Nuteistasis, išėjęs į laisvę iš įkalinimo įstaigos, dėl subjektyvių ir objektyvių priežasčių, susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais: neturi darbo, būsto, jo išsilavinimas dažniausiai būna menkas, prarasti kai kurie socialiniai įgūdžiai, artimieji, vengdami naštos bei visuomenės pasmerkimo, nutraukia socialinius ryšius su nuteistaisiais. Nuteistieji jaučia socialinę atskirtį bei visuomenės pasmerkimą, kuris pasireiškia kaip stigma. Tikėtina, jog praradę viltį bei pasitikėjimą nuteistieji yra linkę nusikalsti pakartotinai. Įsidarbinimas ir parama padeda formuotis teigiamam nuteistųjų požiūriui į save ir nepasiduoti stigmos įtakai, taip padidinant savo įsidarbinimo galimybes. Tyrimo objektas - asmenų grįžusių iš įkalinimo įstaigų įsidarbinimo galimybės. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti prieštaravimus tarp formaliai apibūdinamos nuteistųjų grįžimo į darbo rinką situacijos ir realios nuteistųjų padėties. Rengiant darbą atliktas kokybinis tyrimas. Tyrimo rezultatai Buvusių kalinių integracija į visuomenę – aktuali Lietuvos socialinė problema. Laisvėje kaliniai susiduria su daugeliu problemų, kurių sprendimas susijęs su psichosocialiniais aspektais, pasireiškiančiais kaip nuteistųjų stigma, trikdanti jų saviidentifikaciją ir integraciją į visuomenę. Išejus į laisvę nuteistieji dažnai stigmatizuojami, priskiriant jiems išankstinius stereotipinius vaidmenis ir savybes. Visuomenės reakcija daugeliu atvejų priklauso nuo ankstesnio nuteistojo gyvenimo būdo, patirties ir paties nuteistojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The convicted, released rom prison, because of the subjective and objective reasons, is facing with various challenges: out of work, home, his education is often poor, he loose the social skills and relationships. There is a social exclusion and condemnation of the convict in the society, which manifests as a stigma. It is likely that the loss of hope and confidence makes the prisoners to commit crimes again. Employment and support helps to shape a positive attitude towards prisoners themselves and to resist the influence of stigma, thereby increasing their employability. The object of research – the possibilities of the convicts employment. The aim of research – to disclose the contradictions between the formal description of convicts return to the labor market situation and the actual situation. The ground of the work is qualitative research. The results of research: the integration of former prisoners into society – is the actual problem in the Lithuania. The former prisoners are facing many problems, which relates with the psychosocial aspects of the expression of condemnation stigma disturbing their self-identification and integration into society. After his release inmates are often stigmatized as through pre-stereotypical roles and features. Public reaction in most cases depends on the previous convict lifestyle, experience and the personal position of the convicts. The successful integration depends on the convicts autonomy, initiative and motivation. Family is... [to full text]

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Syftet för denna uppsats är att utreda och undersöka vad det krävs i ett ledarskap för att få in funktionshindrade på arbetsmarknaden. Fokus för studien är att ur ett kvalitativt perspektiv utreda samspelets betydelse mellan chef och anställd samt vilka faktorer som gör ett samarbete lyckat respektive mindre lyckat i processen med att få in funktionshindrade på arbetsmarknaden.Studien har även i syfte att bidra till den i nuläget begränsade forskningen kring ämnet.Telefonintervjuer med chefer och biträdande chefer har genomförts och resultatet i studien visar att det finns flera behov av att utveckla ledarskapet i denna process. Mer utbildning, öppnare kommunikationsklimat och högre kunskapsnivå behövs för att göra processen effektivare och mer fördelaktig. Utifrån studien har författarna tagit fram olika utvecklingsmöjligheter samt utvecklat en metod i hur man kan effektivisera och förbättra utbildningen för cheferna. / The purpose of this study is to investigate and examine what is required in anleadership to be able to get disabled individuals into the labor market. The studies focus isthat from a qualitative perspective examine the importance of interaction between the manager and the employee and also what factors that make collaboration successful and less successful in the process of get disabled into the labor market. Current research in the subject is very limited so this study has a purpose to contribute to this. The method of this study has been telephone interviews with managers and assistant managers. The results show that there are several of needs for developing the leadership in this process. More education, more open communication and a higher level of knowledge is needed to make the process more effective and more favorable. Based on this study the authors has developed various of development opportunities and also developed a method in how to make the education for the manager more effective and better.

<p><font size="2" face="Arial"><font size="2" face="Arial"> <p align="left">This research paper is a review of the assertion by some commentators that the regulation of the labour market is a cause of the high unemployment rate in South Africa. It starts by providing a historical background of statutory industrial relations in South Africa leading to the current labour dispensation. The discussion includes a review of the current labour legislation and assessment of its compliance with international law. The rating of the South African labour market by the Doing Business study is discussed. This study seeks to ascertain whether there is a causal relation between labour market regulation and the unemployment rate. The conclusion reached is that South African labour legislation complies with international law as espoused in International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions, is not excessively rigid and, most importantly, that there is no convincing evidence of a causal relation between labour market regulation and the unemployment rate.</p> </font></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><font size="2" face="Arial"> <p>&nbsp / </p> </font></font></p>

<p>This research paper examines the different forms of employment patterns that have emerged as a result of globalisation as well as the mechanisms that have been used by the legislator to accommodate those in non-standard employment relationships.</p>

The debate over the quality of work has been on-going for a number of years. Recently, non-standard work has figured predominantly in that debate. Some researchers have argued that the rise of non-standard work is evidence of the declining quality of work since it offers few benefits, little job security and lower incomes. Other research has indicated that it is the effect of job characteristics themselves that determine quality of work, whether in standard or non-standard employment. Other researchers have noted that it is the profile of workers in these jobs that is a good indicator of whether the employment is "good" or "bad" since most individuals who are from groups on the periphery of the labour force tend to be in jobs of lesser quality. / This study addresses the quality of work in the Canadian context from 1989 to 1994, by exploring its connection to all three of these theories: the rise of non-standard work, the decline of "good" job characteristics and the changing profile of workers in non-standard work. What was found may be an interesting trend. Non-standard employment is becoming more mainstream and may even be influencing the characteristics of standard employment. The demographic profile of non-standard workers is also beginning to resemble that of standard workers. It could be concluded that the quality of work is indeed shifting. However, it was difficult to determine whether the shifts were indeed long-term or indicative only of difficult economic times in Canada. The issue of job quality is complex and better definitions of quality of work and longer timeframes should be considered in future research, to better understand what was/is happening in the Canadian labour market. If non-standard employment is truly "bad" work and it continues to increase, there will be fundamental implications for the quality of work in Canada.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama lyčių lygybės politikos įgyvendinimas Šiaulių miesto viešojo sektoriaus institucijose. Tiriamą problemą apibūdina šie klausimai: Kaip lyčių lygybė yra apibrėžiama teisės aktuose ir politinėse dokumentuose, kurie reguliuoja darbo rinkos santykius? Kokios institucijos įgyvendina lyčių lygybės politiką darbo rinkoje? Kokios priemonės gali būti taikomos siekiant lyčių lygybės darbo rinkoje? Šis darbas susideda iš įvado, keturių pagrindinių dalių, išvadų, rekomendacijų, literatūros sąrašo ir priedų. Teorinėje dalyje pateikiama lyčių lygybės samprata moksliniame ir teisiniame diskurse bei pristatomas lyčių lygybės politikos įgyvendinimo mechanizmas. Taip pat remiantis moksline literatūra ir įvairiais ataskaitos tyrimais, atskleidžiama Lietuvos darbo rinkai būdingos diskriminacijos formos. Empirinėje dalyje pristatomi kokybinio tyrimo metu apklaustų 10 informantų analizės rezultatai. Informantų vertinimai leidžia teigti, kad viešojo sektoriaus institucijos siekiant lyčių lygybės politikos darbo rinkoje taiko įvairaus pobūdžio priemones (lanksčias darbo formas, atostogas ir kt.). Taip pat tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad priemonių taikymas priklauso nuo organizacijos darbo veiklos specifikos, jos dydžio ir darbuotojų pasiskirstymo lyties bei amžiaus atžvilgiu. / Undergraduate thesis examines the implementation of gender policy of the Public Sector Institutions in the Siauliai city. The investigated problem is defined by the following questions: What is the meaning of gender equality in the legislation and policy documents that regulate the relationship of labor market? What are the institutions that implement gender equality policies in the labor market? What measures can be applied to achieve gender equality in the labor market? This work consists of introduction, the four main components, conclusions, recommendations, references and appendices. The theoretical part presents the conception of the gender equality in the scientific and political discourse and the mechanism for its implementation. Also on the basis of scientific literature and various research reports, the forms of discrimination typical of the Lithuanian labor market are disclosed. The empirical part presents the results of analysis of 10 informants interviewed during the qualitative study. Informants estimation suggests that public sector bodies to achieve gender equality in employment policy is applied by various means (flexible forms of work, holidays, etc.). Also, the study shows that the apllication of measures is depended on the organization's activities, its size and the distribution of employees in respect of gender and age.

Šiame magistro tezių darbe pristatomi Šūtkos romų bendruomenėje atlikto tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrime buvo siekiama identifikuoti žemo romų moterų užimtumo priežastis Šūtkos darbo rinkoje. Pagrindinis dėmesys darbe skiriamas 13-26 metų nuolatos Šūtkoje gyvenančioms romų moterims ir merginoms. Statistinių duomenų analizės parodė, jog romų moterų užimtumo situacija Šūtkos darbo rinkoje – gerokai skiriasi nuo romų vyrų, ketvirtadalis romų moterų čia gyvena žemiau skurdo ribos. Pirmoje studijos dalyje, skaitytojai yra supažindami su tyrimo metu taikytomis antropologinių, sociologinių bei istorinių disciplinų teorijomis. Tyrimo analizė paremta esmine Walby (2007) suformuluota ir pateikta socialinių kategorijų sąveikos (angl. intersectionality) teorija pagal kurią ir bandoma paaiškinti romų moterų žemo užimtumo priežastis romų bendruomenėje Šūtkoje. Antroje darbo dalyje pristatomas lauko tyrimas, jo specifika bei visos patirtos etinės problemos ar kiti iškilę sunkumai, o trečiojoje – atliekama tyrimo metu surinktos empirinės medžiagos analizė. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė svarbias romų moterų nepatekimo į Šūtkos darbo rinką priežastis – ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo sistemos problema bei religinių, etninių ir kitų socialinių kategorijų įtaka moteriškos lyties atžvilgiu buvo itin aktuali. Turėdamos menkas patekimo galimybes į ugdymo sistemą bei patirdamos ankstyvą iškritimą iš jos, veikiamos kitų socialinių kategorijų romų moterys neįgyja tinkamo išsilavinimo. Dėl šios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This thesis is giving us the results of research in Sutkin Roma community. The study was intended to identify low-Roma women in employment causes Sutkin labour market. The main focus of the work is paid regularly Sutkin 13-26 years living Roma women and girls. Statistical analysis of data showed that the employment situation of Roma women in the labour market Sutkin - far different from the Roma men. In the first part of the study, readers are introduced to the study treatment anthropological, sociological and historical disciplines theories. The study is based on a fundamental analysis of Walby (2007) formulated and presented to the social categories of interactions theory which attempts to explain and Roma women's low employment Sutkin cause of the Roma community. The second part of the paper presents a field study, its specifics and all incurred ethical problems or other difficulties encountered, and the third - the examination of empirical material collected during the analysis. The results revealed the importance of Roma women Sutkin not penetrate into the labour market reasons - an early exit from the education system, and the problem of religious, ethnic and other social categories influence of female sex has been very relevant. They have very little access to educational opportunities for the system, and they find themselves in the early retiring from her exposed to other social categories of Roma women do not acquire the proper education. For this reason... [to full text]

This paper updates the current knowledge about Black-White wage inequality in the US male labor market by using the NLSY97 sample. Compared with the results obtained from the NLSY79 cohort, I find that the unconditional racial wage inequality is smaller today, but after controlling for premarket academic skills, the conditional racial wage gap remains roughly the same as it was twenty years ago. After dividing the labor market by occupational categories, I find that in the white collar sector, the racial wage gap has largely disappeared even without controlling for academic skills. In the blue collar sector, academic skills can fully account for the unconditional racial wage gap among clerical jobs but there still remains a substantial conditional racial wage gap among craftsman and laborer jobs. I show that clerical jobs are more similar to white collar jobs than blue collar jobs today. The racial wage inequality also has disappeared among the operative workers, probably due to omitted variable bias. For the remaining racial wage gap in the craftsman and laborer jobs, both preference-based and statistical models of discrimination are consistent with the findings.

This thesis contains four empirical studies that examine patterns in family formation in Sweden around the turn of the new millennium. This is an interesting context for the topic because Sweden is often seen as a forerunner in family-demographic change as well as in gender equality and value developments. The empirical studies provide insight into the state of affairs of these developments. In all four studies, event-history analyses are applied to Swedish population register data. Two of the studies focus on first-marriage formation, while the other two focus on first childbearing. Study I reveals that starting from 1998 there was an increase in marriage-formation rates, which was not due to compositional changes in the population. This is in contrast to the common image of Sweden in the forefront of contemporary marriage decline. Study II shows that marriage rates for men and women display clear peaks at exact ages 30, 40, 50, and 60 as well as in the year 2000. The peaks demonstrate that in Sweden, marriage formation is not fully determined by conventional structural factors or individual characteristics. It illustrates that the choice to marry may be taken quite lightly in a context where differences between cohabitation and marriage are relatively small. Study III shows that the transition to parenthood varies across occupational groups. For both men and women, birth rates are positively related to own earnings. Birth rates are also high for those who work in a caring or teaching oriented occupation or in a gender-typical occupation. The findings may reflect differences in the possibility to take on parental responsibilities and they demonstrate the role of gendered behavior. Self-selection processes may also be important. In Study IV, the transition to parenthood for men and women is examined in relation to the sex composition of the workplace. Birth rates increase with the share of employees of the individual’s own sex, net of factors such as own earnings, public or private sector employment, occupation, and industry. This shows the importance of gender and gender structures in the work environment for childbearing behavior. / Denna avhandling består av ett introduktionskapitel och fyra empiriska studier som undersöker mönster i familjebildning i Sverige kring millennieskiftet. Detta är en intressant kontext för ämnet eftersom Sverige ofta ses som en föregångare inom familjedemografisk utveckling och jämställdhets- och värderingsförändringar. I samtliga studier tillämpas livsförloppsanalys på registerdata över befolkningen. De två första studierna fokuserar på förstagångsäktenskap och de andra två på barnafödande. Studie I visar att från 1998 skedde en uppgång av giftermålstalen, som inte berodde på sammansättningsförändringar i befolkningen. Detta står i kontrast till den typiska bilden av Sverige som föregångare i en allmän nedåtgående giftermålstrend. Studie II visar att giftermålstalen för män och kvinnor uppvisar tydliga toppar vid ”jämna” åldrar (30, 40, 50 och 60) samt under år 2000. Topparna åskådliggör att i Sverige formas giftermålsbeslut inte helt av konventionella strukturella faktorer eller individuella egenskaper. Detta kan spegla att i en kontext där skillnaderna mellan samboende och äktenskap är relativt små kan giftermålsbeslut fattas relativt lättvindigt. Studie III visar att benägenheten att skaffa ett första barn varierar mellan yrkesgrupper. För både män och kvinnor är födelsetalen positivt relaterade till inkomster och till arbete inom omsorg och utbildning. Detta återspeglar sannolikt skillnader i möjligheten att försörja en familj och att ta ansvar för omsorg av eventuella barn samt att män och kvinnor troligtvis väljer yrken som passar deras intressen. Benägenheten att skaffa barn är också större för de med könstypiska yrken, vilket indikerar att könsrollssocialisering spelar en central roll.  I studie IV undersöks sambandet mellan arbetsplatsens könssammansättning och benägenheten att skaffa ett första barn. För både män och kvinnor är benägenheten att skaffa barn högre ju större andel av kollegorna som tillhör ens eget kön. Detta visar att genus och könsstrukturer i arbetsmiljön kan påverka barnafödandebeslut. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Welfare, Labor-market Status and Family Dynamics / Register-based Research in Nordic Demography