A espécie Leonotis nepetifolia é amplamente distribuída no Brasil e no mundo, é uma erva daninha utilizada com diversas finalidades terapêuticas pela população, porém há poucos estudos a cerca de sua composição química e atividade biológica. O presente estudo tem a finalidade de caracterizar quimicamente os extratos hidroetanólicos de caule, folhas, glomérulo e raízes de L. nepetifolia e avaliar a atividade biológica destes. A caracterização química foi realizada em cromatógrafo líquido de alta eficiência acoplado ao detector de arranjo de diôdos. Quanto o perfil químico dos extratos, foi quantificado o teor de fenóis e flavonoides totais. A atividade antirradicalar foi avaliada pelos testes de DPPH˙ e poder redutor dos extratos. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo teste de microdiluição em placa para fungos e bactérias. Foi realizada a triagem dos extratos quanto a atividade antileishmania, atividade antiamastigota e antipromastigota em Leishmania amazonensis. A atividade citotóxica dos extratos foi avaliada em macrófagos peritoneais murinos. Os cromatogramas e os espectros em UV/vis revelaram a presença de polifenóis e flavonoides em maior abundancia nos extratos das folhas e glomérulo, comparados com as raízes e caule. Os extratos de folhas e glomérulos apresentaram maior atividade antirradicalar, poder redutor e concentrações quantificadas de compostos polifenólicos e flavonoides. Todos os extratos inibiriam o crescimento de 50% da população bacteriana sendo que extrato do caule apresentou maior atividade frente a bactérias Gram-positivas, principalmente para Bacillus cereus. Todos os extratos foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de 50% e 100% da população fúngica, os extratos das folhas e raízes demonstraram maior atividade contra formas promastigotas e amastigotas de L. amazonensis sendo que o extrato das raízes apresentou maior potencial citotóxico em macrófagos murinos. Os extratos brutos de L. nepetifolia apresentaram atividades significantes que se relacionam com os metabólitos secundários presentes na espécie principalmente os polifenóis e flavonoides caracterizados no presente estudo. / The specie Leonotis nepetifolia is widely distributed in Brazil and worldwide, is a weed treatments used for various purposes by the population, but there are few studies about its chemical composition and biological activity. The purpose of this study is to characterize chemically hydroethanolic extracts of stem, leaves, inflorescences glomerulus and roots of Leonotis nepetifolia and evaluate the biological activity of these. The chemical characterization was performed in HPLC - UV on the chemical profile of the extracts was quantified the level of total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity was assessed for DPPH˙ and reduce power of the extracts. The microbial activity test was used for broth microdilution methods for bacteria and fungi. We performed screening of the extracts and the activity against promastigotes e amastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was evaluated in murine peritoneal. The chromatograms and UV spectra revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in greater abundance in extracts of leaves and inflorescences glomerulus, compared with the roots and stem the quantitative analyses showed the same result. The extracts of the stem showed higher activity against Gram positive bacteria, mainly Bacillus cereus, all extracts inhibited the growth of 50% of the bacterial population , all extracts were able to inhibit the growth of 50% and 100% of the extract showed no fungal growth and extracts of the leaves and roots showed greater activity against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of L. amazonensis and the roots extracts showed greater cytotoxic potential in murine macrophages. The crude extracts from Leonotis nepetifolia showed significant activities that relate to the secondary metabolites present in the species mainly polyphenols and flavonoids, performed int this study. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG

This study aims to revise the genus Salvia L. in East and Southeast Anatolia in Turkey on the basis of macromorphological, anatomical, palynological, mericarp micro-morphological, ecological and numerical analysis. Towards achieving this goal, about 2500 specimens of Salvia were collected and examined during extensive field studies between July 2005 and June 2009. The materials collected by other researchers either from Turkey or abroad were also investigated. The results of the taxonomic revision show that the study area includes 59 taxa, 24 (40.7%) of which are endemic and the remaining 35 (59.3%) are non-endemic. Salvia siiirtica is described as new to science. S. macrosiphon is described as a new record for Turkey and S. cerino-pruinosa and S. pseudeuphratica are re-evaluated as valid species as well as S. ballsiana is rediscovered. Macromorphological characters that were considered to have taxonomically diagnostic value are investigated and their possible variations are discussed. Habit, stem, leaf, inflorescence, bract, calyx, corolla and stamen properties are compared at infrageneric and species level. The first comprehensive evaluation of the systematic value of anatomy, palynology and mericarp micromorphology of Salvia are presented. Some characters, such as row numbers of ray cells in the root, type of the leaf blade structure, shape of cross section of the petiole, shape and number of median vascular bundles, pollen size, size of mericarps and diameter of abscission scars, are useful for infrageneric delimitation. Variation in some anatomical characters, such as number of cell layers of collenchyma and cortex, number of cell layers of palisade parenchyma, size of petiole, number of lateral vascular bundles, exine ornamentation type of pollen, presence of large lumina in the middle of the primary lumen, the muri thickness, mericarp shape, mericarp length/width ratio and surface ornamentation type, can be used for separating species within the sections. Based on the updated geographical and ecological distribution, conservation status of the taxa is reassessed at regional, national and global levels. At the regional scale, the distribution is CR for 6 taxa EN for 9 taxa, VU for 5 taxa, NT for 10 taxa and LC for 29 taxa. At the national scale, the distribution is CR for 5 taxa, EN for 5 taxa, VU for 7 taxa, NT for 10 taxa and LC for 32 taxa. At the global scale, the distribution is CR for 5 taxa, EN for 3 taxa, VU for 6 taxa, NT for 10 taxa NT and LC for 35 taxa. The main threats in the study area are overgrazing, constructions, land clearing, fire, urbanization and tourism. The infrageneric delimitation is performed using multivariate analysis. Identification keys to sections and species are given. Synonymy, updated descriptions, phenology, distribution and habitats in Turkey, general distribution outside Turkey, distribution maps, phytogeography, specimen citations, some notes on taxonomy and photographs showing general appearance of the taxa are also provided.

The Labiatae is a large family that occurs worldwide and have species that are adapted to almost all habitats and altitudes. Plectranthus is in this family. Plectranthus species are beautiful South African shrubs. The genus Plectranthus belongs to subfamily Nepetoideae of tribe Ocimeae. The test microorganisms were chosen carefully as each one belonged to a different taxonomic group of fungi and bacteria. Biologically active mono- and sesquiterpenoids are frequently found in many species of Plectranthus but there are little published data that directly link the presence of specific compounds in a species with the traditional uses of that species. Various Plectranthus spp. were collected and dried, followed by chemical extraction using various solvents. Dichloromethane extracts of P. fruticosus and P. ecklonii were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities using the agar well and trench diffusion methods. It was found that both methods produced inconsistent results. The trench method required a bigger volume of plant extract to be filled into the well, hence, better biological activity was observed with that method. The well method required a smaller volume therefore poor activity was noted with this assay. The size of inhibition zones are dosage dependent. Overall, both plant extracts exhibited antibacterial but no antifungal properties. The pure compound (1), 11-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-5,7,9(11),13-abietatetraen-12-one, isolated from P. ecklonii was found to be the same as compound (10) which was isolated from P. lucidus. P. hadiensis was extracted using dichloromethane and hexane. The dichloromethane extract proved to contain much higher biological activity than the hexane extract. Three pure compounds, identified as diterpenes, were isolated from the crude dichloromethane extract of P. hadiensis. 6,7-Dihydroxyroyleanone-6,7,12-trihydroxy-8,12-abietadiene-ll,14-dione (2) and 7(alpha)-formoxy-6(beta)-hydroxyroyleanone (3) exhibited good antibacterial and antifungal activity but not against all the test organisms. The remaining pure compound, 7(alpha)-acetoxy-6(beta)hydroxyroyleanone (4), exerted good antifungal activity. This was measured by the inhibition zone which measured up to 14mm when compound 4 was tested against S. sclerotiorum. When testing the hexane extract against the Bacillus formulations, the pellets that were suspended once in Ringer's solution produced bigger inhibition zones than the pellets that were suspended twice. This could be due to bacterial cells washing out of the suspension. The dichloromethane extract of P. praetermissus proved to be very active against X campestris, producing an inhibition zone of 8 - 20mm. Two pure compounds were isolated from the crude extract and identified as diterpenes. Compound 5, 20(10--> 5)-abeo1( 10),6,8,11,13-abietapentaene-11,12,16-triol, and compound 6, 11,12,15-trihydroxy-20( 10-->5)-abeo-abieta-1-(10),6,8,11,13-pentaene are both known compounds which have previously been isolated from Salvia apiana. P. cilatus was extracted with chloroform and tested against various microorganisms for antifungal and antibacterial activities. It showed poor biological activity overall, except against S. sclerotiorum. The crude dichloromethane extract of P. zuluensis exhibited good antibacterial activity, which was limited to the Gram negative test organism. The extract produced an inhibition zone of 10-12mm when tested against X campestris. Pure compound 7, 2-hydroxy-4,6dimethoxyacetophenone, exerted excellent inhibition against B. subtilis and S. sclerotiorum. Neither compound 8, 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-benzene, nor compound 7, inhibited Candida spp., F. oxysporum and R. solani. Two diterpenes were isolated from the aerial plant parts of P. lucidus with dichloromethane and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic means. The pure compound 9, 11-hydroxy19-( 3-methyl-2-butenoyl)-5,7,9(11), 13-abietatetraen-12-one, showed moderate antifungal activity whereas compound 10, 11-hydroxy-2-(4-hroxybenzoyl)-5,7,9(11),13-abietatetraen12- one, showed high antifungal activity against R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum. The crude and the pure compounds (formerly isolated from P. parviflorus) showed inhibition against X campestris. The dichloromethane extracts of P. purpuratus subsp. purpuratus and P. purpuratus subsp. tongaensis exhibit similar levels of biological activity when tested against the same test organisms. Poor antibacterial activity was noted with both extracts. However, excellent antifungal activity was depicted when both plant extracts were tested against F. oxysporum, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. However, the highest biological activity was noted by R. solani which was totally inhibited by both dichloromethane extracts. The pure compound (11) isolated from P. purpuratus subsp. purpuratus was found to have the same chemical structure as compound (9) previously isolated from P. lucidus. The bioautography assay was used to detect and activity-guide the fractionation of antimicrobial compounds from all the Plectranthus spp. tested. The TLC fingerprint showed a zone of clearing around the lower bands of P. fruticosus and P. ecklonii when the plate was sprayed with a suspension of B. subtilis. This result is consistent with the agar well diffusion method. Clear zones were also noted on some bands of the extracts of P. zuluensis, P. ciliatus, P. hadiensis and P. praetermussis. Clear zones indicate inhibition of growth. Other plant extracts tested for biological activity were from the family Lamiaceae, however, not of the genus Plectranthus. Persicaria senegalensis, Pycnostachys reticulata and Ficus sur possessed moderate biological activity overall. It is interesting to note that P. senegalensis and F. sur exert high biological activity against Candida spp. This could be useful as herbal remedies for yeast infections. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

No description available.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Various dermatological disorders, such as formation of black pigmented patches on the surface of the skin arise from the over-activity of tyrosinase enzyme's degenerative action. This enzyme is further implicated in the involvement of melanin in malignant melanoma, the most lifethreatening skin tumors. Although, synthetic products were found effective to combat this menace, nevertheless, overtime detrimental effect on human skin is a challenge. Investigation of natural tyrosinase inhibitors from methanol extracts of medicinal plants of Lamiaceae family using L-tyrosine as substrate on three different complementary assays (TLC bio-autography, spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry) was carried out accordingly. The result indicated Salvia chamelaeagnea, Salvia dolomitica, Plectranthus ecklonii, Plectranthus namaensis, and Plectranthus zuluensis, with significant zone of inhibition against tyrosinase on TLC bio-autography, spectrophotometry result showed that extracts of Plectranthus ecklonii (IC50 = 21.58 μg/mL), Plectranthus zuluensis (IC50 = 23.99 μg/mL), Plectranthus madagascariensis (IC50 = 23.99 μg/mL) and Salvia lanceolata (IC50 = 28.83) demonstrated good anti-tyrosinase activity when compared with kojic acid (IC50 = 3.607 μg/mL). On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry are in consonant with above results thereby supported the nomination of some of the extracts as strong anti-tyrosinase agents. Salvia chamelaeagnea showed strong activity in cyclic voltammetry and clear zone of inhibition on TLC bioautography, these reasons gave us justification for further chemical study to isolate the bioactive constituents. Phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extract of Salvia chamelaeagnea using different chromatographic methods including column chromatographic and semi preparative HPLC afforded six (6) known compounds viz carsonol (C1), carnosic acid (C2), 7- ethoxylrosmanol (C3), ursolic acid (C4), rosmanol (C5) and ladanein (C6). Their chemical structures were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic (1H and 13C NMR) data as well as correlations with existing literature. The methanolic extract of S. chamelaeagnea (SC) showed moderate antityrosinase (IC50 = 267.4 μg/mL) activity, total antioxidant capacities measured as: Oxygen radicals absorbance capacity (ORAC; 14970 ± 5.16 μM TE/g), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 9869.43 ± 7.87 μM AAE/g) and trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC; 13706.5 ± 0.95 μM TE/g). Excellent total antioxidant capacities were demonstrated by C1 and C5 respectively as FRAP (9338.92 ± 1.72; 8622.73 ± 1.92) μM AAE/g; TEAC (16505 ± 0.86; 10641.5 ± 0.52) μM TE/g; ORAC (14550.5 ± 3.65; 14633.90 ± 3.84) μM TE/g and including the inhibition of Fe2+ -induced lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 32.5; 30.25) μg/mL. All the compounds except C4 are electro-active with well-defined oxidation-reduction peaks while C1 demonstrated the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity by strongly decreased the inhibition current with time using cyclic voltammetry method. The isolated compounds especially C1, C2 and C5 are well known to combat with ageing problems and documented for their powerful activity against oxidative stress and alzheimer's diseases, which are ageing related symptoms. The isolation of such bioactive compounds indicated the synergetic effect of the results of the three methods used in this thesis. This is the first report on the evaluation of both anti-tyrosinase and total antioxidant capacities of the isolated compounds from S. chamelaeagnea. The findings therefore can be used as background information for exploitation of skin depigmentation and antioxidant agents from natural source.

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

Cunila spicata Benth. é uma planta aromática e medicinal utilizada popularmente no sul do Brasil como béquica, peitoral e sudorífera, e que apresenta comprovada atividade antiviral e anticonvulsiva. C. spicata é uma das 12 espécies sul-americanas do gênero Cunila (Lamiaceae) sendo encontrada em banhados e borda de mata de galeria no sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. Dentro deste contexto, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variabilidade genética e química de populações de C. spicata coletadas nas regiões nordeste e sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, com vistas a formação de bancos de germoplasma, determinação de estratégias de preservação e uso sustentável. Os marcadores ISSR e RAPD mostraram-se eficientes na determinação de variabilidade genética desta espécie, permitindo a identificação de todas as populações e indivíduos avaliados. As populações de C. spicata caracterizam-se como grupos geneticamente estruturados. Entretanto, não foi constatada formação de agrupamentos dentro da espécie, nem relação entre as distâncias genéticas e geográficas, ou entre as populações originarias das duas regiões geográficas amostradas. Por outro lado, a análise da composição dos óleos essenciais das 10 populações permitiu separar as mesmas em dois quimiotipos caracterizados por elevada concentração de α-terpineol/limoneno, e linalol, respectivamente. As populações da região sudeste enquadraram-se dentro do quimiotipo linalol, enquanto as da região nordeste no quimiotipo α-terpineol/limoneno. A relação geográfica e química é indicativa da existência de pressão de seleção quanto ao tipo de óleo essencial da região de ocorrência. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-01T16:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcos Roberto Albuquerque.pdf: 1631570 bytes, checksum: d32cbb1d10de9a5f37eb7dd664ddc20d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T16:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcos Roberto Albuquerque.pdf: 1631570 bytes, checksum: d32cbb1d10de9a5f37eb7dd664ddc20d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq. / Cunila spicata Benth. is a medicinal and aromatic plant popularly used in South Brazil as bequic, expectorant and sudiriferous, and that has confirmed antiviral and anti-convulsive activities. C. spicata is one of the 12 South-American species of the genus Cunila( Lamiaceae) been currently found in swamps and borders of gallery forests in South Brazil, North Argentina and Uruguay. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the genetic and chemical variability of C. spicata populations collected at the northeast and southeast regions of Rio Grande do Sul, to subside the construction of a germplasm bank, to determine conservation strategies, and to develop a sustainable use of this species. ISSR and RAPD markers proved to be efficients for the determination of the genetic variability of this species, allowing the identification of all the populations and individuals. C. spicata populations were characterized as genetically structured groups. However, clusters within the species were not evident, and no relations were detected between geographic and genetic distances, or between populations of the two regions. Conversely, the analysis of essential oil composition allowed the populations in two chemotypes, characterized by high concentration of α-terpineol/limonene, and linalool, respectively. The populations of the southeast region belong to the linalool chemotype, and those from the northeast region to the a-terpineol/limonene chemotype. This geographical and chemical relation is indicative of different selection pressures in the two regions.

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

O gênero Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), constituido de aproximadamente 900 espécies, possui 60 representantes no Brasil. Dentre suas propriedades medicinais destacam-se as atividades antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante e antibacteriana. Óleos essenciais e diterpenos de núcleos abietano, clerodano, primarano estão entre os principais constituintes químicos relatados para as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação de seis espécies de Salvia nativas da região Sul do Brasil (S. guaranitica, da Seção Coerulae; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata e S. borjensis, da Seção Rudes e S. procurrens e S. uliginosa, da Seção Uliginosae), utilizando cromatografia à gás/espectrometria de massas. A análise química dos óleos essenciais mostrou que todas as espécies apresentaram apenas sesquiterpenos, além de compostos alifáticos como aldeidos e ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Entre estes últimos, nonadecanal estava presente em todas as espécies, sendo abundante (13% a 56%) em S. procurrens, S. ovalifolia e S. borjensis. Em relação à composição dos sesquiterpenos, observou-se que espatulenol estava presente em quantidades relativamente grandes (10% - 40%) nas espécies S. cordata, S. borjensis e S. ovalifolia. Estas espécies também apresentaram β-cariofileno, sesquiterpeno encontrado, ainda, em S. guaranitica. S. cordata apresentou o sesquiterpeno epi-globulol (32,3%) e 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11,4%). O óleo essencial de S. uliginosa apresentou ácido hexadecanóico (30,1%), n-nonadecano (17,5%) e nonadecanal (4,5%) como componentes majoritários. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos diclorometano das espécies da Seção Uliginosae (S. uliginosa e S. procurrens) mostraram atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus, quando testados pelo método de bioautografia. As analises preliminares sugerem a presença de diterpenos de núcleo abietano-quinona nos extratos orgânicos destas espécies. Os extratos diclorometano dessas duas espécies foram também avaliados quanto à atividade amebicida contra amebas de vida livre Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Entre estes, apenas o de S. uliginosa foi ativo, apresentando 100% de atividade nas concentrações de 7,5 e 5 mg/mL. / The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) has about 900 species, 60 of them found in Brazil. Among the medicinal properties it is possible to highlight anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Essential oils and diterpenes with abietane, clerodane and primarane skeletons are the main componentes of these plants. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to characterize the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Salvia species native to southern Brazil (S. guaranitica, Section Coerula; S. ovalifolia, S. cordata and S. borjensis, Section Rudes and S. procurrens and S. uliginosa, Section Uliginosae), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis of the essential oils showed that all species had only sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic compounds such as aldehydes and long chain fatty acids. Among the latter, nonadecanal was present in all species, being abundant (13% to 56%) in S. procurrens, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia. Regarding the composition of the sesquiterpenes, it was observed that spathulenol was present in relatively large amounts (10% - 40%) in S. cordata, S. borjensis and S. ovalifolia oils. These species also showed β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene also found in S. guaranitica. S. cordata showed the sesquiterpene epi-globulol (32.3%) and 2E, 6Z-farnesol (11.4%). S. uliginosa essential oil presented hexadecanoic acid (30.1%), n-nonadecane (17.5%) and nonadecanal (4.5%) as the main compound. The essential oils and the dichloromethane extracts of of the species from the Section Uliginosae (S. uliginosa and S. procurrens) demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when investigated by the bioautography method. Preliminary analyses indicated theat the main compounds present in the organic extracts are diterpenes with the abietane type-diterpene quinone nucleous. The dichloromethane extracts of these two species were also evaluated for the activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Only the extract of S. uliginosa was active, with 100% activity at concentrations of 7.5 and 5 mg/mL.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-05T16:36:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Juliana Silva dos Santos1.pdf: 1785927 bytes, checksum: 83f770822a9ff628d0769fb02e147de0 (MD5) Juliana Silva dos Santos2.pdf: 3659436 bytes, checksum: 139c3fa3308c581a5e28e5ce17a49ce0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T16:36:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Juliana Silva dos Santos1.pdf: 1785927 bytes, checksum: 83f770822a9ff628d0769fb02e147de0 (MD5) Juliana Silva dos Santos2.pdf: 3659436 bytes, checksum: 139c3fa3308c581a5e28e5ce17a49ce0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Amasonia L. (Lamiaceae - Ajugoideae), there is the difficult distinction between its species, which makes it complex, and also because little is known about its relationship with related genera. This study aimed to perform a morphological cladistic analysis of the Amasonia genus, to contribute with understanding of its interspecific relationships, and provide subsidies for the correct identification of its taxa. For the taxonomic study were analyzed voucher specimens and from collections held in the Central West region of Brazil. For the cladistic analysis were selected 42 characters of 13 species, of which eight belong to the Amasonia, three Aegiphila and a representative of the genus Clerodendrum and other of Tetraclea. The morphological matrix was developed through the program Nexus Data Editor, version 5.0 and analyzed by Paup 4.0 by the method of maximal parsimony. Were found three equally parsimonious trees with consistence index (CI) = 0, 6852 and a retention index (RI) = 0,7018. Were recognized eight species in the genus: A. angustifolia, A. arborea, A. calycina, A. campestris, A. hirta, A. lasiocaulis, A. obovata and A. spruceana, mainly dispersed in the savanna formation in Midwest Brazil and in the forests of the Amazon domain. Three synonyms were proposed: Amasonia campestris var. surinamensis Moldenke synonymized to A. campestris; A. hirta var. paraensis Moldenke and A. lasiocaulis var. macrophylla Moldenke synonymized to A. lasiocaulis. Amasonia emerged as a monophyletic genus and it had the clade formed by Tetraclea and Clerodendrum as the closest sister group. Amasonia hirta was pointed as a basal group and sister group to the other species. Aegiphila was shown as paraphyletic, but due to its low sampling in this study, few inferences about the genus could be done. / Amasonia L. (Lamiaceae - Ajugoideae), destaca-se pela difícil distinção entre suas espécies, o que o torna complexo, e também pelo pouco conhecimento sobre sua relação com gêneros afins. Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a filogenia do gênero Amasonia com base em dados morfológicos a fim de contribuir para um maior entendimento das relações interespecíficas do gênero, bem como fornecer subsídios para a correta identificação de seus táxons. Para o estudo taxonômico foram analisadas coleções de herbários e espécimes provenientes de coletas realizadas na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Para a análise cladística foram levantados 42 caracteres de 13 espécies, das quais oito pertencentes a Amasonia, três a Aegiphila e um representante dos gêneros Clerodendrum e Tetraclea. A matriz morfológica foi desenvolvida através do programa Nexus Data Editor, versão 5.0 e analisada pelo Paup 4.0 pelo método de máxima parcimônia. Foram encontradas três árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com índices de consistência (IC) = 0, 6852 e retenção (IR) = 0, 7018. Foram reconhecidas oito espécies para o gênero: A. angustifolia, A. arborea, A. calycina, A. campestris, A. hirta, A. lasiocaulis, A. obovata e A. spruceana, distribuídas principalmente no cerrado da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil e nas florestas de domínio amazônico, incluindo ambientes savanóides. Três sinonimizações são propostas: Amasonia campestris var. surinamensis Moldenke sinonimizada à A. campestris; A. hirta var. paraensis Moldenke e A. lasiocaulis var. macrophylla Moldenke sinonimizadas à A. lasiocaulis. Amasonia emergiu como um gênero monofilético e teve como grupo irmão o clado formado por Clerodendrum e Tetraclea. Amasonia hirta foi apontada como espécie basal e grupo irmão das demais espécies. Aegiphila surgiu como um grupo parafilético, mas devido a sua baixa amostragem neste trabalho, poucas inferências sobre o gênero puderam ser feitas.