Although the majority of wireless receiver subsystems have moved to digital signal processing over the last decade, the low noise amplifier (LNA) remains a crucial analogue subsystem in any design being the dominant subsystem in determining the noise figure (NF) and dynamic range of the receiver as a whole. In this research a novel LNA configuration, namely the LC-ladder and capacitive shunt-shunt feedback topology, was proposed for use in the implementation of very wideband LNAs. This was done after a thorough theoretical investigation of LNA configurations available in the body of knowledge from which it became apparent that for the most part narrowband LNA configurations are applied to wideband applications with suboptimal results, and also that the wideband configurations that exist have certain shortcomings. A mathematical model was derived to describe the new configuration and consists of equations for the input impedance, input return loss, gain and NF, as well as an approximation of the worst case IIP3. Compact design equations were also derived from this model and a design strategy was given which allows for electronic design automation of a LNA using this configuration. A process for simultaneously optimizing the circuit for minimum NF and maximum gain was deduced from this model and different means of improving the linearity of the LNA were given. This proposed design process was used successfully throughout this research. The accuracy of the mathematical model has been verified using simulations. Two versions of the LNA were also fabricated and the measured results compared well with these simulations. The good correlation found between the calculated, simulated and measured results prove the accuracy of the model, and some comments on how the accuracy of the model could be improved even further are provided as well. The simulated results of a LNA designed for the 1 GHz to 18 GHz band in the IBM 8HP process show a gain of 21.4 dB and a minimum NF of only 1.7 dB, increasing to 3.3 dB at the upper corner frequency while maintaining an input return loss below -10 dB. After steps were taken to improve the linearity, the IIP3 of the LNA is -14.5 dBm with only a small degradation in NF now 2.15 dB at the minimum. The power consumption of the respective LNAs are 12.75 mW and 23.25 mW and each LNA occupies a chip area of only 0.43 mm2. Measured results of the LNA fabricated in the IBM 7WL process had a gain of 10 dB compared to an expected simulated gain of 20 dB, however significant path loss was introduced by the IC package and PCB parasitics. The S11 tracked the simulated response very well and remained below -10 dB over the feasible frequency range. Reliable noise figure measurements could not be obtained. The measured P1dB compression point is -22 dBm. A 60 GHz LNA was also designed using this topology in a SiGe process with ƒT of 200 GHz. A simulated NF of 5.2 dB was achieved for a gain of 14.2 dB and an input return loss below -15 dB using three amplifier stages. The IIP3 of the LNA is -8.4 dBm and the power consumption 25.5 mW. Although these are acceptable results in the mm-wave range it was however found that the wideband nature of this configuration is redundant in the unlicensed 60 GHz band and results are often inconsistent with the design theory due to second order effects. The wideband results however prove that the LC-ladder and capacitive shunt-shunt feedback topology is a viable means for especially implementing LNAs that require a very wide operating frequency range and also very low NF over that range. / Thesis (PhD(Eng))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to research what teachers at the leisure-time center think about the student influence and participation and how they facilitate this in the daily activities.  Previous research about influence and participation has been used to set the scene. To collect empirical data a qualitative method of interviews was used. Four interviews were made with teachers whose education and experience was quite different. The empirical findings were analyzed with the theories of children perspective, children’s perspective and Hart’s ladder of participation (1997). Children perspective and children’s perspective is used to understand if the teachers work is based on what they think is best for the students or on what the students want. The ladder of participation was used to analyze how the teachers facilitate opportunities for student to influence and participation. One finding is that the teachers think that influence and participation is important but that different factors prevent influence and participation from being a part of the everyday activities. One such factor is that group size and another is that teachers have other goals giving the students new experiences which might inhibit influence and participation. The results from the study are that the teachers think that it is important to look from the children´s perspective and to use the students’ thoughts and opinions but that the teachers more often are using the children perspective and therefore are using the teachers’ thoughts and opinions of what is right for the students rather than the students’ own opinions and feelings. Another finding is that the teachers know how to facilitate influence and participation and the positive effects from it, but that they have to work more with this perspective to fully reach its potential benefits. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka fritidshemspersonalens syn på elevinflytande och delaktighet samt hur fritidshempersonalen möjliggör det i verksamheten. Den tidigare forskningen som användas i studien utgår från avhandlingar och rapporter kring elevinflytande och delaktighet. Empirin samlades in via en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med personal i fritidshem, där utbildningen och erfarenheten av arbetet på fritidshemmet skilde sig mellan informanterna.  Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av barnperspektiv, barns perspektiv samt Harts delaktighetsstege. Barnperspektiv och barns perspektiv hjälper att förstå om pedagogerna utgår från elevernas eller de vuxnas åsikter och tankar. Harts delaktighetsstege användes för att analysera hur delaktighet och inflytande möjliggörs av pedagogerna.  Det framkom att pedagogerna anser att inflytandet och delaktigheten var viktiga på fritidshemmet, men att olika faktorer bidrog till att inflytande och delaktighet inte alltid går att genomföra. Gruppstorlekar och andra mål med verksamheten, som till exempel med att ge eleverna nya upptäcker upplevs begränsa möjligheten till elevinflytande och delaktighet. Resultatet är att pedagogerna anser att det var viktigt att se utifrån barns perspektiv och utgå från elevernas synvinkel, men att pedagogerna ofta använder ett barnperspektiv och utgår från vad de tycker är det bästa för eleverna. Det framkommer även att pedagogerna vet hur de kan möjliggöra inflytande och delaktighet och att de känner till dess positiva effekter men att pedagogerna inte alltid använder sig utav det.

in English Amsterdam is a unique combination of hydraulic engineering and built environment, urban design and city image, multiculturalism and neoliberalism, toleration and integration, commerce and business, culture and identity, individualism, and public decision-making among European cities. This thesis tries to explore Amsterdam's urban development in the contexts of urban planning, decision making, institutional policies and public participation. Moreover, this research studies the image of Amsterdam as a UNESCO world heritage site, the history of its urban development, its demography and immigrant population, and its municipal structure. The municipality of Amsterdam as the main actor of urban planning and development policies is studied for answering the research question: How does the municipality involve citizens in its urban development projects? To answer this question, of the seven districts of Amsterdam, the youngest district with the highest number of urban renewal projects is chosen: The Nieuw- West district, which is also the greenest and second-largest district of Amsterdam. By using content analysis from the municipality's website project information and Arnstein's ladder of participation in the methodology, the public participation framework and function is studied. The urban...

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Sweden’s association for local authorities and Regions (SKR) has issued guidance to further institutionalise and systematise citizen dialogue in Swedish municipalities and regions. Gothenburg has ramped up citizen dialogue, particularly since the adoption of 7 principles for citizen dialogue in 2014. Since then, citizen dialogue has been developed using new methods to expand representation, engaging more citizens as well as to collect different new forms of knowledge. 7 interviewees working with citizen dialogue in various ways were interviewed to see their perceptions on citizen dialogue and to use those perceptions to analyse how the balance of power rests within the city of Gothenburg based on power and knowledge use as well as to what degree citizens participation in planning has improved since the adoption of the principles

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第25293号 / 工博第5252号 / 新制||工||1999(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 松尾 哲司, 教授 引原 隆士, 教授 土居 伸二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SUZANA RIBAS DE ALMEIDA.pdf: 2655112 bytes, checksum: 346dca905796b24136deb70b7263fb5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays the competition between companies is increasing. In a production system, efficiency, speed and flexibility are important means for cost reductions. The complexity of automation systems has been increasing, which makes necessary the implementation of more efficient control programs, free of errors and easy to maintain. However, in most practical applications the solution of these problems is dependent on designer's experience and doesn t follow a formal methodology, which results in programs with errors and difficulties to understand and maintain, since only the designer understands the adopted solutions. The Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) is a method extensively researched in academic circles for the synthesis of control logic of automated systems. It allows control problems to be solved in a formal way, ensuring a minimally restrictive and no blocking solution that meets the control specifications. However, this theory is not widely used in industrial environments yet, once the methods for implementation of supervisors obtained by TCS are still deficient. Thus, the intention of this Dissertation consists of showing a methodology for implementation of supervisory control in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). In this work, the synthesis of supervisors is made in accordance to local modular approach, which brings the benefits of a formal methodology and allows exploring the modularity of the plant and the control specifications. The implementation is based on an architecture structured in three levels: supervisor, interface and system to be controlled. For the implementation in CLP three different programming languages are applied: the high-level languages Sequential Function Charts (SFC) and Structured Text and the low-level Ladder Diagram language in some parts. The development of the methodology was based on two works: a doctoral thesis by Vieira (2007) and master thesis by Cruz (2011) and brought together the advantages presented in each one of these. To compare the proposed methodology and the two mentioned methods, several tests were made on a manufacturing cell available at PUCPR and simulations on a PLC and computer as well. The results show that the use of the methodology proposed in this work makes possible to implement PLC programs that are able to treat all non-controllable events occurred in the system to be controlled and treat one controllable event by each control cell in the same scan cycle. Furthermore, the use of high-level languages results in a program of easier interpretation and maintenance, also enabling reutilization of codes. In this work some problems related to CLPs implementations are also showed and proposals for solving them are presented, as properties as well that, if accepted, ensure that the problem does not occur. / Hoje em dia a competitividade entre as empresas está cada vez maior. Em um sistema de produção, a eficácia, a velocidade e a flexibilidade são importantes, pois significam redução de custos. Os sistemas de automação atuais estão cada vez mais complexos, justificando a necessidade de programas de controle mais eficientes, sem erros e de fácil manutenção. Entretanto, na maioria das aplicações práticas a solução destes problemas é feita com base na experiência do projetista, não seguindo uma metodologia formal, o que resulta em programas com erros e de difícil entendimento e manutenção, uma vez que só o projetista entende perfeitamente as soluções adotadas. A Teoria de Controle Supervisório (TCS) é um método para a síntese da lógica de controle de sistemas automatizados. Ela permite que problemas de controle sejam solucionados de modo formal, garantindo uma solução minimamente restritiva e não bloqueante e que atenda às especificações de controle. Entretanto, esta teoria ainda não é amplamente adotada em ambientes industriais, sendo a carência de métodos de implementação dos supervisores obtidos via TCS um elemento que contribui para que isso aconteça. Assim, esta dissertação se propõe a apresentar uma metodologia de implementação de controle supervisório em Controladores Lógicos Programáveis (CLPs). Neste trabalho, a síntese de supervisores é feita de acordo com a abordagem modular local, que traz os benefícios de uma metodologia formal e ainda permite explorar a modularidade da planta e das especificações de controle. A implementação é baseada numa arquitetura estruturada em três níveis: supervisor, interface e sistema a ser controlado. Para a implementação em CLP são empregadas três linguagens distintas de programação, as linguagens de alto nível Sequential Function Charts (SFC) e Structured Text, bem como a linguagem Ladder Diagram em algumas partes. O desenvolvimento da metodologia foi baseado em dois trabalhos: a tese de doutorado de Vieira (2007) e a dissertação de mestrado de Cruz (2011) e permitiu reunir as vantagens apresentadas em cada um destes. Para comparação entre a metodologia proposta e as duas metodologias citadas, foram feitos diversos testes em uma célula de manufatura existente na PUCPR, bem como simulações em CLP e em computador. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia proposta neste trabalho permite a implementação de programas em CLP que, num mesmo ciclo de varredura, são capazes de tratar todos os eventos não controláveis ocorridos na planta e ainda um evento controlável por célula de controle. Além disso, o uso de linguagens de alto nível resulta em um programa de mais fácil interpretação e manutenção, possibilitando ainda o reaproveitamento de códigos. Nesta dissertação também são abordados alguns problemas de implementação da estrutura de controle supervisório em CLPs, apresentando-se propostas para solucioná-los, bem como propriedades que, se atendidas, garantem que o problema não ocorra.

Vi alla känner igen ordspråket “Borta bra men hemma bäst” men hur sant är det egentligen?  Turism har alltid funnits i någon form och kommer alltid att finnas i någon form. Som en konsekvens av globaliseringen under de senaste decennierna har länder runt om i världen kommit närmare än någonsin. Gränser är mer öppna än någonsin och i stort sett alla får och kan resa. Vissa upplever dock vissa resmål som farliga och skrämmande. Speciellt kvinnor. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som har störst påverkan när det kommer till vad som får kvinnor att känna sig trygga under sina resor. Vad har kvinnor för upplevelser av sina tidigare resor och vilka vanliga rädslor finns? Denna studie syftar till att söka svar på hur mycket kvinnors uppfattning om säkerhet väger upp i deras val av resmål, vilka faktorer som är viktigaste och vilka faktorer som gör att kvinnor avstår från en viss destination. Vidare är det av intresse för oss att i vår studie undersöka hur stor skillnad det är mellan äldre och yngre kvinnors val av resor. Studien bygger på ett frågeformulär samt litteraturanalys. Enkäten fick totalt 224 svar från svenska kvinnor i olika åldrar. Resultaten visar delade meningar om hur viktiga vissa faktorer är för säkerhetsuppfattning vid val av resmål. De tydligaste mönstren som resultaten tar fram är att kvinnor föredrar att resa i sällskap istället för ensamma. Dessutom är kvinnors största faktor när de väljer resmål bekvämlighet inte säkerhet, även om säkerhet fortfarande är en viktig faktor. Den mest påverkande faktorn som skapar den rädsla som kvinnor upplever är massmedier som tidningsartiklar och sociala medier. / There is a common Swedish saying that being abroad is good but at home is still always the best. Tourism has always existed in some form and is always going to exist in some form. As a consequence of the globalization of the last decades countries around the world have become closer than ever. Boarders are more open than ever before and pretty much everyone is allowed and capable to travel. However, some experience certain destinations as dangerous or scary. Especially females.  This study aims to research which factors have the biggest impact when it comes to what makes women feel safe during their travels. What do women have as an experience of their earlier travels and what common fears exist? This study aims to seek answers on how much women's perception of safety weighs up in their choice of destination, what factors are most important and what factors cause women to refrain from a particular destination. Furthermore it is of interest how big of a difference there is between older and younger women's choice of travel. The study is based on a questionnaire as well as literature analysis. The questionnaire got a total of 224 answers from Swedish women of different ages.  The results show divided opinions on just how important certain factors are for safety when choosing a destination. The most significant patterns that the results show is that women prefer to travel accompanied instead of alone. Furthermore, women's biggest factor when choosing a destination is comfort not safety, even though safety is still an important factor. The most influencing factor that creates the fear that women experience is mass media such as newspaper articles and social media.

知識經濟的時代，企業最重要的資產是「人」與「知識」，如何運用與積蓄這兩項資產，對企業的持續競爭力有關鍵性的影響。本文以知識管理的文獻探討為基礎，從中萃取出攸關的議題，以問卷調查的方式來收集相關資料，並透過統計檢定方法來分析資料，以發掘事實。這些攸關的議題共有八項，分別為：一、鼓勵員工勇於表達自己意見與想法的文化（組織的文化），與員工勇於表達自己意見與想法的行為（組織的行為），彼此是否為正向相關。二、高階主管主動傳授知識與技能的行為（主管的行為），與員工彼此分享知識與技能的行為（部屬的行為），彼此是否為正向相關。三、金錢、名聲、交情與互惠，這四項影響「知識分享意願與行為」的因子，其影響力的強弱順序為何。如果我們能釐清這四項因子影響力的強弱順序，則可據此設計出更為有效的激勵制度，將知識分享所產生的綜效極大化。四、是否超過半數的受訪者，無法容忍一個問題的解決方案，是處於模稜兩可、曖昧不明的狀況。五、當理性的分析結果與當事人的直覺相互衝突時，是否超過一半的受訪者，選擇相信理性的分析結果。議題四與五，主要是由認知風格的差異，來探討人才的多樣性。六、是否超過一半的受訪者，認為管理階梯的社會評價較高，以及肯定技術階梯職位具有激 勵效果。七、是否超過一半的受訪者，無法確定公司是否具有概念傘。八、個案公司的知識管理現況為何。 根據上述八項議題所發掘而得的事實，以及個案訪談所得之資料，本文提出了一個能夠有效活絡知識創造與能耐積蓄的平台，該平台包含五大建構單元，分別為：一、建立優質文化。二、落實雙軌生涯制度。三、建立知識管理專員制度。四、建立系統化的流程來引導知識創造與能耐積蓄活動。五、落實知識管理的配套措施。我們相信，企業藉著由五大單元所建構而成的平台，必可建立企業獨有的環境與氛圍，以利企業核心能力的滋長。最後，本文期盼該平台能為企業界提供實踐的重點與方向，成為一個最佳實施例的範本，並對有志於知識管理的人士，提供智識上的啟發，如此則已達成本文之目的。 關鍵詞：知識管理、企業概念傘、雙軌生涯制度，知識創造，能耐積蓄 / In this knowledge economic era, “people” and “knowledge” are very essential to keep the enterprises’ sustainable competence. Hence, based on the survey of books and papers about knowledge management, this thesis distills diverse perspectives and best practices into eight issues for further study, they are as follows: (1) Is there any positive correlation between “organizational culture” and “organizational behavior”? For an organizational culture that encourages people to express their opinions and ideas without any concerns, can we really have the distinguishable perception that people really behave so in this circumstance? (2) Is there any positive correlation between “managers’ behavior” and “subordinates’ behavior”? If managers are willing to mentor subordinates, willing to share their knowledge and skills, can it become a driving force to make subordinates behave the same? (3) As we know, money, reputation, friendship and reciprocal, all these four factors affect the extent of knowledge-sharing willingness and behavior, but can we figure out the strength order of these four factors? If we can, then we may devise a better, more effective incentive system to maximize the synergy of knowledge-sharing. (4) If the solutions to a problem are ambiguous and equivocal, is it true that more than half the people can not accept this situation? (5) If the rational analysis conflicts with your instinct, which one do you trust? The issue 4 and 5 are actually discussing the varieties of cognitive style. (6) For dual career ladder, is it true that more than half the people give higher evaluation to managerial ladder than technical one? Is it true that more than half the people regard the technical ladder as an incentive? (7) Is it true that more than half the people who are not clear about the concept umbrella of the company? (8) Based on nine indicators about knowledge management, conduct surveys of the four cases, and try to find out the strength and weakness of each case. By the data analysis and case studies, this thesis has found out several facts, and then proposes a platform for knowledge creation and capability building. The platform is composed of five units, they are as follows: (1) Instill good and appropriate cultures. (2) Put dual career ladder into practice. (3) Establish knowledge steward system. (4) Establish systematic procedure as the guide for the knowledge creation and capability building activities. (5) Find out the necessary auxiliary measures for knowledge management, put them into practice. With the platform constructed by the five units, we believe that each enterprise is able to construct a unique environment and atmosphere of its own, which in itself is beneficial to nurture and consolidate the core competence. Finally, we hope this thesis has shed light on the enterprises, and provided some intellectual stimuli for those people who are interested in knowledge management. Keyword: knowledge management, dual career ladder, concept umbrella, knowledge creation, capability building