Mother's milk provides multiple benefits to the offspring. However, xenobiotics transferred into breast milk may pose a risk to the nursing infant. The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) actively transports xenobiotics into breast milk. BCRP also transports nutrients, like riboflavin, and together with recently identified riboflavin transporters (RFT), may provide a mechanism for riboflavin secretion into breast milk. Expression of RFT in the mammary gland remained unknown. Our objective was to characterize Bcrp and Rft mRNA expression in the mammary gland of FVB/N mice, and investigate a strategy to decrease excretion of BCRP-transported xenobiotics into the milk using riboflavin intervention. Rft and Bcrp mRNA were upregulated in the mammary gland of lactating mice. An intravenous riboflavin administration significantly reduced the levels of BCRP-transported cimetidine in milk. This study demonstrates the use of riboflavin to exploit the function of mammary BCRP in order to reduce xenobiotic secretion into breast milk.

To analyze fluctuation of indexes of consist and quality of milk of black and white and red-spotted cows during different months and seasons of lactation. The work was performed in Lithuanian Academy of Veterinary, department of stockbreeding as well as public enterprise Pieno Tyrimai during Master studies 2005-2007. During the analysis, data of controlled cows’ productivity was analyzed according to accounting information of cattle breeding. During the analysis we evaluated 98 Lithuanian black and white cows, Lithuanian red-spotted cows, as well as Ayrshire cows. Milk yield of Lithuanian black and white cows was 1160 kg of milk more than Ayrshire and 252 kg of milk more than Lithuanian red-spotted. Average milk yield of Ayrshire cows was 92 kg more than Lithuanian red-spotted. There was 0.53–0.83% of fat in milk of Lithuanian black and white cows, protein was 0.24–0.25% less than in Ayrshire or Lithuanian red-spotted. Lithuanian black and white cows had 1.0–15.0 kg of milk fat (or 0.3 –4.8%), milk protein – 23.0–25.0 kg (or 11.2–9.4%) more than in Ayrshire or Lithuanian red-spotted. During all periods of lactation most milk fat were found in milk of Ayrshire cows (5.05%), least in Lithuanian black and white cows (4.21%). Milk fat of Lithuanian black and white and Lithuanian red-spotted was less in comparison with Ayrshire cows. During all months of lactation most amount of protein was found in Lithuanian red-spotted and Ayrshire (3.69-3.68%), and least – in Lithuanian black... [to full text]

Introduction: Based on the perceived risk to newborns and pregnancy outcomes associated with certain drugs, women may be hesitant to prescribe and take drugs during pregnancy. In cases like these, pregnant women may seek treatment using natural health products (NHPs) as alternatives to drugs. Unfortunately, evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation is unknown for many NHPs. Objectives: To review the present state of evidence on the safety of NHPs during pregnancy and lactation. To create a new system to validate evidence on NHPs during pregnancy and lactation designed to affect medical decision. Methodology: NHPs were systematically reviewed and in some cases, meta-analyzed for evidence of safety during pregnancy and lactation. Results: In total, 79 NHPs were systematically reviewed and 2 NHPs were meta-analyzed in order to determine the evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation. Despite the presence of data (72/79 NHPs in pregnancy and 53/77 NHPs in lactation), the quality of the data was generally poor. Using evidence-based medicine principles, a new system of evaluating evidence was established for studies involving NHPs in pregnancy and lactation. A number of NHPs were identified as being of potential risk in pregnancy. A number of NHPs were identified as potentially being apparently safe in pregnancy and lactation. Blue cohosh is of potential concern for harm in pregnancy given an apparent dose-dependant relationship. Conclusion: There is a large knowledge gap on the safety of NHPs in pregnancy, even more so in lactation. The new system for evaluating NHP safety in pregnancy and lactation will require validation. In order to improve the knowledge gap, future studies are proposed on NHPs in pregnancy and lactation as part of the newly formed MotherNature research network.

Introduction: Based on the perceived risk to newborns and pregnancy outcomes associated with certain drugs, women may be hesitant to prescribe and take drugs during pregnancy. In cases like these, pregnant women may seek treatment using natural health products (NHPs) as alternatives to drugs. Unfortunately, evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation is unknown for many NHPs. Objectives: To review the present state of evidence on the safety of NHPs during pregnancy and lactation. To create a new system to validate evidence on NHPs during pregnancy and lactation designed to affect medical decision. Methodology: NHPs were systematically reviewed and in some cases, meta-analyzed for evidence of safety during pregnancy and lactation. Results: In total, 79 NHPs were systematically reviewed and 2 NHPs were meta-analyzed in order to determine the evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation. Despite the presence of data (72/79 NHPs in pregnancy and 53/77 NHPs in lactation), the quality of the data was generally poor. Using evidence-based medicine principles, a new system of evaluating evidence was established for studies involving NHPs in pregnancy and lactation. A number of NHPs were identified as being of potential risk in pregnancy. A number of NHPs were identified as potentially being apparently safe in pregnancy and lactation. Blue cohosh is of potential concern for harm in pregnancy given an apparent dose-dependant relationship. Conclusion: There is a large knowledge gap on the safety of NHPs in pregnancy, even more so in lactation. The new system for evaluating NHP safety in pregnancy and lactation will require validation. In order to improve the knowledge gap, future studies are proposed on NHPs in pregnancy and lactation as part of the newly formed MotherNature research network.

Knowledge on the precise effects of surplus glucose supply in dairy cows is limited by the lack of information on how intermediary metabolism adapts at different levels of glucose availability. Therefore, a gradual increase of glucose supply via intravenous glucose infusion was used in the present study to test the dose effect of surplus provision of glucose on the metabolic status and milk production of dairy cows. Furthermore, the effects of increasing levels of surplus glucose on mRNA expressions and activities of rate-limiting enzymes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis were investigated. Based on a previous finding that a positive energy balance may decrease hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) enzyme activity, it was also of interest whether skeletal muscle CPT activity is downregulated in a similar manner during positive energy balance. Twelve midlactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were continuously infused over a 28-d experimental period with either saline (SI group, six cows) or 40% glucose solutions (GI group, six cows). The infusion dose was calculated as a percentage of the daily energy (NEL) requirements by the animal, starting at 0% on d 0 and increasing gradually by 1.25%/d until a maximum dose of 30% was reached by d 24. Dose was then maintained at 30% NEL requirement for 5 d. No infusions were made between d 29-32. Liver and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken on d 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32. Body weight (BW) and back fat thickness (BFT) were recorded on biopsies days. Blood samples were taken every 2 d. In addition, blood samples over 24 h (6-h intervals) were taken the days before each biopsy. Milk and urine samples were taken on biopsies days. BW and BFT increased linearly with increasing glucose dose for GI cows. No differences were observed in the dry matter intake, milk energy output, and energy corrected milk yield between groups. However, milk protein percentage and yield increased linearly in the GI group. Only occasional increases in blood glucose and insulin concentrations were observed in blood samples taken at 1000 h every 2 d. However, during infusion dose of 30% NEL requirements on d 24, GI cows developed postprandial hyperglycemia associated with hyperinsulinemia, coinciding with glucosuria. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUIKI) indicated linear development of insulin resistance for the GI treatment. GI decreased serum concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and blood urea nitrogen and tended to decrease the serum concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Liver glycogen content increased, while glycogen content in skeletal muscle only tended to increase by GI. No significant changes were observed in the activities and relative mRNA expression levels of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phospatase. The activity of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and relative mRNA expression levels of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) were decreased in the GI group but only during the high dose of glucose infusion. Hepatic CPT activity decreased with GI and remained decreased on d 32. The hepatic expression levels of CPT-1A and CPT-2 mRNA were not significantly altered but tended to reflect the changes in enzyme activity. No effect of glucose infusion was observed on skeletal muscle CPT activity. The aforementioned adaptations were reversed four days after the end of glucose infusions except for those of BW, BFT, and lipid metabolism (i.e. serum BHBA and NEFA concentrations, hepatic CPT activity). It is concluded that mid-lactation dairy cows on an energy-balanced diet direct intravenously infused glucose predominantly to body fat reserves but not to increased lactation performance. Cows rapidly adapted to increasing glucose supply but experienced dose-dependent development of insulin resistance corresponding with postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia and glucosuria at dosages equivalent to 30% NEL requirements. The catalytic capacity of key hepatic gluconeogenesis enzymes in mid-lactating dairy cows is not significantly affected by nutritionally relevant increases of glucose supply. Only very high dosages selectively suppress PC transcription and FBPase activity. Finally, it can be concluded that suppression of CPT activity by positive energy balance appears to be specific for the liver in midlactating dairy cows.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

CAPES / A análise genética é uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na busca de melhores índices zootécnicos na ovinocultura leiteria. Há muitos anos as curvas de lactação e a estimação dos componentes de variância dos parâmetros calculados a partir delas, vêm sendo utilizadas nas estratégias de manejo em fazendas leiteiras, pois é possível alterar o formato da curva de lactação por meio da seleção. No Brasil, há uma grande lacuna sobre conhecimento técnico relacionado aos ovinos leiteiros no país. A estimação dos parâmetros da curva de lactação e posterior estimação dos componentes de variância permitem um melhor entendimento dos componentes genético e ambiental que afetam a produção, antecipando as informações necessárias para a tomada de decisão sobre o direcionamento do manejo genético dos rebanhos. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos dos componentes da curva de Wood em um rebanho de ovinos da raça Lacaune. Foram utilizadas 3558 informações de ovinos da raça Lacaune, e estimados os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos dos parâmetros para a produção inicial (a), acréscimo até o pico (b), decréscimo após o pico (c), dia do pico (d), produção no pico (p), persistência (ln(s)) e produção total (y) da curva de Wood via estimação Bayesiana por meio do método de amostragem de Gibbs. A média estimada para os parâmetros a, b, c, d, p, ln(s) e y foram 0,362; 0,135; 0,032; 3,911; 1,703; 4,049; 76,249, respectivamente. As herdabilidades médias estimadas foram 0,41 (a), 0,47 (b), 0,50 (c), 0,11 (d), 0,30 (p), 0,36 (ln(s)) e 0,002 (y). As correlações fenotípicas e genéticas entre o parâmetro a e as demais variaram de -0,13 a 0,39 e -0,06 a 0,24, respectivamente. No parâmetro b variaram de - 0,002 a 0,17 e 0,04 a 0,15, parâmetro c de -0,01 a 0,11 e 0,04 a 0,10, parâmetro d de - 0,13 a 0,39 e -0,02 a 0,11, parâmetro p de -0,15 a 0,39 e -0,12 a 0,24, parâmetro ln(s) de -0,15 a 0,39 e -0,12 a 0,11, e para o parâmetro y variaram de -0,002 a 0,33 e 0,04 a 0,08. As repetibilidades identificadas foram 0,81 (a), 0,94 (b), 0,98 (c), 0,22 (d), 0,60 (p), 0,71 (ln(s)) e 0,003 (y). Conclui-se que as estimativas médias de herdabilidade e correlações identificadas evidenciaram um forte efeito ambiental afetando a expressão da característica produção de leite e baixas correlações genéticas entre os parâmetros da curva e a produção, indicando que a seleção pela produção de leite trará pouco ganho genético. Por outro lado, a seleção considerando todos os parâmetros da curva pode ser mais conveniente. Além disso, fica evidenciada a necessidade da padronização do manejo do rebanho. Devem ser elaborados estudos mais detalhados que permitam entender a relação dos parâmetros. O banco de dados pode ser trabalhado em outros períodos de lactação para um melhor conhecimento das estimativas dos componentes de variância. Seria de grande valia estudos sobre componentes principais e análise de trilha para posterior utilização no método de índice de seleção, para corroborar com a seleção que considera todos os parâmetros da curva. / Genetic analysis is a tool that can help in the search for better zootechnical indexes in dairy sheep breeding. For many years the lactation curves and the estimation of variance components of the parameters calculated from them have been used in management strategies in dairy farms since it is possible to change the shape of the lactation curve through selection. In Brazil, there is a large gap regarding technical knowledge related to dairy sheep in the country. The estimation of lactation curve parameters and subsequent estimation of the components of variance allow a better understanding of the genetic and environmental components that affect production, anticipating the information necessary for decision making on the direction of the genetic management of the herds. The aim of this work was to estimate the components of variance and the genetic parameters of the components of the Wood curve in a herd of Lacaune sheep. We used 3558 information from Lacaune sheep, and estimated the variance components and genetic parameters of the parameters for initial production (a), increase to peak (b), decrease after peak (c), peak day (d), peak production (p), persistence (ln (s)), and total production (y) of the Wood curve via Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampling method. The estimated mean for parameters a, b, c, d, p, ln (s) and y were 0.362, 0.135, 0.032, 3.911, 1.703, 4.049, 76.249, respectively. The estimated mean heritabilities were 0.41 (a), 0.47 (b), 0.50 (c), 0.11 (d), 0.30 (p), 0.36 (ln (s)) and 0.002 (y). The phenotypic and genetic correlations between parameter a and the others ranged from -0.13 to 0.39 and -0.06 to 0.24, respectively. In parameter b ranged from -0.002 to 0.17 and 0.04 to 0.15, parameter c of -0.01 to 0.11 and 0.04 to 0.10, parameter d of -0.13 to 0.39 and - 0.02 to 0.11, parameter p of -0.15 to 0.39 and -0.12 to 0.24, parameter ln (s) of -0.15 to 0.39 and -0.12 to 0.11, and for the parameter y ranged from -0.002 to 0.33 and 0.04 to 0.08. The repeatability identified were 0.81 (a), 0.94 (b), 0.98 (c), 0.22 (d), 0.60 (p), 0.71 (ln (s)) and 0.003 (y). It was concluded that the average estimates of heritability and correlations showed a strong environmental effect affecting the expression of the characteristic milk production and low genetic correlations between the parameters of the curve and the production, indicating that the selection by milk production will bring little genetic gain. On the other hand, the selection considering all parameters of the curve may be more convenient. In addition, the need for standardization of herd management is evidenced. More detailed studies should be developed to understand the relationship of the parameters. The database can be worked on in other lactation periods for a better understanding of the variance component estimates. It would be of great value studies on main components and track analysis for later use in the selection index method, to corroborate with the selection that considers all parameters of the curve.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of live weight in the course in rearing heifers on milk yield Fleckvieh in economically squad Určice. 420 cows of Czech Fleckvieh breed in period of 5 years (2011-2016) were evaluated. Body weight of heifers was determined by bridging the transition from individual business records to the age of 3, 6, 12 and 15 month. The influence of bodyweight heifers during rearing on the usability and functional length were evaluated, as well as the effect of the age at first calving on milk yield and functional longevity. Last but not least were determined the most common causes of retirement of cattle from the herd. No significant effects of rearing of heifers on dairy milk yield or the longevity of cows were detected.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CandisseCVS_DISSERT.pdf: 801823 bytes, checksum: 9e197475c87fc9b381c63a2ac8c9df4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Animals under heat stress tend to have affected their productive and reproductive capacity , based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of climatic variables on the production of crossbred dairy cows reared in semi-arid environment in Northeast Brazil . Data were used for the production of 497 crossbred cows ( Holstein x Gir ) , between the years 2008 to 2012 , created in rotational grazing system using Guinea grass as pasture , with water ad libitum and supplemented with feed at 18 % protein . Meteorological data were collected at the Federal Institute of Ceará weather station, located in the Apodi Plateau, in the city of Limon Northern 500m from the farm where the cows are raised The animals were classified as lactations (1-5) and according to days in milk (DIM - 0-300), were divided into 10 groups every 30 days. Thus the average production was evaluated according to lactation and time in lactation (DIM). Analysis of variance was based on the least squares method and the correlation analysis , the Pearson method , where data of milk production and all environmental variables used for each lactation and DIM were analyzed each was used. The average production grew as increased lactation order. Regarding environmental variables, it was observed that there was a positive correlation between the air temperature and production (P < 0.05), and precipitation and relative humidity were inversely proportional to production (P < 0.05). In semiarid region crossbred cows have increased production to 5th lactation and peak occurs between 60 and 90 days of lactation. The daily milk yield was correlated with meteorological variables. Negatively with relative humidity and mainly with rainfall and positively but low, with the air temperature / Animais sob estresse térmico tendem a ter sua capacidade produtiva e reprodutiva afetadas, baseado nisto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência das variáveis climáticas sobre a produção de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em ambiente semiárido no Nordeste Brasileiro. Foram utilizados dados de produção de 497 vacas mestiças (Holandês X Gir), entre os anos de 2008 a 2012, criadas em sistema de pastejo rotacionado, utilizando capim Tanzânia como pastagem, com água ad libitum e suplementadas com ração a 18% de proteína. Os dados meteorológicos foram coletados na estação meteorológica do Instituto Federal do Ceará, localizada na Chapada do Apodi, na cidade de Limoeiro do Norte a 500m da fazenda onde as vacas são criadas. Os animais foram classificados quanto às lactações (1 a 5) e quanto aos dias em lactação (DIM 0 a 300), sendo divididos em 10 grupos a cada 30 dias. Desta forma a produção média foi avaliada conforme a lactação e o tempo em lactação (DIM). A análise de variância foi baseada no método dos quadrados mínimos e para a análise de correlação, foi utilizado o método de Pearson, onde foram analisados os dados da produção de leite e todas as variáveis ambientais utilizadas, para cada lactação e cada DIM. A média da produção cresceu à medida que aumentou a ordem de lactação. Com relação às variáveis ambientais, observou-se que houve correlação positiva entre a temperatura do ar e a produção (P<0,05), e que a precipitação e a umidade relativa do ar foram inversamente proporcionais a produção (P<0,05). Na região semiárida as vacas mestiças apresentam produção crescente até a 5ª lactação e pico ocorre entre 60 e 90 dias de lactação. A produção diária de leite apresentou correlação com as variáveis meteorológicas. Negativamente com a umidade relativa e, principalmente, com a precipitação pluviométrica, e positivamente, mas baixa, com a temperatura do ar

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do número de leitões paridos e desmamados no primeiro parto, das reservas corporais ao parto e a perda das reservas corporais durante a lactação sobre a produção de leitões no segundo parto. Foram analisadas 1222 fêmeas que chegaram ao segundo parto sem interrupções como retorno ao estro, abortamento ou vazias ao parto. Foram medidos o peso corporal, espessura de toucinho (ET) e escore corporal visual (ECV), no máximo 24 horas pós-parto e no dia do desmame. Foram calculados a gordura e a proteína corporal ao parto e ao desmame para posteriormente serem obtidos os valores com relação às perdas destas reservas. O total de leitões nascidos no primeiro e no segundo partos e o número de leitões desmamados foram analisados de acordo com as características corporais e produtivas das fêmeas no primeiro parto e primeiro desmame. O tamanho de leitegada no primeiro e no segundo partos foram, respectivamente 12,4 leitões e o de 9,7 leitões nascidos totais. Na média as fêmeas apresentaram redução de 18,6 kg (9%) de peso corporal, 3,1mm de ET e 0,8 de ECV durante a lactação. O tamanho da leitegada no segundo parto não diferiu entre as classes das variáveis, peso, ET, ECV, gordura e proteína corporal no primeiro parto (P>0,05). As fêmeas com peso acima de 178kg, ET (≥16), ECV (≥3,0) e gordura corporal (≥21%) ao desmame tiveram maior leitegada no segundo parto e menor diferença no número de nascidos entre o primeiro e segundo parto (P<0,05). Fêmeas com maior percentual de proteína corporal ao desmame (≥15%) tiveram maior número de leitões nascidos na segunda leitegada. Houve maior diminuição no tamanho da segunda leitegada nas fêmeas com perdas de peso corporal acima de 10% (P<0,05). Perdas de proteína ou de gordura corporal acima de 10% e de 23%, respectivamente implicaram na maior diminuição no número de leitões nascidos no segundo parto (P<0,05). A perda de reservas corporais durante a lactação de primíparas influencia a redução do tamanho da leitegada no segundo parto. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of body reserves at farrowing and the corporal reserves losses during the first lactation on the second litter size. A number of 1222 females that reached the second parity without interruptions as return to estrus, abortion or failing to farrow were analyzed. Measurements of body weight, backfat thickness (BT) and corporal condition (CC) were taken within 24-hours after farrowing and on the weaning day. Sow body fat and protein mass, at first farrowing and first weaning, were calculated and the values of these reserves losses were estimated. The total piglets at first and second farrowing and the number of weaned piglets were analyzed according to the females corporal and productive characteristics at first farrowing and first weaning.Litter size at first and second farrowing were respectively 12.4 and 9.7 total born piglets. In the average, the females demonstrated a reduction of 18.6 kg (9%) in body weight, 3.1mm BT and 0.8 CC during lactation. Second litter size did not differ between the categories body weight, BT, CC, body fat and body protein at first farrowing (P>0.05). Females with more than 178kg, BT (≥16), ECV (≥3.0) and body fat (≥21%) at weaning had largest second litters and less differences in the number of piglets born between first and second farrowing (P<0.05). Sow body protein mass at weaning (≥15%) had a higher effect on the number of piglets produced in the second litter. Females with weight losses during lactation above 10% showed the greatest reduction in second litter size (P<0.05). Protein or fat mass losses above 10% and 23%, respectively resulted in a high reduction in the number of total born piglets in second litter (P<0.05).Looses of corporal reserves during the first lactation influences the reduction in the second litter size.