Este trabalho visou a produção de suportes para crescimento celular constituídos de compósitos de poli(L-lactídeo) (PLLA) e diversos tipos de fosfatos de cálcio (CaP). A hidroxiapatita deficiente em cálcio (HAD) e o fosfato octacálcico (OCP) em tamanhos submicrométricos foram sintetizados. Hidroxiapatita (HA) e o β-fosfato tricálcico (β-TCP) foram adquiridos da Sigma-Aldrich. Uma mistura de HAD:β-TCP (7:3) também foi preparada. Para melhorar a dispersão da fase mineral em uma matriz polimérica de PLLA, utilizou-se cloreto de lauroíla para funcionalizar a superfície dos CaP. Os espectros de infravermelho e a análise termogravimétrica confirmaram a presença de laurato na superfície de partículas de CaP. As partículas de HA pura também foram funcionalizadas com cloreto de lauroíla para fins comparativos. Compósitos de PLLA/CaP-laurato foram fabricados utilizando a técnica de eletrofiação. A funcionalização da superfície do CaP com laurato resultou em uma melhoria significativa na dispersão de partículas de CaP na matriz polimérica, permitindo a inclusão de até 40% da fase mineral sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) foram utilizadas para investigar a morfologia da fibra. A perda de massa e a liberação de cálcio dos suportes durante a degradação em uma solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) foram medidas. HAD e OCP se mostraram ser mais solúveis do que HA e HAD:β-TCP (7:3). A bioatividade dos compósitos foi investigada por imersão das fibras em um fluido corporal simulado (SBF) a 37 °C e pH 7.4. Embora todos os suportes de PLLA/CaP-laurato foram capazes de formar uma camada de apatita em sua superfície após a exposição em SBF, os resultados demonstraram um aumento significativo na mineralização quando HAD, OCP e HAD:β-TCP (7:3) são a fase mineral no compósito em vez da HA. Além disso, malhas produzidas a partir das fibras eletrofiadas de PLLA/CaP-laurato, utilizadas como suporte para crescimento celular, favoreceram a adesão e proliferação de células de fibroblastos de camundongo (NIH-3T3) e células tronco mesenquimais de dentes decíduos humanos (SHED). Finalmente, suportes a partir das malhas PLLA/HAD-laurato e PLLA/OCP-laurato apresentaram melhor desempenho para acelerar a calcificação in vitro como resultado da osteoindução de células SHED e de células pré-osteoblásticas derivadas de calvária de rato (MC3T3-E1) se comparados aqueles contendo HA e HAD:β-TCP (7:3). Esses novos materiais são propostos como biocompósitos de rápida degradação de CaP, para serem utilizados em aplicações de regeneração óssea em ortodontia e ortopedia. / This work aimed at the generation of scaffolds for cellular growth constituted by poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and several types of calcium phosphate (CaP). Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (HAD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) were synthesized in submicrometer sizes. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. A mixture of HAD:β-TCP (7:3) also was prepared. In order to improve the dispersion of the mineral phase in a PLLA polymeric matrix, lauroyl chloride was used to functionalize the surface of CaP. Infrared spectra and thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of laurate on the surface of CaP particles. Neat HA particles were also functionalized with lauryl chloride for comparative purposes. Composites of PLLA/CaP-laurate were fabricated by electrospinning method. The functionalization of CaP surfaces resulted in significant improvement of the dispersion of CaP particles into the polymeric matrix, allowing inclusion of up to 40% of mineral phase without compromising its mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the morphology of the fibers. The mass loss and calcium release of the scaffolds during degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were measured. HAD and OCP are more soluble than HA and HAD:β-TCP (7:3). The bioactivity of the composites was investigated by immersing the fibers in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C and pH 7.4. Although all PLLA/CaP-laurate can form apatite precipitation on their surface after exposition to SBF, the results demonstrate a significant enhancement in the mineralization when HAD, OCP and HAD:β-TCP (7:3) are the mineral phase in the composite instead of HA. Furthermore, mats obtained from PLLA/CaP-laurate electrospun fibers favored the mouse fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) attachment and proliferation. Finally, PLLA/HAD-laurate and PLLA/OCP-laurate meshes showed better performance in accelerate the calcium phosphate mineralization on its surface as a result of the in vitro osteoinduction of SHEDs and calvaria derived mouse preosteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) if compared of those containing HA and HAD:β-TCP (7:3). These new materials are proposed as fast degradation CaP biocomposites to be used in bone regeneration applications in orthodontics and orthopedics.

Este trabalho visou a produção de suportes para crescimento celular constituídos de compósitos de poli(L-lactídeo) (PLLA) e diversos tipos de fosfatos de cálcio (CaP). A hidroxiapatita deficiente em cálcio (HAD) e o fosfato octacálcico (OCP) em tamanhos submicrométricos foram sintetizados. Hidroxiapatita (HA) e o β-fosfato tricálcico (β-TCP) foram adquiridos da Sigma-Aldrich. Uma mistura de HAD:β-TCP (7:3) também foi preparada. Para melhorar a dispersão da fase mineral em uma matriz polimérica de PLLA, utilizou-se cloreto de lauroíla para funcionalizar a superfície dos CaP. Os espectros de infravermelho e a análise termogravimétrica confirmaram a presença de laurato na superfície de partículas de CaP. As partículas de HA pura também foram funcionalizadas com cloreto de lauroíla para fins comparativos. Compósitos de PLLA/CaP-laurato foram fabricados utilizando a técnica de eletrofiação. A funcionalização da superfície do CaP com laurato resultou em uma melhoria significativa na dispersão de partículas de CaP na matriz polimérica, permitindo a inclusão de até 40% da fase mineral sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) foram utilizadas para investigar a morfologia da fibra. A perda de massa e a liberação de cálcio dos suportes durante a degradação em uma solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) foram medidas. HAD e OCP se mostraram ser mais solúveis do que HA e HAD:β-TCP (7:3). A bioatividade dos compósitos foi investigada por imersão das fibras em um fluido corporal simulado (SBF) a 37 °C e pH 7.4. Embora todos os suportes de PLLA/CaP-laurato foram capazes de formar uma camada de apatita em sua superfície após a exposição em SBF, os resultados demonstraram um aumento significativo na mineralização quando HAD, OCP e HAD:β-TCP (7:3) são a fase mineral no compósito em vez da HA. Além disso, malhas produzidas a partir das fibras eletrofiadas de PLLA/CaP-laurato, utilizadas como suporte para crescimento celular, favoreceram a adesão e proliferação de células de fibroblastos de camundongo (NIH-3T3) e células tronco mesenquimais de dentes decíduos humanos (SHED). Finalmente, suportes a partir das malhas PLLA/HAD-laurato e PLLA/OCP-laurato apresentaram melhor desempenho para acelerar a calcificação in vitro como resultado da osteoindução de células SHED e de células pré-osteoblásticas derivadas de calvária de rato (MC3T3-E1) se comparados aqueles contendo HA e HAD:β-TCP (7:3). Esses novos materiais são propostos como biocompósitos de rápida degradação de CaP, para serem utilizados em aplicações de regeneração óssea em ortodontia e ortopedia. / This work aimed at the generation of scaffolds for cellular growth constituted by poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and several types of calcium phosphate (CaP). Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (HAD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) were synthesized in submicrometer sizes. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. A mixture of HAD:β-TCP (7:3) also was prepared. In order to improve the dispersion of the mineral phase in a PLLA polymeric matrix, lauroyl chloride was used to functionalize the surface of CaP. Infrared spectra and thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of laurate on the surface of CaP particles. Neat HA particles were also functionalized with lauryl chloride for comparative purposes. Composites of PLLA/CaP-laurate were fabricated by electrospinning method. The functionalization of CaP surfaces resulted in significant improvement of the dispersion of CaP particles into the polymeric matrix, allowing inclusion of up to 40% of mineral phase without compromising its mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the morphology of the fibers. The mass loss and calcium release of the scaffolds during degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were measured. HAD and OCP are more soluble than HA and HAD:β-TCP (7:3). The bioactivity of the composites was investigated by immersing the fibers in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C and pH 7.4. Although all PLLA/CaP-laurate can form apatite precipitation on their surface after exposition to SBF, the results demonstrate a significant enhancement in the mineralization when HAD, OCP and HAD:β-TCP (7:3) are the mineral phase in the composite instead of HA. Furthermore, mats obtained from PLLA/CaP-laurate electrospun fibers favored the mouse fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) attachment and proliferation. Finally, PLLA/HAD-laurate and PLLA/OCP-laurate meshes showed better performance in accelerate the calcium phosphate mineralization on its surface as a result of the in vitro osteoinduction of SHEDs and calvaria derived mouse preosteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) if compared of those containing HA and HAD:β-TCP (7:3). These new materials are proposed as fast degradation CaP biocomposites to be used in bone regeneration applications in orthodontics and orthopedics.

Le sujet de cette étude consiste en la synthèse de nouveaux copolymères, associatifs en milieux aqueux, susceptibles d'encapsuler une protéine. Ces copolymères doivent être biocompatibles et biorésorbables pour une application biomédicale éventuelle et doivent de plus être amphiphiles. Le but de ce manuscrit est ainsi de décrire la synthèse de copolymères à blocs amphiphiles. L'association des blocs hydrophobes du copolymère doit en effet permettre la formation de particules en émulsion aqueuse. La partie hydrophobe des copolymères à blocs est constituée de polylactide synthétisé par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du L-lactide. Le bloc hydrophile est constitué de poly(acide glutamique), peptide obtenu en deux étapes. On synthétise le poly(glutamate de benzyle) lors de la première étape par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle d'un anhydride de Leuchs, le N-carboxyanhydride de L-glutamate de benzyle. On déprotège ensuite les fonctions acide de ce polymère encore hydrophobe, le poly(glutamate de benzyle), pour obtenir le poly(acide glutamique), hydrophile. L'architecture du copolymère à blocs est obtenue à l'aide d'un amorceur difonctionnel qui amorce dans un premier temps la polymérisation du L-lactide. Le premier bloc de polylactide ainsi synthétisé possède en bout de chaîne un groupement susceptible d'amorcer la polymérisation du N-carboxyanhydride de L-glutamate de benzyle. On synthétise donc dans un deuxième temps le copolymère à blocs hydrophobes et on déprotège les fonctions acide du deuxième bloc pour obtenir le copolymère à blocs amphiphiles.

The use of various biodegradable polymers for the improvement of different controlled and long-lasting drug release systems is an active research area in recent years. The application of different metal prostheses, especially titanium based ones, to the human body is also very common. A most important disadvantage of these prostheses is the risk of infection at the application areas that necessitates the removing of the prosthesis with a second surgical operation and reapplication of it after recovery. One of the best ways to solve this problem is to render metal prostheses infection free with controlled and sustainable drug (antibiotic) release systems. The long term sustained release of relevant antibiotics from the various biodegradable polymer coated metal implants is studied in this thesis. Virtual fatigue analysis and drug loading capacities of titanium and stainless steel samples with different surface pattern and modifications were studied. Various biodegradable polymer and drug combinations were examined and used for coating of metal prosthesis. The aim is to design polymer-drug coated metal implants that are capable of releasing a feasible amount of drug up to a period of at least 1 month. Various coating techniques and surface modifications were also employed to improve the adhesional properties of the drug containing polymers. Their adhesion abilities on the metal substrates were tested by Lap-shear and T-peel tests. Polymer degradation kinetics was followed by viscosity studies. Calibration lines for different drugs were obtained and drug releases on different systems were followed by using UV spectroscopy and microbial antibiotic sensitivity tests. Among the techniques applied to prevent fast release of drugs initially, the coatings of Vancomycin absorbed &amp / #946 / -TCP (&amp / #946 / -tricalcium phosphate) homogeneously distributed in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) solution in chloroform followed by an inert coating with poly(L-lactide) system proved to be feasible. By this technique, initial burst release was minimized and drug release from implants lasted nearly 2 months. Multiple coatings on polymer plus drug coating layer also gave promising results. In vivo studies on dorsal muscles of native rabbits with antibiotic loaded implants gave no negative effect on the surrounding tissues with high compatibility free of infection.

<p>The use of synthetic materials for tissue and organ reconstruction, i. e. tissue engineering, has become a promising alternative to current surgical therapies and may overcome the shortcomings of the methods in use today. The challenge is in the design and reproducible fabrication of biocompatible and bioresorbable polymers, with suitable surface chemistry, desirable mechanical properties, and the wanted degradation profile. These material properties can be achieved in various manners, including the synthesis of homo- and copolymers along with linear and star-shaped architectures. In many applications the materials’ three-dimensional structure is almost as important as its composition and porous scaffolds with high porosity and interconnected pores that facilitate the in-growth of cells and transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste is desired.</p><p>In this work linear and star-shaped polymers have been synthesized by ring-opening polymerization using a stannous-based catalyst and a spirocyclic tin initiator. A series of linear copolymers with various combinations of 1,5-dioxepane-2-one (DXO), Llactide (LLA) and ε-caprolactone (CL) have been polymerized using stannous octoate as catalyst. It is shown that the composition of the polymers can be chosen in such a manner that the materials’ mechanical and thermal properties can be predetermined. A solvent-casting and particulate leaching scaffold preparation technique has been developed and used to create three-dimensional structures with interconnected pores. The achieved physical properties of these materials’ should facilitate their use in both soft and hard tissue regeneration.</p><p>Well defined star-shaped polyesters have been synthesized using a spirocyclic tin initiator where L-lactide was chosen as a model system for the investigation of the polymerization kinetics. Neither the temperature nor the solvent affects the molecular weight or the molecular weight distribution of the star-shaped polymers, which all show a molecular weight distribution below 1.19 and a molecular weight determined by the initial monomer-to-initiator concentration.</p>

Les nanoparticules polymériques biodégradable (NPs) sont apparues ces dernières années comme des systèmes prometteurs pour le ciblage et la libération contrôlée de médicaments. La première partie de cette étude visait à développer des NPs biodégradables préparées à partir de copolymères fonctionnalisés de l’acide lactique (poly (D,L)lactide ou PLA). Les polymères ont été étudiés comme systèmes de libération de médicaments dans le but d'améliorer les performances des NPs de PLA conventionnelles. L'effet de la fonctionnalisation du PLA par insertion de groupements chimiques dans la chaîne du polymère sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des NPs a été étudié. En outre, l'effet de l'architecture du polymère (mode d'organisation des chaînes de polymère dans le copolymère obtenu) sur divers aspects de l’administration de médicament a également été étudié. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, divers copolymères à base de PLA ont été synthétisés. Plus précisément il s’agit de 1) copolymères du poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG) greffées sur la chaîne de PLA à 2.5% et 7% mol. / mol. de monomères d'acide lactique (PEG2.5%-g-PLA et PEG7%-g-PLA, respectivement), 2) des groupements d’acide palmitique greffés sur le squelette de PLA à une densité de greffage de 2,5% (palmitique acid2.5%-g-PLA), 3) de copolymère « multibloc » de PLA et de PEG, (PLA-PEG-PLA)n. Dans la deuxième partie, l'effet des différentes densités de greffage sur les propriétés des NPs de PEG-g-PLA (propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques) a été étudié pour déterminer la densité optimale de greffage PEG nécessaire pour développer la furtivité (« long circulating NPs »). Enfin, les copolymères de PLA fonctionnalisé avec du PEG ayant montré les résultats les plus satisfaisants en regard des divers aspects d’administration de médicaments, (tels que taille et de distribution de taille, charge de surface, chargement de drogue, libération contrôlée de médicaments) ont été sélectionnés pour l'encapsulation de l'itraconazole (ITZ). Le but est dans ce cas d’améliorer sa solubilité dans l'eau, sa biodisponibilité et donc son activité antifongique. Les NPs ont d'abord été préparées à partir de copolymères fonctionnalisés de PLA, puis ensuite analysés pour leurs paramètres physico-chimiques majeurs tels que l'efficacité d'encapsulation, la taille et distribution de taille, la charge de surface, les propriétés thermiques, la chimie de surface, le pourcentage de poly (alcool vinylique) (PVA) adsorbé à la surface, et le profil de libération de médicament. L'analyse de la chimie de surface par la spectroscopie de photoélectrons rayon X (XPS) et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM) ont été utilisés pour étudier l'organisation des chaînes de copolymère dans la formulation des NPs. De manière générale, les copolymères de PLA fonctionnalisés avec le PEG ont montré une amélioration du comportement de libération de médicaments en termes de taille et distribution de taille étroite, d’amélioration de l'efficacité de chargement, de diminution de l'adsorption des protéines plasmatiques sur leurs surfaces, de diminution de l’internalisation par les cellules de type macrophages, et enfin une meilleure activité antifongique des NPs chargées avec ITZ. En ce qui concerne l'analyse de la chimie de surface, l'imagerie de phase en AFM et les résultats de l’XPS ont montré la possibilité de la présence de davantage de chaînes de PEG à la surface des NPs faites de PEG-g-PLA que de NPS faites à partie de (PLA-PEG-PLA)n. Nos résultats démontrent que les propriétés des NPs peuvent être modifiées à la fois par le choix approprié de la composition en polymère mais aussi par l'architecture de ceux-ci. Les résultats suggèrent également que les copolymères de PEG-g-PLA pourraient être utilisés efficacement pour préparer des transporteurs nanométriques améliorant les propriétés de certains médicaments,notamment la solubilité, la stabilité et la biodisponibilité. / Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising drug delivery carriers for the controlled drug release and targeting. The first part of this study aimed to develop biodegradable NPs from functionalized copolymers of poly (D,L-Lactide) (PLA). Those copolymers were explored as drug delivery systems in attempt to improve the drug delivery performance of conventional PLA NPs. The effect of PLA functionalization (insertion of chemical substituents onto PLA backbone) on the physicochemical properties of the obtained NPs was investigated. Moreover, the effect of polymer architecture (mode of organization of polymer chains in the resultant copolymer) on various drug delivery aspects was also studied. To reach those goals, various PLA based copolymers namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted on PLA backbone at 2.5% & 7% mol/mol of lactic acid monomers (PEG2.5%-g-PLA and PEG7%-g-PLA, respectively), palmitic acid grafted on PLA backbone at 2.5% grafting density (palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA), and multiblock copolymer of PLA and PEG, (PLA-PEG-PLA)n were synthesized. In the second part, the effect of different PEG grafting densities over PLA backbone on the properties of PEG-g-PLA NPs either physicochemical or biological properties was investigated to reveal the optimal PEG grafting density required to develop stealth particles (long circulating NPs). Finally, functionalized PEG/PLA copolymers that showed the most satisfactory results in terms of various drug delivery aspects, such as size and size distribution, surface charge, drug loading, and controlled drug release were selected for encapsulation of itraconazole (ITZ) to improve its aqueous solubility, bioavailability and hence its antifungal activity. NPs were first prepared from functionalized PLA copolymers then analyzed for their major physicochemical parameters such as encapsulation efficiency, size and size distribution, surface charge, thermal properties, surface chemistry, % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) adsorbed at the surface of NPs, and drug release pattern. Surface chemistry analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging were used to study the chain organization behavior of each functionalized copolymer during NPs formulation. Generally speaking, functionalized PEG/PLA copolymers showed improved drug delivery behavior in terms of narrow size and size distribution, enhanced loading efficiency, less plasma protein adsorption onto their surfaces and less macrophage uptake, and finally better antifungal activity for ITZ loaded NPs. For the surface chemistry analysis, AFM phase imaging and XPS studies revealed the possibility of existence of more PEG chains at the surface of PEG-g-PLA NPs than (PLA-PEG-PLA)n during NPs formation. Our results demonstrate that properties of PLA-based NPs can be tuned by proper selection of both polymer composition and polymer architecture. Results also suggest that PEG-g-PLA copolymers could be used efficiently as a nanocarrier to improve various drug properties e.g. solubility, stability, and bioavailability.

Dans cette étude, plusieurs voies ont été explorées dans l'objectif d'utiliser des polyesters aliphatiques issus de ressources oléagineuses comme additifs pour le renfort au choc du poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). Dans un premier temps, des poly(ester-amide)s (PEAs) ont été synthétisés à partir de dérivés de l'huile de ricin. La relation structure-propriétés des PEAs obtenus a été clairement établie. La dispersion des PEAs (à différents taux) par extrusion à l'état fondu dans une matrice de PLLA a ensuite été effectuée, démontrant un accroissement de la résilience de ces mélanges en comparaison au PLLA seul. Une étude systématique reliant la structure d'une large gamme de polyesters aux propriétés des mélanges polyesters/PLLA, a ensuite été réalisée. Une forte dépendance de la résilience des mélanges polyesters/PLLA avec la cristallinité de l'additif polyester a été observée et quantifiée.Une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques du PLLA a également été obtenue par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du lactide amorcée par un poly(acide ricinoléique) di-hydroxy téléchélique. Les copolymères triblocs ainsi formés ont été caractérisés d'un point de vue morphologique et mécanique.Enfin, un travail exploratoire utilisant l'ADMET comme méthode de polymérisation a été conduit, permettant la synthèse de nouveaux polymères prometteurs pour le renfort au choc du PLLA. Notamment, la copolymérisation de α,ω-diènes bio-sourcés a permis de mimer le polyéthylène basse densité linéaire, couramment employé pour le renfort au choc du PLLA.

This thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of novel mono and dinuclear homogenous [Zn(II)] and [In(III)] metal complexes. Their applications as catalysts for CO₂/epoxide or epoxide/anhydride ring opening copolymerisation and lactide ring opening polymerisation to generate polycarbonates and polyesters, respectively, are also reported. Chapter 3 reports the first indium phosphasalen catalysts for CO₂/cyclohexene oxide ring opening copolymerization. The catalysts are active at 1 bar pressure of CO₂ and are most effective without any co-catalyst. It is also possible to use the complexes to isolate and characterise the key intermediates in the catalytic cycle. Kinetic and spectroscopic analyses show that polymerisation proceeds via a rare cis-mononuclear coordination- insertion mechanism. Chapter 4 describes a series of mono and dinuclear zinc macrocycle catalysts with very high activities for the racemic lactide ring opening polymerisation. In most cases, the dinuclear zinc catalysts significantly out-perform the mono-zinc homologue. In addition, kinetic and spectroscopic investigations suggest a role for the ligand conformation in mediating rate. The catalysts perform very well under immortal conditions and operate at low catalyst loading, whilst conserving high activities. Chapter 5 presents four dinuclear zinc acetate salen catalysts for the ring opening copolymerisation of CO₂/cyclohexene oxide and phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide. The catalysts show moderate activities for CO₂/epoxide copolymerisation but are highly active for epoxide/anhydride copolymerisation. Structure/activity relationship studies reveal that the more flexible and electron donating ligand displays the highest activity. Poly(ester-b-carbonate)s are also afforded using the most active catalyst in terpolymerisations of anhydride/epoxide/CO₂.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a síntese e propriedades do copolímero poli(l,l-lactídeo-stat-e-caprolactona)-bloco-poli(óxido de etileno)-bloco-poli(l,l-lactideostat-e-caprolactona). Poli(óxido de etileno) de massa molar 20.000 u.m.a. e poli(óxido de etileno) modificado, preparado a partir de poli(glicol etilênico) de massa molar 4.000 u.m.a., foram selecionados para o processo da síntese. A reação foi feita pela polimerização por abertura de anel em massa a 120ºC usando octoanato de estanho como iniciador. A composição química de cada amostra foi determinada com auxílio de RMN-1H e RMN-13C e suas propriedades mecânicas foram verificadas e comparadas utilizando análises térmicas como DMTA, DSC, TG e a aplicação da MEV como análise complementar. A observação pelas fotos de MOLP permitiu a visualização do comportamento de nucleação dos copolímeros e as características de sua cristalinidade. Seu grau de cristalinidade e as fases cristalinas foram identificados por difração de raios X (WAXS). A biocompatibilidade do material também foi examinada pela cultura de células. Os resultados de caracterização indicam o sucesso da copolimerização, as propriedades elastoméricas e, sua não citotoxidade comprovaram a possibilidade do uso destes copolímeros como biomateriais. Contudo, o tempo prolongado de reação e baixa incorporação do monômero lactídeo ainda são questões a serem melhoradas para a viabilização do copolímero como material de implante na área biomédica. / This work includes the study of the synthesis and characterization of the copolymer poly(l,l-lactide-stat-e-caprolactone)-b-PEG-b-poly(l,l-lactide-stat-e-caprolactone). Poly (ethylene oxide) with molar weight 20.000 and poly(ethylene oxide) modified, prepared from poly(ethylene oxide) with molar weight 4000 have been selected for this synthesis process. The reaction was done by ring-opening bulk polymerization, using stannous octoate as initiator at 120ºC. The chemical composition of samples were determined by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and their mechanical properties were verified using thermal analyses like DMTA, DSC and TG. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied as a complementary analysis. The pictures of polarizing optical microscopy showed us the copolymer\'s nucleation behaviors and their respective crystallization. The degrees of crystallinity and phase of copolymers were determined by WAXS. The biocompatibility of the copolymer was examined by cell cultivation test. The result of these analyses above indicated the success of synthesis. Their rubbery properties and non-toxicity allowed their application as biomaterial. However, the long reaction time and low incorporation of monomer of lactide might to be improved to increase its potential use in biomedical area in the future.

A administração indiscriminada de antimicrobianos sistêmicos tem como principais efeitos indesejáveis a seleção antimicrobiana, hipersensibilidade, comprometimento gastrointestinal e toxicidade. A busca por uma alternativa à terapêutica antimicrobiana sistêmica em Odontologia através do uso de um material biodegradável de aplicação local pode apresentar inúmeras vantagens. As características estruturais, de citocompatibilidade e facilidade de fabricação do polímero sintético ácido poli-L-lactídeo (PLLA) permitem que este seja um carreador de fármacos como amoxicilina (AM), azitromicina (AZ), clindamicina (CL) ou metronidazol (ME) mantendo concentrações inibitórias constantes e por tempo prolongado, sendo capazes de prevenir a colonização dos principais patógenos orais. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o comportamento de filmes ou malhas de PLLA associados aos quatro antimicrobianos mais utilizados em Odontologia como uma alternativa local. Metodologia: 180 (N) discos poliméricos com 15 ou 6 mm de diâmetro foram preparados em associação a 20% do antimicrobiano amoxicilina, azitromicina, clindamicina ou metronidazol sendo classificados como grupo F (filme) e M (malha). Foram confeccionados segundo os métodos de deposição e eletrofiação (fibras) respectivamente. Todos os discos foram armazenados em solução tampão (pH 5 ou 7.4) e alíquotas foram coletadas e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta performace (HPLC) em 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 e 168 horas. As espécimes foram pesadas após 3 e 6 meses de armazenamento nas soluções tampões para análise de degradação. Para a análise de citotoxicidade, os materiais foram cultivados com fibroblastos humanos por 24h, 48h e 72h e analisados por ensaio de MTT. A capacidade antimicrobiana dos discos foi determinada em cultura de P.gingivalis e S.pyogenes. Para o controle estrutural foram realizadas fotografias digitais e MEV dos espécimes controle, das interfaces (criofratura) e das espécimes degradadas. Resultados: A liberação farmacológica para os antimicrobianos na ordem pH levemente básico (7.4) e ácido (5.0) foi respectivamente: ME 70.03% (F) e 100% (M); 88,01% (F) e 19,4% (M). Para AM 38,73% (F) e 18,63% (M); 61,44% (F) e 47,93% (M). Para AZ 32,53% (F) e 82,85% (M); 46,78% (F) e 73,15% (M). Para CL 68,42% (F) e 81,10% (M); 76,47% (F) e 72,76% (M). A análise antimicrobiana demonstrou capacidade inibitória para S.pyogenes e P.gingivalis para todos os materiais testados, não havendo diferença significativa entre filme e malha dentro de cada grupo (p>0.05). A reação de citotoxicidade por MTT comprovou que os biomateriais testados são compatíveis com fibroblastos humanos e mais citocompatíveis que o controle PLLA, controle de vida e morte (p<0.05). As malhas demonstraram favorecimento do crescimento celular principalmente em 24 e 48 horas. A MEV demonstra um filme com superfície rugosa e malha com fibras e poros mimetizando a matriz extracelular. Após criofratura a MEV da interface comprovou incorporação do fármaco ao filme e malha, exceto para o ME, com cristais externos ao polímero. Após a degradação, os filmes de amoxicilina apresentaram maior degradação que PLLA no pH 5.0 (p=0.007) e pH 7.4 (p=0.046). Já para as malhas a azitromicina apresentou maior degradação que PLLA no pH 7.4 (p=0.031). Conclusão: O PLLA é um polímero cuja associação aos antimicrobianos utilizados mostrou-se segura, citocompatível e promissora na liberação de doses inibitórias contra os microrganismos P.gingivalis e S. pyogenes. A liberação farmacológica foi influenciada pela característica química do fármaco, apresentação do polímero (filme e malha) e pH da solução de armazenamento. Este estudo comprovou ser possível através de uma terapêutica medicamentosa local controlar ou prevenir infecções localizadas, sem que seja necessário o fármaco sistêmico. / Indiscriminate administration of systemic antimicrobial has undesirable effects such as antimicrobial selection, hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal commitment and toxicity. For an alternative to systemic antimicrobial therapy in Dentistry, use a biodegradable material of local application can present numerous advantages. The structural characteristics, cytocompatibility and ease of fabrication of the synthetic polymer poly-L- lactide acid (PLLA) enable this to be a carrier biomaterial. When associated with antimicrobials as amoxicillin (AM), azithromycin (AZ), clindamycin (CL) or metronidazole (ME) it can maintain constant the inhibitory concentrations for a long time, being able to prevent colonization of the main oral pathogens. Objective: To evaluate and compare the behavior of PLLA associated with the most useful antimicrobials in Dentistry as an alternative for prevention and treatment of infections. Methodology: 180 (N) polymer discs with 15 or 6 mm diameter were prepared in association with the antimicrobial concentration of 20% amoxicillin, metronidazole, clindamycin or azithromycin being classified as Group F (film) and M (mesh). They were made using the methods of deposition and electrospinning (nanofibers) respectively. All discs were stored in buffer solutions (pH 5 or 7.4) and aliquots were collected and analyzed by high performance chromatography (HPLC) on 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 , 144 and 168 hours. Cytotoxicity of human fibroblasts was tested after 24h, 48h and 72h by the MTT reaction. The antimicrobial capacity of the disks was determined against P. gingivalis and S. pyogenes cultures. The specimens were weighed after 3 and 6 months of storage for degradation analysis. Specimens were also carried out by digital photos for structural control. SEM was used to control interfaces (freeze-fracture) and degradation description. Results: The drug release for antimicrobials in order slightly basic pH (7.4) and acid ( 5.0 ) was respectively : ME 70.03 % (F ) and 100% (M ) ; 88.01 % (F) and 19.4 % ( F ) . For AM 38.73 % (F) and 18.63% ( F ) ; 61.44 % (F) and 47.93 % ( F ) . To AZ 32.53 % (F) and 82.85 % (F ) ; 46.78 % (F) and 73.15% ( F ) . Cl 68.42 % (F) and 81.10 % ( F ) ; 76.47 % (F) and 72.76 % ( F ) . Antimicrobial analysis showed inhibitory capacity against S. pyogenes and P. gingivalis for all tested polymers. ANOVA showed no difference between film and mesh within each group (p> 0.05). The MTT reaction demonstrated that the biomaterials tested are compatible with human fibroblasts (p < 0.05). The meshes have shown a tendency to cell growth especially in 24 to 48 hours. The SEM images showed a film with a rough surface and mesh of nanofibers and pores mimicking the extracellular matrix and also proved incorporation of the drug to the film and mesh after the freeze-fracture interface, except for ME that was external to the polymer crystals. Degradation showed differences among Amoxicillin-film and PLLA pH 5.0 (p = 0.007) and pH 7.4 (p = 0.046). As for the meshes differences occurred only between azithromycin and the PLLA pH 7.4 (p = 0.031). Conclusion: The PLLA is a polymer biomaterial whose association to antimicrobial is safe, biocompatible and promising. It can inhibit P. gingivalis and S. pyogenes microorganisms. The drug release was influenced by the chemical characteristics of the drug, polymer performance (mesh and film) and the pH of the storage solution. This study proved a local drug system therapy to control or prevent localized infections without systemic doses.