The literature review on immigrant’s self-employment activities has limited the debate around the leading factors to this type of activity. Much research on the subject has tried to answer the question ‘what are the determinant characteristics to become self-employed?’ In addressing that question researchers have focused on the relative value of the block mobility thesis and the ethnic enclave theory. This focus created a research gap; researchers have ignored how self-employment may be used by immigrants as an alternative or complementary strategy for accessing a new labour market. Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database, this research explores, using survival regression analysis, the extent to which immigrants adopt different labour market strategies following their admission to Canada. More specifically, it examines their rate of access to labour market activities, the length of time they stay in specific type of labour market activities and the determinant factors for such events. The findings of this research demonstrate that 27 per cent of the economic immigrants, who were admitted to Canada between 1990 and 2008, are likely to rely on paid and self-employment activities simultaneously over time. This finding reinforces the need to analyse self-employment activity as a concurrent activity to paid employment. The regression analysis results on the concurrent activities imply that immigrants admitted under the self-employed category are more inclined, than the other economic immigrants, to rely on the two types of activities when integrating into the Canadian labour market. The findings of this thesis indicated that the traditional theories on self-employment activities are inadequate to explain concurrent self-employment activities and paid employment activities. There is a need to develop contemporary theories around this new concept of concurrent labour market activities that would take into consideration self-employment and employment theories as well as immigrants’ adaptive integration capacity.

The main goal of the thesis was to analyze the life situation of foreigners in the labour market within the district of České Budějovice. This goal has been achieved. The partial goal was to find the main reason why foreign nationals come to the Czech Republic from a country of provenance and to compare the education, professional qualifications and the experience of foreigners with the jobs done within Czech Republic. The basis of this thesis is aimed at evaluating the position of foreigners within the labour market and the possibilities of their integration. The questioning method (the technique of the questionnaire) and the method of document analysis (the technique of secondary data analysis) were both used within the framework of quantitative research in this thesis. The research complex consisted of foreigners listed in evidence at the employment office in České Budějovice. This Master{\crq}s Degree thesis may be utilized, in future, as source of information about foreigners within the labour market in České Budějovice and this thesis may also be used as an origin for the of mapping of problems with employment of foreigners in Czech Republic as a whole.

Syftet med denna studie är att kritiskt granska hur problemet med de statliga insatserna som syftar till att underlätta för nyanländas etablering representeras i en utav Riksrevisionens granskningar inom området etablering och integration, samt vilka subjektspositioner representationerna producerar. Genom att granska materialet vill jag tydliggöra vilka problemrepresentationer som föreligger i det praktiska arbete statliga aktörer utför. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har varit att det har betydelse hur problem representeras i den offentliga politiken. Först när politiken ifrågasätts kan vi därför förstå hur styrning opererar med vilka effekter för de som är föremål för den. Den metodologiska vägen framåt har i denna studie varit Carol Bacchis metod för policyanalys "What's the problem represented to be?", vilken är en typ av diskursanalys som i detta fall möjliggör ett ifrågasättande av de problematiseringar som styr nyanländas arbetsmarknadsetablering. De problematiseringar som görs i materialet handlar dels om hur vissa kommuners ovilja till ansvarstagande för flyktingmottagandet, till följd av bostadsbrist, ekonomiska förutsättningar eller andra oproblematiserade förklaringar, leder till sämre etableringsresultat. Något annat som problematiseras är statliga aktörers agerande, vilket efter kritisk granskning visar sig präglas av en bristande långsiktighet. Regeringens och myndigheternas brist på långsiktighet i den ekonomiska resursanvändningen belyses och flera myndigheters uppdrag och interna arbete tycks generellt vara ineffektivt för att uppnå goda etableringsresultat långsiktigt. Kortsiktigt agerande visar sig således förhindra etableringen av nyanlända i flera avseenden. Styrningen skapar subjektspositioner och ställer specifika grupper av nyanlända ansvariga för sina egna misslyckanden till etablering - särskilt tydligt är detta i problematiseringar kring etableringen av nyanlända med låga utbildningsnivåer, som helst enkelt betraktas som "icke matchningsbara", samt nyanlända kvinnor. / The purpose of this study is to critically analyse how problems related to the work of the Swedish state, when it comes to enabling newly arrived immigrants to integrate to the labour market, is represented in one of The Swedish National Audit Office's audits regarding integration, and also to analyse how representations constitute subject positions. By critically analysing the material I want to shed light on existing problem representations in the practical work of the public agencies.  The theoretical starting-point is that how problems are represented in public politics matters. It is not until politics is questioned that we can fully understand how governing operates and with what effects for those governed. The methodological way forward in this study is a method for analysing policy called "What's the problem represented to be?", developed by Carol Bacchi, which is a type of discourse analysis that enables questioning of problematisations regarding the labour market integration of newly arrived immigrants. Problematisations in the research material are partly done regarding how the unwillingness of some municipalities to take responsibility for receiving immigrants, whether the reason is lack of housing, economic preconditions or other explanations that are left unproblematic, leads to worse integration results. Another problematisation is done regarding the acting of public actors, which after critical analysis is shown to lack long-term vision. The lack of long-term vision in the use of resources in the government and the public agencies is shed light and several missions of the  public agencies and their internal work is shown to be ineffective for the purpose of reaching good integration results in the long-term. Short-term acting is therefore shown to hinder the labour market integration of newly arrived immigrants.    This governing creates subject positions and puts specific groups of immigrants themselves as responsible for their own failures to integrate - especially regarding immigrants with low levels of education, who are considered simply as "un matchable" and immigrant women.

This thesis describes the current situation on the Swedish labour market as many skilledmigrants have problems to find a relevant job. It explains the barriers for employment, aswell as the support mechanisms used to help the integration on the labour market. Particularfocus lies on the job search motivation, and how do the difficulties to find a job in arelevant professional field affect the job search motivation, and what are the reasons forthese effects. Thematic analysis is used to find recurring themes in the data collected from 5 semistructured interviews, 2 questionnaires and 1 additional interview from an employeeworking with the skilled migrants. Empirical findings show, that the respondents feel that local companies prefer localemployees, and that the migrants ascribe their difficulties to find a relevant job position todiscrimination, as it is common that they get rejected without being able to meet thecompany’s representatives in person. Countless rejected applications are causing feelings offrustration, hopelessness and the migrants’ doubt their ability to find a relevant job, whichleads to decreased job search motivation and underemployment. Furthermore, therespondents are rather motivated by extrinsic motivational factors than intrinsic motivators.However, the findings show that they believe that the job search becomes easier withaccumulated experience and that the difficulties with finding the right job makes therespondents more committed to the attained job. Finally, the authors formulate suggestionsfor further research. KEYWORDS: labour market integration, skilled migrants, job search motivation

Labor market projections indicate a shortage of health care workers across Canada and around the world. The shortage of healthcare workers is more acute in developing nations, which grapple with weak health systems unable to address high disease burdens. This situation is made worse by the movement of health personnel in search of a better standard of living, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in developed countries such as Canada - a process known as ‘brain drain’. Brain drain has been described as ‘a perverse subsidy’ by scholars and identified as disconcerting by the World Health Organization, which calls for the ethical recruitment of internationally educated health professionals. Significant research on the migration and recertification experiences of internationally trained physicians and nurses exists but very little has been written on internationally educated midwives (IEMs). This study uses a social equity framework and insights from Foucauldian and post-colonial feminist research to explore practices of assessment and bridging programs for IEMs; the factors that impede IEM recertification; and the ways Canadian midwifery stakeholders mitigate international migration (brain drain) and poor labor integration (brain waste) of IEMs. Data collection was primarily through key informant interviews and document analysis. The study data - gathered and analyzed in 2011/12 – is reflective of the situation of midwifery during that period. Findings from the study indicate several inequities in the recertification process of IEMs, primarily in the application process to assessment and bridging programs and in financial and geographical constraints. The study also suggests a lack of discernment by midwifery stakeholders between active and passive recruitment, and tacit support of the passive recruitment of IEMs. Questions are also raised regarding the inclusivity of the Canadian midwifery model of practice and illustrate that further research is needed.

Prolonged and new regional violent conflicts have resulted in the displacement of residents in several countries. The thesis focuses on the people who arrived and applied for asylum in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Aimed to analyse their labour market integration in Germany, the thesis uses micro-data from Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to decompose the wage gap between refugee workers and native workers in 2018. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is used to match the characteristics of native workers with refugee workers. Five sets are generated at four different matching levels of covariates. It is found that total wage gap reaches the greatest value in the unmatched set. As the two groups' characteristics getting more and more similar, explained wage gap gradually shrinks until it becomes statistically insignificant. However, discriminatory wage gap exists in all sets and cannot be wiped out even if the characteristics get similar. CEM helps to reduce the heterogeneity between the two groups and provides a more balanced dataset and a non-overestimated labour market discrimination value.

This thesis studies the role of the third sector organisation [TSO] in highly skilled refugees' employment integration in Sweden. It attempts to contribute to the migration studies literature and nonprofit sector studies by focusing on the underresearched highly skilled refugees and several TSOs in Sweden, one of the major receiving countries in Europe during the refugee crisis. It discovers the challenges faced by the highly skilled refugees and the TSOs' solution to help them overcome the obstacles using Bourdieusian capital theory. In doing so, the TSOs are also shaping the integration concept of the nation, which is proven to be ambiguous. On the one hand, they preserve the construction of refugees as needing care and their difference from Sweden as weakness. On the other hand, they challenge the idea that integration is primarily refugees' responsibility and attempt to change employers' unwillingness to hire with the concept of diversity as a strength. Despite that, the TSOs do not significantly challenge the dominant integration concept in Sweden and the state. This thesis argues that it may be explained by the strong trust between the government and civil society stemmed from the nation's historical development as an egalitarian welfare state.

Swedish workforce has a shortage of practitioner dentists in 18 regions which is expected to last until 2035 (Hall Hoppe, 2022). At the same time, immigrant dentists face many challenges that delay or prevent their integration into the Swedish labour market. This paper investigates the process of immigrant dentists’ integration into the Swedish labour market, what obstacles they encounter, and in their perception, what are the requirements to facilitate their integration into the Swedish labour market. This research paper followed a qualitative method to achieve its aims. In order to obtain the necessary data to conduct the research, in-depth interviews were performed with immigrant dentists who received their education in countries outside the EU/EEA and Switzerland. The main empirical findings reveal the need to transform immigrant dentists' human capital. In light of this, immigrant dentists need to choose one of two routes to be eligible to apply for the Swedish dental license, due to the devaluation of their education. Besides the need to master the Swedish language. There is a lack of support provided for the two routes for acquiring the Swedish dental license. The participants clarify that they need more support in both routes. The Knowledge Exams route lacks guidance, materials, and financial support. while the complementary courses route is limited to three cities which makes it challenging forimmigrant dentists to join if they live in a city that does not offer these courses. It also showed the importance of social connections in the licensing process, while it was not essential in the process of obtaining a job. This study informs policymakers and concerned stakeholders about the barriers and challenges immigrant dentists encounter when integrating into the Swedish labour market. Which contributes to making decisions that will help to facilitate immigrantdentists’ integration into the Swedish labour marke.

As Sweden’s demographics evolve and its Asian immigrant population continues to rise, numerous skilled immigrants await the opportunity into Sweden’s skilled labor market.  Understanding the obstacles to skilled labour market integration, immigration demographics to Sweden, and the consequences of labor market barriers on well-being and lifestyle of skilled Asian immigrants in Sweden are the main topics of this study. The primary focus of this thesis is to investigate the barriers that Asian immigrants encounter when trying to find employment in Sweden, along with the resulting patterns of lifestyle. The thesis addresses this challenge by investigating three main areas. Firstly, it identifies the primary obstacles to the integration of skilled immigrants and students from Asia into Swedish labor market. These barriers include Swedish language competency, acknowledgement of foreign education and social capital. Secondly, the study analyses the demographics of Asian students attending Swedish universities, focusing on variables like age, nationality and immigration statistics. Thirdly, the study examines how the consequences of barriers to labor market affect the well-being, lifestyle of Asian immigrants and social sustainability in Sweden. We systematically examined a number of databases for literature published from the year 2000.  By employing qualitative methodologies through Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study also investigates on the effects of barriers on Swedish labor market and their impact on lifestyle and social sustainability. In addition to the qualitative study, we also included statistical data to illustrate the demographics including age, nationality, and work permit statistics. This does not form part of the analysis and is descriptive. We began the selection process by reading the abstracts and titles of the studies. Next, we read a number of the full-text studies and removed those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We have employed the concept of thematic analysis for analysis of data in our thesis. We have applied Social Capital Theory and Human Capital Theory to give a strong foundation for our theoretical framework. Throughout the research process, ethical concerns are crucial and are strictly followed. The findings of this study shows that the language barriers, a lack of social networks and low recognition of foreign credentials are the major obstacles Asian skilled immigrants including job seekers and students encounter when trying to integrate into the Swedish workforce. Additionally, the demographic data shows that Asian students face considerable obstacles when it comes to workforce integration, highlighting the necessity of providing them with specialized assistance to expand their professional networks and gain practical work experience. Many Asian immigrants are unable to find employment that matches their qualifications as a result of these hindrances. The combination of these barriers leads to underemployment, which affect immigrants financial stability and professional advancement. These challenges also impact the lifestyle patterns and social sustainability, as they limit economic and employment opportunities thereby affecting general well-being and social cohesion of skilled Asian immigrants in Sweden. The study's conclusions deepen our understanding of immigrant experiences and provide guidance for evidence-based policies and tactics that enhance Asian immigrants' skilled labor market integration, social sustainability and well-being in Nordic nations.   Keywords:  Skilled Asian Immigrants, Sweden, Employment Patterns, Lifestyle Choices, Skilled Labor Market Integration, Asian International Students, Swedish Universities, Social Capital, Barriers, Immigration Statistics, Social Sustainability.

This diploma thesis examines the factors affecting the employment of people with disabilities from the perspective of employers in the local labor market in Písek. The aim is to determine whether the employment of people with disabilities is financially advantageous. One part of this work summarizes the legislative framework and comparison of supported employment in Austria and in the Czech Republic. Data analysis of four companies focuses on several criteria such as the amount of subsidies, staff turnover rate, other administrative costs and so on. Local survey represents opinions and experiences of employers. The benefits of this diploma thesis are the quantification of financial advantages and disadvantages associated with the employment of people with disabilities and proposals for institutional provisions.