No description available.

<p>Multilayer polymer decorative films are showing a growing presence in the automotive industry, substituting conventional paint applications while maintaining similar aesthetic appeal. However for certain film constructions that have distinct layer properties, the polymer film laminates have shown to form wrinkles on application of heat during thermoforming. In this study, attempts were made to identify the factors influencing wrinkling and to predict the variation in the wrinkle parameters under changing forming conditions using existing theoretical models. A new modified thermoforming technique is proposed for producing thermoformed parts without wrinkles and thereby achieving a <em>Class A</em> finished surface.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Elektronische Bauteile aus organischen Halbleitern stellen höchste Anforderungen an die Qualität der Verkapselung, die sie vor eindringenden Wasser- und Luftmolekülen schützt. Gleichzeitig soll diese preiswert und mechanisch flexibel sein. Diese Arbeit realisiert Aluminium-Mehrschichtsysteme als wirkungsvolle, biegsame und einfache Verkapselung. Es werden verschiedene Herstellungsmethoden und Zwischenschichtmaterialien untersucht, wobei die Barrierelamination als überlegenes Verfahren etabliert wird. Verkapselungssysteme werden mittels optischer Untersuchung und mit dem elektrischen Calciumtest auf ihre Güte geprüft, bevor sie in Solarzellenalterungsexperimenten unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen zur Anwendung kommen. Laminationsbarrieren aus Aluminiumdünnschichten zeigen reproduzierbar Wasserdampfdurchtrittsraten im unteren 10^(-4) g(H2O)/m^2/Tag-Bereich unter beschleunigten Permeationsbedingungen. Sie verlängern die T(50)-Lebensdauer von Solarzellen um einen Faktor 50 gegenüber unverkapselten Zellen auf Werte, die mit starrer Glas- oder zeitaufwendiger ALD-Verkapselung vergleichbar sind. / Organic electronic devices require excellent encapsulation to protect them from intruding water- and air-molecules. At the same time, the encapsulation has to be inexpensive and flexible. This work presents aluminum multilayer barriers as highly effective, flexible and low-cost encapsulation. Various production methods and interlayer materials are investigated and barrier-lamination is established as superior process. Encapsulation systems are evaluated optically and by means of the electrical calcium-test, before they are employed in realistic solar cell aging experiments. Lamination-barriers of thin aluminum films show reproducible water-vapor transmission rates in the low 10^(-4) g(H2O)/m^2/day-range under accelerated permeation conditions. They improve the T(50)-lifetime of solar cells by a factor of 50 compared to unencapsulated cells, reaching values on par with rigid glass encapsulation or time-consuming atomic layer deposition.

Ph.D. thesis represents summary of multidiciplinary palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic research of the most significant Late Pennsylvanian lacustrine horizon of the central and western Bohemian basins - the Malesice Member of the Slaný Formation. Two cores from new shallow drills, situated 80 km apart, were analysed. Multidisciplinary approach is based on description of lamination structure and periodicity; mineral and isotopic composition of autigennic carbonates, namely siderite; compositiona of detrital minerals including clay mineral assemblages; and composition of autochthonous and allochthonous organic particles including palynospectra. Detailed analysis of drill cores lead to the identification of individual phases of lake development linked with lake-level fluctuation and water-column stratification, which were driven by a sume of precipitation and its seasonal distribution. Changes in precipitation also affected compostion and density of vegetational cover in the lake surroundings, weathering intesity of source rocks and degradation of organic matter in the drainage basin, and so precipitation affected final grain-size and composition of detrital material deposited in the lake. Beside common environmental signatures at both studied sites, there are also significant...

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-08-05T21:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NEVES_JB_2012_R2.pdf: 2142681 bytes, checksum: 2f1f8d4679734685ccd9edf621f7b8c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T21:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NEVES_JB_2012_R2.pdf: 2142681 bytes, checksum: 2f1f8d4679734685ccd9edf621f7b8c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-24 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / The prediction of the reinforced concrete beams behavior under bending is essential to design these elements. Usually the models do not incorporate the concrete stress contribution, which may underestimate the structural element strain that use steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under permanent or temporary loads. This work presents a variational formulation based on the finite difference energy method (EFDM) in predicting the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced, that uses SFRC. The proposed model uses the classical lamination theory (CLT) with a damage model (Mazars, 1984) applied to the SFRC. The reinforcement was considered as a layer of a perfect elastic-plastic material. Comparing the load-displacement numerical results with those of the literature to reinforced concrete beams demonstrates the consistency of the proposed model. / A previs?o do comportamento de vigas de concreto armado sob flex?o ? fundamental para o adequado dimensionamento destes elementos. Usualmente, os modelos n?o incorporam a contribui??o do concreto tracionado, o que pode subestimar as deforma??es no elemento estrutural que utilizem o concreto refor?ado com fibras (CRFA) sob cargas de curta e longa dura??o. No presente trabalho ? apresentada uma formula??o variacional com base no m?todo das diferen?as finitas energ?ticas (MDFE) para a previs?o do comportamento ? flex?o de vigas de concreto simples ou armado refor?adas com fibras de a?o. O modelo proposto combina a teoria cl?ssica de laminados (TCL) com um modelo de dano (Mazars, 1984) aplicado ao concreto. O refor?o (armadura longitudinal) foi considerado como uma l?mina de um material elasto-pl?stico perfeito. A compara??o dos resultados num?ricos com resultados encontrados na literatura para vigas de concreto armado, em termos de cargadeslocamento, demonstra a coer?ncia do modelo proposto.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based artificial sensory hairs for flow sensing have been widely explored, but the processes involved in their fabrication are lithography intensive, making the process quite expensive and cumbersome. Most of these devices are also based on silicon MEMS, which makes the fabrication of out-of plane 3D flow sensors very challenging. This thesis aims to develop new fabrication technologies based on Polymer MEMS, with minimum dependence on lithography for the fabrication of piezoresistive 3D out-of-plane artificial sensory hairs for sensing of air flow. Moreover, the fabrication of a flexible sensor array is proposed and new materials are also explored for the sensing application. Soft lithography based approaches are first investigated for the fabrication of an all elastomer device that is tested in a bench top wind tunnel. Micromolding technologies allow for the mass fabrication of microstructures using a single, reusable mold master that is fabricated by SU-8 photolithography, reducing the need for repetitive processing. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the device material and sputter deposited gold is used as both the piezoresistive as well as the electrode material for collection of device response. The fabrication results of PDMS to PDMS metal transfer micromolding (MTM) are shown and the limitations of the process are also discussed. A dissolving mold metal transfer micromolding process is then proposed and developed, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional MTM process pertinent to the present application. Testing results of devices fabricated using the dissolving mold process are discussed with emphasis on the role of micro-cr  acking as one failure mode in elastomeric devices with thin film metal electrodes. Finally, a laser microfabrication based approach using thin film Kapton as the device material and an electrically conductive carbon-black elastomer composite as the piezoresistor is proposed and demonstrated. Laminated sheets of thick and thin Kapton form the flexible substrate on which the conductive elastomer piezoresistors are stencil printed. Excimer laser ablation is used to make the micro-stencil as well as to release the Kapton cantilevers. The fluid-structure interaction is improved by the deposition of a thin film of silicon dioxide, which produces a stress-gradient induced curvature, strongly enhancing the device sensitivity. This new approach also enables the fabrication of backside interconnects, thereby addressing the commonly observed problem of flow intrusion while using conventional interconnection technologies like wire-bonding. Devices with varying dimensions of the sensing element are fabricated and the results presented, with smallest devices having a width of 400 microns and a length of 1.5 mm with flow sensitivities as high as 60 Ohms/m/s. Recommendations are also proposed for further optimization of the device.

Direct current motors and stepping motors are very often used for electric drives in cars. The most frequent representatives of direct current motors are electric starter and wind- screen wiper motor. Stepping motors are very often used for electric regulating of outsides driving mirrors and seats. This study is focused on innovation and DC permanent magnet motor. The disadvanage of direct current motors is so called „sliding contact“. A possible compensation of direct current motor are EC (electronically commutator) motors that do not need sliding contact for their work.

Electric drives used in automotive industry are often based on standard DC motor as it is widely recognised as mature and reliable technology. The most common applications of DC motors in automotive industry are starters and wind screen wiper motors. Aim of this thesis is to provide design overview of typical automotive DC motor therefore main parts and features of the machine will be described in detail. Main disadvantage of DC motor is „sliding contact“ between commutator and carbon brushes which introduces source of electromagnetic disturbance and requires regular maintenance. Within this project different aspects of DC motor design and innovation are expected to be tackled including examples of loss calculation.

Elektronische Bauteile aus organischen Halbleitern stellen höchste Anforderungen an die Qualität der Verkapselung, die sie vor eindringenden Wasser- und Luftmolekülen schützt. Gleichzeitig soll diese preiswert und mechanisch flexibel sein. Diese Arbeit realisiert Aluminium-Mehrschichtsysteme als wirkungsvolle, biegsame und einfache Verkapselung. Es werden verschiedene Herstellungsmethoden und Zwischenschichtmaterialien untersucht, wobei die Barrierelamination als überlegenes Verfahren etabliert wird. Verkapselungssysteme werden mittels optischer Untersuchung und mit dem elektrischen Calciumtest auf ihre Güte geprüft, bevor sie in Solarzellenalterungsexperimenten unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen zur Anwendung kommen. Laminationsbarrieren aus Aluminiumdünnschichten zeigen reproduzierbar Wasserdampfdurchtrittsraten im unteren 10^(-4) g(H2O)/m^2/Tag-Bereich unter beschleunigten Permeationsbedingungen. Sie verlängern die T(50)-Lebensdauer von Solarzellen um einen Faktor 50 gegenüber unverkapselten Zellen auf Werte, die mit starrer Glas- oder zeitaufwendiger ALD-Verkapselung vergleichbar sind.:1. Einleitung 2. Grundlagen 2.1. Organische Halbleiter 2.2. Organische Photovoltaik 2.2.1. Aufbau und Funktion 2.2.2. Charakterisierung 2.3. Degradationsmechanismen in organischer Photovoltaik 2.3.1. Intrinsische Degradation 2.3.2. Extrinsische Degradation 2.4. Permeationsbarrieren 2.4.1. Wasserdampftransmissionsrate 2.4.2. Permeationsmechanismen 2.5. Vakuumabscheidung 2.5.1. Thermische Vakuumabscheidung 2.5.2. Dünnschichtwachstum 2.6. Calciumtest 2.6.1. Allgemeiner Aufbau 2.6.2. Mögliche Fehlerquellen beim Calciumtest 2.6.3. Optischer Calciumtest 2.6.4. Elektrischer Calciumtest 3. Experimentelle Methoden und Geräte 3.1. Substrate 3.2. Vakuumverdampfung 3.2.1. Evaporation System Königbau 3.2.2. Lesker-Verdampfungsanlage 3.3. Lamination 3.3.1. Epoxidharz Araldite 2011 3.3.2. Barrierekleber Tesa SE 3.3.3. Barrierekleber BK4a Fraunhofer 3.4. Elektrischer Calciumtest 3.4.1. Probenaufbau 3.4.2. Messapparatur 3.5. Solarzellencharakterisierung 3.5.1. Externe Quanteneffizienz 3.5.2. Strom-Spannungskennlinien 3.6. Klimaschrank 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 4.1. Defektradius von Aluminiumbarrieren 4.2. Keimschichten 4.3. Multilagenbarrieren 4.3.1. Vakuumprozessierte Zwischenschichten 4.3.2. Laminationsbarrieren 4.4. Integration von Calcium als Wasserfangstoff 4.5. Solarzellenalterung 4.5.1. Vergleich der Glasverkapselten Proben 4.5.2. Vergleich der Verkapselungstechniken 4.5.3. Vergleich der unverkapselten Proben: MoO3-, Cu-, Cr-Schichten 4.5.4. Degradation der Epoxidharzproben 4.5.5. Wirkungsgrad und Degradation der ALD-Proben 4.6. Vollflexible Solarzellen mit Laminationsbarriere 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Anhang A.1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis A.2. Häufige Formelzeichen / Organic electronic devices require excellent encapsulation to protect them from intruding water- and air-molecules. At the same time, the encapsulation has to be inexpensive and flexible. This work presents aluminum multilayer barriers as highly effective, flexible and low-cost encapsulation. Various production methods and interlayer materials are investigated and barrier-lamination is established as superior process. Encapsulation systems are evaluated optically and by means of the electrical calcium-test, before they are employed in realistic solar cell aging experiments. Lamination-barriers of thin aluminum films show reproducible water-vapor transmission rates in the low 10^(-4) g(H2O)/m^2/day-range under accelerated permeation conditions. They improve the T(50)-lifetime of solar cells by a factor of 50 compared to unencapsulated cells, reaching values on par with rigid glass encapsulation or time-consuming atomic layer deposition.:1. Einleitung 2. Grundlagen 2.1. Organische Halbleiter 2.2. Organische Photovoltaik 2.2.1. Aufbau und Funktion 2.2.2. Charakterisierung 2.3. Degradationsmechanismen in organischer Photovoltaik 2.3.1. Intrinsische Degradation 2.3.2. Extrinsische Degradation 2.4. Permeationsbarrieren 2.4.1. Wasserdampftransmissionsrate 2.4.2. Permeationsmechanismen 2.5. Vakuumabscheidung 2.5.1. Thermische Vakuumabscheidung 2.5.2. Dünnschichtwachstum 2.6. Calciumtest 2.6.1. Allgemeiner Aufbau 2.6.2. Mögliche Fehlerquellen beim Calciumtest 2.6.3. Optischer Calciumtest 2.6.4. Elektrischer Calciumtest 3. Experimentelle Methoden und Geräte 3.1. Substrate 3.2. Vakuumverdampfung 3.2.1. Evaporation System Königbau 3.2.2. Lesker-Verdampfungsanlage 3.3. Lamination 3.3.1. Epoxidharz Araldite 2011 3.3.2. Barrierekleber Tesa SE 3.3.3. Barrierekleber BK4a Fraunhofer 3.4. Elektrischer Calciumtest 3.4.1. Probenaufbau 3.4.2. Messapparatur 3.5. Solarzellencharakterisierung 3.5.1. Externe Quanteneffizienz 3.5.2. Strom-Spannungskennlinien 3.6. Klimaschrank 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 4.1. Defektradius von Aluminiumbarrieren 4.2. Keimschichten 4.3. Multilagenbarrieren 4.3.1. Vakuumprozessierte Zwischenschichten 4.3.2. Laminationsbarrieren 4.4. Integration von Calcium als Wasserfangstoff 4.5. Solarzellenalterung 4.5.1. Vergleich der Glasverkapselten Proben 4.5.2. Vergleich der Verkapselungstechniken 4.5.3. Vergleich der unverkapselten Proben: MoO3-, Cu-, Cr-Schichten 4.5.4. Degradation der Epoxidharzproben 4.5.5. Wirkungsgrad und Degradation der ALD-Proben 4.6. Vollflexible Solarzellen mit Laminationsbarriere 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Anhang A.1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis A.2. Häufige Formelzeichen

A prototype 3-dimensional (3D) anode, based on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), with potential use in Electric Vehicles (EVs) was investigated. The unique 3D design of the anode allowed much higher areal mass density of MWCNTs as active materials, resulting in more amount of Li+ ion intake, compared to that of a conventional 2D counterpart. Furthermore, 3D amorphous Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure offered enhancement in electrochemical response (specific capacity 549 mAhg-1). Also, an anode stack was fabricated to further increase the areal or volumetric mass density of MWCNTs. An areal mass density of the anode stack 34.9 mg/cm2 was attained, which is 1,342% higher than the value for a single layer 2.6 mg/cm2. Furthermore, the binder-assisted and hot-pressed anode stack yielded the average reversible, stable gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities of 213 mAhg-1 and 265 mAh/cm3, respectively (at 0.5C). Moreover, a large-scale patterned novel flexible 3D MWCNTs-graphene-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) anode structure was prepared. It generated a reversible specific capacity of 153 mAhg-1 at 0.17C and cycling stability of 130 mAhg-1 up to 50 cycles at 1.7C.