The diploma work analyses the leading factors of the Czech labour market. Firstly, it analyses and assesses an impact of individual factors on the labour force during the period lasting from 1997 till 2007 and it searches for the reasons regarding each variable progress. Moreover it aspires to identify possible mutual dependences between various indicators that formulate better position for the following outlook. Secondly, the work provides a short-time prediction of the most important factors that will probably affect the quantity of the labour force in the Czech Republic in course of following years. After the quantity prediction the work explains consequences regarding possible affection of the national economy's growth and identifies possible opportunities and threats connected with the changing structure of the Czech labour force.

This thesis deals with the structure of the Czech labour market and is mainly focused on the role of education. First part describes historical discrepancies between supply and demand of the labour force, its causes and economic development consequences. It is shown here how education and economic development are related as well as how level of education influences living standard of an individual. Second part focuses on current requierements of the Czech employers regarding specialization and reached level of education. The aim is to find causes and consequences of labour market disequilibrium. The thesis considers pros and cons of current increase of graduates in the Czech Republic compared to the European Union. The thesis concludes with a forecast in this area.

The objective of the paper is to study the effect that female representation in national parliaments have on economic growth in African countries. The foundation for this research question is the assumption that an increase in female representation will lead to an increase in female education and female labour force participation and this will cause a positive effect on economic growth. To test the hypothesis panel data from 50 African countries is used during the time period 2008-2018. An OLS, entity fixed effect and time and entity fixed effect regression was conducted to test the research questions and control variables are included in the regression. The results showed no statistically significant effects of female representation on economic growth and the relationship was negative which contradicts earlier research and the initial hypothesis.

<p> Since the classic study of migration and metropolitan growth by Lowry (1966), migration researchers have assumed a two-stage process wherein the decision to migrate is followed by the destination choice decision. Such an approach is employed here, to provide a characterization and explanation of the destination choice patterns of the male labour force entrants.</p> <p> Specifically, a nonlinear migration model, developed by Liaw and Bartels (1982), is applied to Canadian migration data for the 1971-76 period. The inter-metropolitan migration patterns of the male labour force entrants is found to be well explained by six explanatory variables: population size, logarithmic distance, housing growth, employment increase, cultural barriers and "strong ties". The last two variables are dummy variables derived from the characterization of the destination choice patterns through the application of entropies. The study examines factors involved in the destination choice decision and concludes with suggestions for future investigation.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

The research project intends to investigate the responses of households to economic uncertainty and natural shocks and the coping strategies developed both in terms of growing migration rates and remittance inflows and of increasing labour supply. In the first Chapter, we employ household survey data from the Indian State of Kerala to evaluate how transfers of remittances sent from overseas respond to heterogeneous sectoral employment shocks experienced by migrants in the host country during the 2008 crisis. In the second chapter, migration and remittances have been investigated as coping strategies adopted by households after a dramatic flood that hit Bangladesh in August-September 2014. The combination of high-resolution satellite data to precisely measure our treatment variable and the difference-in-difference estimations allow us to causally identify the impact of the dramatic flooding on internal and international migration. The same robust estimation technique is then applied to evaluate the effect of the 2014 flood in Bangladesh on female labour force participation rate and on the probability for unemployed women to enter the labour force. In addition, correcting for selection into employment, we estimate how the flood affects the probability for women working in the household farm to engage in independent wage-earning activities, evaluatiing whether the expected rise in female labour force participation - instrumented by the shock intensity they face - would help to increase their bargaining power within the households.

Most extant studies on the relationship between workforce diversity and employment inequalities focus on the impact of a single disadvantaged identity on a single employment outcome such as pay or promotion at the organizational level. Thus, the relation between workers’ multiple identities and different dimensions of employment inequalities within the broader social context remains unclear. The goal of this thesis is to start filling this gap. I start with developing a multilevel model of employment inequalities for workers with multiple identities by integrating the social identity theory, double jeopardy hypothesis, intergroup contact theory, and theory of minority group threat. I test this model with two empirical studies using Statistics Canada’s nationally representative Canadian Survey on Disability (2012) linked with the National Household Survey (2011). Labour force participation, employment, and employment income are the dependent variables of this thesis. I examine the intersection of immigrant and disability identity dimensions by focusing on immigrants with disabilities (IwD) as compared to immigrants with no disabilities, Canadian-born with disabilities, and Canadian-born with no disabilities. Study 1 demonstrates that while immigrant and disability identities are independently negatively associated with employment and employment income, having both identities simultaneously has a positive effect on employment and employment income. Furthermore, with the increase of the residential area diversity (RAD), which is determined by the number of immigrants and people with disabilities in a community, IwD’s likelihood of employment increases but employment income decreases. Study 2 shows that the proportion of immigrants in a residential area (RA) is negatively associated with the likelihood of being in the labour force for IwD. Furthermore, perceived work discrimination is negatively associated with labour force participation for IwD. Moreover, perceived work discrimination mediates the relationship between the proportion of immigrants in an RA and labour force participation for IwD. This thesis contributes to theory by (i) developing a multi-level theoretical framework that demonstrate the complex relationship between individuals with multiple identities, organizations, and society, (ii) extending the intergroup contact theory and the theory of minority threat using empirical evidence from individuals with multiple identities rather than focusing on a single identity, (iii) examining multiple employment outcomes at once and demonstrating how employment outcomes might differ based on intersecting identities, and (iv) demonstrating the impact of societal context by incorporating RAD into analysis and showing how the employment outcomes of individuals with multiple identities differ by where they reside. I discuss practical implications of the findings for workers, employers, policymakers, and society. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis examines employment inequalities for workers with multiple identities, focusing on immigrants with disabilities. This thesis has three major findings. First, compared to those who were born in Canada and do not have disabilities, immigrants and people with disabilities are less likely to be on the job market and find a job. They receive lower employment income as well. However, immigrants who have disabilities are more likely to find a job than immigrants with no disabilities and those with disabilities who were born in Canada. Second, as the percentage of immigrants in a community increases, employment income for immigrants with disabilities decreases. Third, as the percentage of immigrants in a community increases, immigrants with disabilities’ chance of being on the job market decreases. Perceived work discrimination plays a role in being on the job market as well. Based on these findings, I provide suggestions for employers, workers, policy makers, and society.

The aim with this thesis is to explore why the female labour force participation (FLFP) currently is increasing in one of the most conservative regions of the world: the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), while decreasing globally. (World Bank, 2022). The ongoing process of economic diversification in the region is in this thesis suggested to be an overlooked factor behind the surge in FLFP. Drawing from political science, political economy, and sociology theory on the gendered division of labour (e.g., Peterson, 2015; Prügl, 2020), this thesis suggests that, as the economies in the GCC region becomes more diversified, more female-coded labour sectors emerge. As a result, FLFP increases. The study is conducted by time series cross section statistical analysis with a timeframe between 1995 - 2015, using data from the Quality of Government Institute (Teorell, Sundström, Holmberg, Rothstein, Pachon &amp; Mert Dalli, 2022). The result show that economic diversification affects FLFP in the GCC region, but not on a global level. The contribution of this thesis is not only to shed light on economic diversification as an unexplored factor that affects FLFP, but also on the importance of female-coded sectors for enabling women in conservative contexts to be part of the paid labour force.

This study investigates how power relations were negotiated and expressed through the use of certain linguistic practices in a public context. More specifically, it looks closer at how job applicants presented themselves publically through newspaper advertisements and which discursive codes they made use of to portray themselves as reputable, desirable employees that fit into the bourgeois concept of respectability. The survey accordingly moves within the theoretical frameworks of the respectability discourse, altering power relations, self-presentation and the public sphere, and does so through the application of linguistic methods on a very specific material not commonly looked at from these macro-perspectives. The first part of the analysis identifies which specific social groups that used the press as a channel for self-presentation, focusing on the aspects of gender, marital status, work experience and occupational title. Through establishing this information, we reach an understanding of who can be ascribed an active participation in the public sphere and where to place these individuals along the social scale. Thereafter, the vocabulary of the advertisers is scrutinized and compared to see how strategies to create an air of respectability around yourself may have differed with the personal aspects mentioned above. Conclusively, the results from these enquiries serve as the basis for a larger discussion on whether the assertive self-promotion of the job advertisers can be interpreted as a self-empowerment among a section of London’s labourers, or whether the publication of the adverts rather is to be seen as a consolidation of already existing power relationships. The findings prove that through their strict adherence to the concept of respectability in a desire to win the favour of their social superiors, the linguistic strategies of the adverts cannot be interpreted as an early form of working class-movement with the intention of overthrowing the social order. On the contrary, the hierarchical structure of the 18th century was as present as ever when society moved towards the next centenary and was consolidated even further by the linguistic strategies of the advertisers.

<p>This thesis consists of three papers on the economics and structure of Swedish families.</p><p>Paper [I] examines the determinants of children’s educational achievement in Sweden. Special attention is given to the labour market work by mothers and fa-thers in terms of its influence on the educational outcome of their children, measured as grade point average (GPA) in compulsory as well as upper secon-dary school. The results show that there is a positive relationship between paren-tal income and GPA. Regarding the number of hours worked in the labour mar-ket, the results differ between mothers and fathers. Having a mother that works less than full time has positive effects on the child’s grades throughout the schooling of the child, whereas significant effects of the hours of work that the father puts in are found during upper secondary school only.</p><p>Paper [II] explores the role of financial surprises and match quality in the disso-lution of relationships. The analysis is carried out both for surprises in the short term earnings and surprises in the long-run earnings capacity. It is found that positive surprises in short term earnings have a destabilizing effect for a rela-tionship. Generally, a negative surprise in long-run earnings capacity for males has a destabilizing effect. However, if it is combined with a female positive sur-prise, the effect is stabilizing. Commitments become more stable the older the spouses are at the start, and if young children are present.</p><p>Paper [III] studies the role of unemployment in the dissolution of relationships by applying a two-step estimation method to an extensive data set, which con-tains information about young Swedish males and females. Unemployment is recognized as endogenous in the separation decision, and the results show that the effect of unemployment on separation is biased when unemployment is as-sumed to be exogenous in the separation equation. The probability of separation is found to be increasing with male unemployment, while female unemployment decreases the probability of dissolution.</p>

All three essays in this thesis are concerned with the interrelation of family, gender and labour market outcomes. The first paper investigates family earnings mobility between parents and sons, and parents and daughters, highlighting the role of assortative mating. The results suggest that daughters are more mobile than sons. I also find that Sweden has a higher degree of mobility compared to the U.S., and that assortative mating is an important underlying channel for earnings transmission. The difference in mobility between the two countries does not inherently depend on factors affecting the marriage match. Moreover, adult economic outcomes are more dependent on family background for those at the lower end of the earnings distribution. The second study analyses the long-run effects of an increase in family size on the 1980-2005 labour market outcomes of Swedish men and women. The decision to have (more) children is dependent on current and future labour market prospects. I use the exogenous variations in the sex composition of the first two children to overcome this endogeneity problem. My findings suggest that having an additional child has a stronger negative impact on earnings than on participation. However, mothers experience a substantial but not complete long-term recovery in earnings. The third paper illustrates the difficulty in disentangling the underlying channels of intergenerational earnings persistence using a path analysis model. On closer examination, such a model has a potential shortcoming since the covariates are correlated to other unobserved factors. The results suggest that education is the most influential mechanism in the earnings transmission process, while IQ, mental ability and BMI are of secondary importance. However, education is sensitive to the inclusion of other covariates and the order in which these are entered into the equation. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.