教師素質乃影響教育品質的重要因素，美國對中小學教師實施的表現本位付給計畫，用以提高教師專業素養，可作為我國改革師範教育的借鏡。本研究的目的有三：（一）探討美國功績付給計畫及生涯階梯計畫兩種表現本位付給計畫的背景、理論基礎及實施現況；（二）評析美國表現本位付給計畫的實施成效；（三）歸納研究發現，對我國教育提出建言。 　　本研究採取文獻分析法，蒐集資料，根據相關主題，欲兼顧橫向與縱向分析。 　　經過文獻分析之後，得出本研究的結論： 　　一、美國表現本位付給計畫乃師資改革的途徑。 　　二、表現本位付給計畫以教師表現的成績作為加給的依據，並具有一套評鑑系統來決定獎賞與否。 　　三、表現本位付給計畫面臨表現的定義、付給的作用、評鑑客觀性及財政負擔等問題。 　　四、兩種表現本位付給計畫中，生涯階梯計畫對教師職能分級，設有教學昇遷管道，安排較為完善，將成為美國表現本位付給計畫的主流。 　　根據研究結果，我國實施表現本位付給計畫，應採取下述措施： 　　一、在教育行政方面 　　　（一）制定表現本位付給計畫時，必須兼顧人事決策（考績）與輔導教師專業成長兩大目標。 　　　（二）深入研究並了解優良表現的內涵。 　　　（三）所安排之酬賞制度應能激發教師表現優良。 　　　（四）及早建立教師生涯階梯制度。 　　　（五）建立一套可信而有效的評鑑系統。 　　　（六）應設法贏得立法機構、教師及相關人員的支持與參與。 　　　（七）採取其他相關措施包括：準備足夠的經費、營造良好組織氣氛、改善教師工作生活的品質、建立教師換証制度、結合現行的教師實習制度及從地方到中央建立一套完備的進修制度。 　　二、學校方面 　　　（一）建立以學校為中心的教師進修制度。 　　　（二）成立校內評鑑委員會。 　　　（三）增加教師參與決定學校事務的機會。 / The performance-based pay plans that include merit pay plans and career ladder plans have emerged as one approach to improving the quality of teacher in America.Because of increasing criticism of educational standards and alleged decline in professional ability of teachers in our country, to base pay onteachers'performance in America is a solution of our educational problems.The three purposes of this study are (1) to investigate the history, relational theories and contents of performance-based pay plans , (2) to review theeffects of performance-based pay plans, and (3) to provide suggestions for ourteachers' education by the findings of this research.The literature analysis reveal that (1) Performance-based pay plans can improve the quality of teachers; (2) Performance-based pay plans have some problems including the difficults of a valid definition of performance, the issue of validity of using pay as a motivator, the complaints against evaluation systems, and high cost etc, ; (3)Career ladder plans which utilize the idea of career ladder that teacher canatuain higher pay and higher professional status will be the currently popular proposals of performance-based pay plans.The study yield a set of recommendations for the design of performance-based pay plans:(1) The purposes of plans are to make decisions about the retention, transfer, or dismissal of staff members and to help teachers about professional growth; (2) Good performance need be clearly studied and realized; (3) The reward system canmotivate teacher; (4) Teacher career ladders must be established; (5)The systemof evaluation is reliable and valid; (6)Legislature, teacher and others involvedsupport the plans; (7) The school-based in-service education system must be established; (8) Let teachers involve in making decisions about school; (9)other administrative policies are used.

<p>This thesis investigates the theoretical dimension of fuel transition in developing countries; and assesses the role of socio-cultural factors as determinants of fuel choice at household level. Past research has focused on income as a determining factor for fuel transition, as depicted by the energy ladder model, and the more development oriented energy leapfrogging model. This thesis challenges this notion by providing empirical evidence from Catembe, Mozambique; suggesting that socio-cultural factors are just as important determinants for household energy transition. By applying psycho-anthropologic research techniques, a series of qualitative and quantitative results from 402 households in Catembe, provide a framework for understanding the core factors responsible for household cooking energy choice. It was determined that factors such as taste preferences, cooking practices, local cuisine, kitchen type, gender relations and fuel preferences are culturally determined, and significantly influence on the adoption of modern cooking technologies. To demonstrate the importance for considering such factors, the introduction of an ethanol cook-stove is simulated and evaluated in terms of its applicability to user needs and preferences in Catembe. Results show that despite meeting developmental objectives, the stove falls short in conforming to the culinary traditional of intended beneficiaries.</p>

This thesis investigates the theoretical dimension of fuel transition in developing countries; and assesses the role of socio-cultural factors as determinants of fuel choice at household level. Past research has focused on income as a determining factor for fuel transition, as depicted by the energy ladder model, and the more development oriented energy leapfrogging model. This thesis challenges this notion by providing empirical evidence from Catembe, Mozambique; suggesting that socio-cultural factors are just as important determinants for household energy transition. By applying psycho-anthropologic research techniques, a series of qualitative and quantitative results from 402 households in Catembe, provide a framework for understanding the core factors responsible for household cooking energy choice. It was determined that factors such as taste preferences, cooking practices, local cuisine, kitchen type, gender relations and fuel preferences are culturally determined, and significantly influence on the adoption of modern cooking technologies. To demonstrate the importance for considering such factors, the introduction of an ethanol cook-stove is simulated and evaluated in terms of its applicability to user needs and preferences in Catembe. Results show that despite meeting developmental objectives, the stove falls short in conforming to the culinary traditional of intended beneficiaries.

An important consideration in discrete event dynamic systems control theory is the selection of a suitable modeling formalism that can capture the complex characteristics of the system and the capability to automatically synthesize a controller based on the system model. Net condition event systems are well suited for modeling complex discrete event dynamic systems owing to their input and output structure, which effectively captures the behavior of the physical devices to be monitored and/or controlled. To date, net condition event systems control models have not been extensively applied to highly automated manufacturing systems and there are few guidelines on how to automatically generate Programmable Logic Controller programming languages from net condition event systems models. This research automatically converted net condition event systems control models into Programmable Logic Controller programming language and evaluated the applicability of the proposed methodology in highly automated manufacturing systems using HAS-200 as a test bed.

In many rivers, dams have interrupted the connectivity of migration routes for fish. While fishways can provide access between downstream and upstream habitats, it is important that passage can occur with minimal delay, energy expenditure, and physiological stress. The research presented here is based on investigations into fishway attraction and passage for the Gates Creek sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbaum) stock at the Seton River dam in British Columbia. The first part of this thesis examined the effect of changes in water discharge from the dam on the relationship between the physiological condition of sockeye and their behaviour in approaching the fishway entrance. Fish were caught and non-lethally biopsied under three normal operating discharge conditions at Seton River dam, and subsets of sampled fish were implanted with radio transmitters and released downstream of the dam. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g. plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and hematocrit) did not differ among the water discharge levels that were examined. Fish delayed in the tailrace below the fishway entrance significantly longer under intermediate discharge (19.9 h @ 12.7 m³s‾¹) than either the high discharge (9.3 h @ 15.8 m³s‾¹), or the low discharge (7.0 h @11.0 m³s‾¹;) conditions (P = 0.022, and P = 0.015, respectively). Delay time was similar under high and low discharge conditions (P = 0.617), and passage success was found to be independent of discharge (P = 0.356). The second part of this thesis investigated how prior physiological condition and subsequent swimming energetics and behaviours effected fishway passage success. Fish were captured and biopsied, before being implanted with electromyogram (EMG) transmitters and released near the downstream entrance of the fishway. Very few differences existed between successful and unsuccessful fish in body size, initial plasma physiology and energy state, and mean swim speed and energy use during passage. However, plasma Na+ concentration was significantly lower in unsuccessful fish (P = 0.022), which is suggestive of a depressed ionic state for unsuccessful fish. Generally, fish did not employ burst swimming during successful or failed attempts at passage, indicating that failure was probably not related to metabolic acidosis.

During the migration season in 2013 a study on spawning migrating salmon and the effect of water flow on the behavior was conducted of the salmon at the Forshaga hydropower station in the River Klarälven. The River Klarälven with its nine hydropower plants on the Swedish side, constituting migration obstacles for the migrating salmon. Fortum Generation AB has together with the County Administrative Board restored a salmon trap at the lowermost hydropower station in Forshaga, aiming at making it possible for the salmon to swim into the trap, and thereafter be transported by truck past the power plants and then continue their journey to the spawning grounds on their own. Unfortunately, it is believed that the trap does not work as well as it should. In this study, I focused on salmon position in relation to water flow and if the number of salmon that swam into the fish trap differed between salmon with previous experience of the trap (experienced) and salmon without experience (unexperienced). My results showed that there were significantly more inexperienced salmon that entered the trap than experienced salmon. The salmon, regardless of experience, chose a position where the flow was highest. To increase catches of salmon in the fish trap I suggest that one use more attraction water and keep the trap open more hours. My results should be of interest to managers as the trap efficiency has never been evaluated, and no earlier studies about the effect of salmon experience on trap efficiency exist. / Vandringssäsongen 2013 genomfördes en studie på lekvandrande lax och hur vattenflödet påverkade laxens beteende vid Forshaga kraftstation i Klarälven. Klarälven med dess 9 vattenkraftverk på den svenska sidan utgör vandringshinder för den lekvandrande laxen. Fortum har tillsammans med Länsstyrelsen renoverat en laxfälla i det mest nedströms liggande kraftverket i Forshaga. Syftet med fällan är att laxen ska simma in i fällan till en uppsamlingsbassäng och därefter köras med lastbil förbi kraftverken, för att därefter fortsätta vandringen på egen hand. Fiskfällans effektivitet är ifrågasatt och man vet inte hur effektiv den är. I denna studie fokuserade jag på laxens ståndplats i relation till varifrån det huvudsakliga flödet kom, samt om antalet laxar som simmar in i fiskfällan skiljde sig mellan lax med tidigare erfarenhet av fällan (erfaren) och lax utan erfarenhet av fällan (oerfaren). Mina resultat visade att det var signifikant fler oerfarna laxar än erfarna laxar som simmade in i fällan. Laxen, oavsett erfarenhet, valde ståndplats där flödet var som högst. För att öka fångsterna av lax i fiskfällan skulle mer lockvatten och fler timmar då fällan är öppen kunna bidra med mer fångst. Denna studie borde vara av intresse för inblandade aktörer i laxens förvaltning eftersom fällans effektivitet aldrig utvärderats tidigare, och dessutom har man inte studerat om tidigare erfarenhet av en fälla påverkar laxen.

In many rivers, dams have interrupted the connectivity of migration routes for fish. While fishways can provide access between downstream and upstream habitats, it is important that passage can occur with minimal delay, energy expenditure, and physiological stress. The research presented here is based on investigations into fishway attraction and passage for the Gates Creek sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbaum) stock at the Seton River dam in British Columbia. The first part of this thesis examined the effect of changes in water discharge from the dam on the relationship between the physiological condition of sockeye and their behaviour in approaching the fishway entrance. Fish were caught and non-lethally biopsied under three normal operating discharge conditions at Seton River dam, and subsets of sampled fish were implanted with radio transmitters and released downstream of the dam. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g. plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and hematocrit) did not differ among the water discharge levels that were examined. Fish delayed in the tailrace below the fishway entrance significantly longer under intermediate discharge (19.9 h @ 12.7 m³s‾¹) than either the high discharge (9.3 h @ 15.8 m³s‾¹), or the low discharge (7.0 h @11.0 m³s‾¹;) conditions (P = 0.022, and P = 0.015, respectively). Delay time was similar under high and low discharge conditions (P = 0.617), and passage success was found to be independent of discharge (P = 0.356). The second part of this thesis investigated how prior physiological condition and subsequent swimming energetics and behaviours effected fishway passage success. Fish were captured and biopsied, before being implanted with electromyogram (EMG) transmitters and released near the downstream entrance of the fishway. Very few differences existed between successful and unsuccessful fish in body size, initial plasma physiology and energy state, and mean swim speed and energy use during passage. However, plasma Na+ concentration was significantly lower in unsuccessful fish (P = 0.022), which is suggestive of a depressed ionic state for unsuccessful fish. Generally, fish did not employ burst swimming during successful or failed attempts at passage, indicating that failure was probably not related to metabolic acidosis.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-13T14:51:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carola_Gutfreund2017.pdf: 2632451 bytes, checksum: 73a0a3864936cf1f3347866fcda5f49f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T14:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carola_Gutfreund2017.pdf: 2632451 bytes, checksum: 73a0a3864936cf1f3347866fcda5f49f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-18 / Large hydroelectric dams along the Paraná River have caused severe impacts on fish communities as they represent obstacles to long-range migratory species that need to migrate to complete their life cycle. Dams can bring numerous problems through the interception of migratory routes and reduction of spawning areas. The most common measures used to mitigate the effect of these physical obstacles is the implementation of fish ladders. It is not only important to implement these structures, but also to monitor them. This study was performed at the Engenheiro Sergio Motta Hydroelectric Power plant in the Upper Paraná River during December/2012 and March/2016. The aim of it was to evaluate the effectiveness of this structure in relation to the attractiveness rate and passage efficiency of to two Neotropical fish species in the fish ladder. In total, 563 fish of genus Leporinus (447 Leporinus obtusidens and 116 Leoporinus piavussu) were tagged and released with the implementation of 32-mm programmable transponders (PIT-tags). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was used to monitor the system. The attractiveness of the ladder was 8.7%. The minimum time to find it was 1.49 days for the fish released upstream and the maximum time was 449.86 days for the individuals released downstream. The release site had a significant influence on the entry rate of fish released on the other side of the river. No detection was observed for fish released downstream and upstream on the right bank of the river. Only the fish released on the same site where the fish ladder is located were detected, suggesting low attractiveness of the ladder in relation to the studied species. In the course of this study it was verified that for the two species studied it would be extremely important to increase the attractiveness at the entrance of the ladder, as well as to build a second ladder for fish on the right side of the river. / As grandes hidrelétricas ao longo do Rio Paraná têm causado impactos severos nas comunidades de peixes, pois representam obstáculos para as espécies migradoras de longa distância, que precisam migrar para completar seu ciclo de vida. As barragens podem trazer inúmeros problemas por meio da intercepção das rotas migratórias e redução das áreas de desova. As medidas mais comuns utilizadas para mitigar o efeito desses obstáculos físicos é a implementação de escadas para peixes. Não é somente importante a implementação dessas estruturas, como também o monitoramento. Esse estudo realizado na escada para peixes da Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta no alto Rio Paraná no período de dezembro/2012 a março/2016 teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade dessa estrutura em relação a taxa de atratividade e eficiência de passagem para duas espécies de peixes migradores neotropicais. No total, foram marcados e liberados 563 peixes do gênero Leporinus (447 Leporinus obtusidens e 116 Leoporinus piavussu) com a implantação de transponders com códigos programáveis (PIT-tags) de 32 mm. Foi utilizado o sistema de rádio frequência (RFID Radio Frequency Identification) para o monitoramento do sistema. A atratividade da escada foi de 8,7%. O tempo mínimo para encontrar a escada correspondeu a 1,49 dias para os peixes liberados a montante e o tempo máximo foi de 449,86 dias para os indivíduos liberados a jusante. O local de liberação influenciou significativamente a taxa de entrada dos peixes liberados na margem oposta do rio, sendo que nenhuma detecção foi observada para peixes liberados na margem direita, tanto a jusante como a montante. Foram detectados apenas os peixes liberados na mesma margem onde a escada para peixes está localizada, sugerindo baixa atratividade da escada para as espécies analisadas. No decorrer deste estudo verificou-se que para as duas espécies estudadas seria extremamente importante aumentar a atratividade na entrada da escada, como também a construção de uma segunda escada para peixes no lado direito do rio.

Ce travail trouve son origine dans l’étude d’une stèle funéraire exposée aujourd’hui au Musée archéologique d’Apollonia d’Illyrie, sous le numéro d’inventaire 5030. Le relief, exceptionnel à plus d’un titre, montre une descente aux Enfers par le biais d’un accessoire qui tient autant de l’échelle et de l’escalier que de la passerelle de bateau, puisqu’il aboutit dans la barque de Charon. Comment le dénommer ? C’est le terme grec klimax qui s’impose. Non seulement il renvoie indistinctement aux trois objets précités, en préservant leur multivalence, mais il est aussi le plus largement et le plus anciennement utilisé dans la littérature et l’épigraphie pour les désigner. Dans notre enquête, il est rapidement apparu que la klimax n’avait pas été étudiée pour elle-même par les archéologues qui s’y sont confrontés. Afin de pallier cette lacune, notre travail se consacre tout d’abord au motif de la klimax dans l’art antique, essentiellement dans le cadre légendaire. Klimakes d’assaut, d’embarquement et de débarquement, ou encore klimakes du théâtre antique, forment autant de thèmes examinés où la klimax joue un rôle clé. Une étude circonstanciée du relief d’Apollonia, centrée sur les problèmes que pose son iconographie, complète l’enquête. Cela se justifiait non seulement par la place particulière qu’occupe, dans l’imagerie antique, la scène figurée, mais aussi, et surtout, parce que le motif de la klimax y trouve un emploi exemplaire. / This work finds its origin in the study of a funerary relief exposed today at the Archaeological Museum of Apollonia in Illyria, under the inventory number 5030. The relief, exceptional in more than one way, shows a descent into the Underworld through an accessory that is both a ladder and a staircase as a gangway, as it ends up in Charon’s boat. How to call it ? This is the greek word klimax who’s imposed. Not only because it refers indistinctly to the three items mentioned above, preserving their polyvalence, but it is also the most widely and longest used in the literature and epigraphy to designate them. In our survey, it soon emerged that the klimax had not been studied for itself by archaeologists who confronted themselves there. To fill this gap, our work focuses first on the klimax in the ancient art, mainly through mythological context. Klimakes of assault, klimakes of boarding and landing, klimakes in relation with the ancient theater, form as many examined topics where the klimax plays a key role. A detailed study of the relief of Apollonia, which focuses on his iconography’s problems, completes the survey. That was justified not only by the particular place which occupies, in the ancient imagery, the sculpted scene, but also, and especially, because the klimax find here an exemplary use.

In many rivers, dams have interrupted the connectivity of migration routes for fish. While fishways can provide access between downstream and upstream habitats, it is important that passage can occur with minimal delay, energy expenditure, and physiological stress. The research presented here is based on investigations into fishway attraction and passage for the Gates Creek sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbaum) stock at the Seton River dam in British Columbia. The first part of this thesis examined the effect of changes in water discharge from the dam on the relationship between the physiological condition of sockeye and their behaviour in approaching the fishway entrance. Fish were caught and non-lethally biopsied under three normal operating discharge conditions at Seton River dam, and subsets of sampled fish were implanted with radio transmitters and released downstream of the dam. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g. plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and hematocrit) did not differ among the water discharge levels that were examined. Fish delayed in the tailrace below the fishway entrance significantly longer under intermediate discharge (19.9 h @ 12.7 m³s‾¹) than either the high discharge (9.3 h @ 15.8 m³s‾¹), or the low discharge (7.0 h @11.0 m³s‾¹;) conditions (P = 0.022, and P = 0.015, respectively). Delay time was similar under high and low discharge conditions (P = 0.617), and passage success was found to be independent of discharge (P = 0.356). The second part of this thesis investigated how prior physiological condition and subsequent swimming energetics and behaviours effected fishway passage success. Fish were captured and biopsied, before being implanted with electromyogram (EMG) transmitters and released near the downstream entrance of the fishway. Very few differences existed between successful and unsuccessful fish in body size, initial plasma physiology and energy state, and mean swim speed and energy use during passage. However, plasma Na+ concentration was significantly lower in unsuccessful fish (P = 0.022), which is suggestive of a depressed ionic state for unsuccessful fish. Generally, fish did not employ burst swimming during successful or failed attempts at passage, indicating that failure was probably not related to metabolic acidosis. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate