cuja diretriz se fundamenta nos sete tipos de segurança indicados pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho. A investigação teve como eixo principal o estudo de caso de duas cooperativas de Trabalho Associado nas cidades de Medellín Colômbia- e São Paulo Brasil. Foi uma investigação de tipo descritiva, com dados coletados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e aplicação da Pesquisa de Segurança das Pessoas ESP. Com relação ao tipo de trabalho exercido em ambas as cooperativas analisadas, dada a heterogeneidade dos resultados, conclui-se pela impossibilidade de se afirmar de maneira categórica de tratar-se de Trabalho Decente ou Precário, sendo necessária uma conclusão específica para cada um dos tipos de segurança. / The general objective of this research is to describe the sort of work offered by two associated work cooperatives under the concept of Decent Labor proposed by the International Labor Organization. With this intention, we want to describe de concept of flexibility in production and the existing modalities to the cooperativism, especially the Associated Labor Cooperatives -ALC- as an alternative for balancing the flexibilization of the labor market. Therefore, the concept of labor is presented as a tool that helps us to identify the existence of precariousness in the work and as an instrument for analysis at the micro level. The collected data was processed and presented under the perspective of decent labor, whose guideline is based on the seven types of safety identified by the International Labor Organization. The core of this research was the study case of two Associated Work Cooperatives in the cities of Medellin, Colombia, and Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was a descriptive investigation with data collected through Bibliographic research and application of the People\'s Security Survey -PSS-. Regarding type of labor in both of the analyzed cooperatives, and given the heterogeneity of the results, we conclude the impossibility to affirm categorically whether it is a decent or precarious work, since is necessary a specific conclusion for each kind of security.

The present article analyzes the emergence and evolution of flexisecurity strategy in the European context, different conceptualizations, their effects regarding the protective function of labor law and lessons that can be extracted from previous experiences in Latin America and particularly Peru concerning the subordination of social and labor policies on the policies of employment generation. / El presente artículo analiza el surgimiento y evolución de la estrategia de flexiseguridad en el contexto europeo, sus distintas conceptualizaciones, sus efectos respecto de la función protectora del derecho laboral y las lecciones que se pueden extraer de experiencias previas para Latinoamérica y en particular para el Perú respecto de la subordinación de las políticas socio-laborales a las políticas de generación de empleo