A sharp rise in house prices became a political issue in Korea in the late 1980's. It opened a heated debate among scholars and experts on the causes of house price rises. In the debate, a common belief was that high land prices had been one of the main causes of high house prices. In fact, the proportion of land cost in new house prices has steadily increased as the latter has risen in Korea during the past two decades. This research calls into question the notion underlying that common belief that land prices exist independently of housing development. Most policy measures are sought on the basis of this notion. This research argues that land prices are an outcome of conflicts between landowners and developers in the process of housing development. In exploring the idea that the determination of land cost for housing is a result of conflicts between landowners and developers, the research came to the question of what the source of conflicts is, a question of why and how the two actors enter into conflictive relations. It was a suggestion of Marx's concept of rent that surplus profits are the material source of conflicts; the ability of developers to create higher surplus profits provides possibility of landowners to demand more payments for their land; landowners' appropriation of increasingly larger portions of surplus profits then conditions the way developers produce housing; thus both enter into a conflictive and contradictory relationship. It was thus hypothesised that the rising land cost for housing has been primarily a result of that conflicting and contradictory interaction, which is permanently operating in housing development. However, how far and in what forms the conflict affects housing development and the determination of land cost are affected by social mediation of the interaction. Thus the research, the test of the above hypothesis, comprises two parts: the identification of the material aspect of the process by which landowners and developers entered into conflicting relations resulting in increasing land prices for housing as suggested in Marx's concept of rent; and the examination of political and economic circumstances in which social relations between the two actors were conditioned to leave that material process unregulated. This hypothesis was tested with reference to the case of housing development in Seoul during the 1970's and 1980's. The empirical examination disclosed that the rising land cost for housing in Korea has been due to the conflictive nature of the relationship between landowners and developers. Developers have created large surplus profits by exploiting rapidly growing speculative demand for housing and government housing programmes relying on private development; this have provided room for landowners to raise land prices such that increasingly larger portions of new house prices have been allocated to land cost; increasing government intervention have been unsuccessful in controlling this conflictive and contradictory process and the consequent spiral rises in land cost and house prices because of its inability to break from its self-financing housing development strategy; this inability has been due to historical circumstances which, characterised by strong state and weak labour relations and the subordination of finance to industrial capital, have conditioned housing development to be driven by the private appropriation of development gains.

A inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal, a partir da década de 1980, na Zona da Mata pernambucana, aproximou os representantes dos movimentos sociais rurais e os trabalhadores rurais do sonho da melhor distribuição de terras e da possibilidade de acesso a sua terra de trabalho. Tal configuração se fez realidade para apenas alguns trabalhadores, porém estes, mesmo possuindo sua parcela para a realização do plantio continuou, através do trabalho flexível, subordinando sua força de trabalho aos representantes do agronegócio da cana de açúcar. Este panorama suscitou alguns questionamentos, entre eles: Como se apresenta de fato a atual estrutura fundiária do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão após a inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal? A então chamada reforma agrária brasileira tem sido capaz de formar uma nova configuração do espaço agrário? E por qual motivo o assentado, que via regra é um ex-assalariado da cana, passa a cultivar cana de açúcar depois que recebe uma parcela? Essas indagações direcionaram a pesquisa o seguinte objetivo: buscar, compreender e analisar as relações socioterritoriais a partir do processo de inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal no território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão, além de buscar identificar a forma de subordinação dos assentados da reforma agrária aos representantes do capital do agronegócio. Diante das questões levantadas, esta pesquisa se faz relevante por debater questões teóricas associadas com o conhecimento empírico, pertinentes ao conhecimento geográfico e que visam explicar a atual configuração do espaço agrário diante da inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária e a subordinação dos trabalhadores assentados ao agronegócio. Visando alcançar o objetivo geral foram feitos os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos. Levantamento e leitura bibliográfica a respeitos das questões conceituais de espaço, território, renda da terra e trabalho flexível, além de trabalhos de campo visando a aplicação de entrevistas, questionários e produção iconográfica foram fundamentais para se chegar a algumas conclusões. A permanência da estrutura fundiária latifundiária e monocultora foi uma delas. Além desta conclusão, notou-se também que os assentados do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão permanecem subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro, só que agora dentro das características do trabalho flexível. Em função deste modo de trabalho os assentados não percebem mesmo tendo deixado de ser assalariado da cana, continuam subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro. / The insertion of the agrarian reform federal, from the 1980s, in the Zona da Mata, approached representatives of social movements and rural workers dream of better land distribution and the possibility of access to their land work. This configuration became reality for only a few workers, but these, despite having its share to achieve the planting continued, through flexible working, subordinating their workforce representatives of agribusiness sugarcane. This scenario has raised some questions, among them: As shown in fact the current structure of the land territory of the region of Vitoria de Santo Antao after insertion of agrarian reform federal? The so-called land reform in Brazil has been able to form a new configuration of agrarian space? And for what reason the settler who saw rule is a former employee of the cane begins to cultivate sugarcane after it receives a portion? These questions directed the research the following objective: to seek, understand and analyze the socio-territorial relations from the insertion process of agrarian reform in the federal territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão, and seek to identify the form of subordination of the settlers agrarian reform to representatives of agribusiness capital. Given the issues raised, this research is relevant for discussing theoretical issues associated with the empirical knowledge relevant to the geographical knowledge and aimed at explaining the current configuration of the agrarian space before inserting the agrarian reform settlers and the subordination of workers to agribusiness. In order to achieve the overall goal were made the following methodological procedures. Reading literature survey and to respect the conceptual issues of space, territory, land rent and flexible working as well as field work towards the implementation of interviews, questionnaires and iconographic production were essential to reach some conclusions. The permanence of land ownership and landholding monoculture was one. In addition to this conclusion, it was noted also that the settlers of the territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão remain making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness, only now within the characteristics of flexible working. According to this way of working the settlers do not realize even though no longer employed by the cane, still making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness.

Este trabalho tem o intuito de analisar quais foram os determinantes dos preços de venda e de arrendamento da terra de cultura de primeira e de pastagem no estado de São Paulo, de 1969 a 2001. Além disso, procura-se mostrar que os preços de venda da terra de diferentes categorias e em diferentes estados estão relacionados. Conforme a teoria econômica, o preço da terra deveria refletir o fluxo de receitas que essa terra pode gerar, descontado a uma determinada taxa de juro. Contudo, a literatura argumenta que em diversos momentos na economia brasileira, especialmente nas décadas de 70, 80 e início de 90, os determinantes do preço da terra foram além da taxa de juro e do fluxo de receitas gerado pelo ativo. A determinação do preço da terra contemplou também variáveis indiretamente relacionadas ao processo produtivo, como o nível de atividade econômica e a taxa de inflação. Tendo sido analisadas as diversas referências sobre os determinantes dos preços da terra, foram selecionadas variáveis de interesse micro e macroeconômico para compor os modelos econométricos de determinação dos preços de terra de cultura de primeira, terra de pastagem, arrendamento para culturas e aluguel de pasto para animais. A ferramenta econométrica utilizada foi a regressão linear múltipla. As variáveis selecionadas que estão diretamente ligadas ao setor agrícola foram: poder de compra do agricultor, índice de paridade, índices de preços recebidos e de preços pagos pelos produtores e volume de subsídio concedido através do crédito rural. A fim de representar o ambiente macroeconômico, foram estimadas: a taxa de inflação anual vigente no período, uma proxy para o hiato do produto, taxa de juro e infra-estrutura governamental (representada pela extensão total das rodovias pavimentadas e não pavimentadas do estado de São Paulo). Construiu-se ainda uma variável binária com o intuito de verificar se houve um deslocamento significativo no nível de preços de venda e de arrendamento de terra de cultura e de pastagem, no período de 1973 a 1994. Procurou-se ainda verificar se existe relação entre os preços de venda da terra de diferentes categorias, dentro do estado de São Paulo e de algumas categorias deste estado com outras do Centro-Sul do país. Para tanto foram utilizados os testes econométricos de raiz unitária (metodologia proposta por Dickey e Fuller) e de co-integração (segundo a metodologia proposta por Johansen). Dos resultados obtidos, constata-se a que tanto os preços da venda de terra como os preços de arrendamento (para cultura e para pastagem) foram mais elásticos às variáveis relacionadas à atividade agrícola (poder de compra, termos de troca, etc) em detrimento das variáveis macroeconômicas e do crédito rural. Ressalta-se ainda que a variável binária foi significativa nos modelos de determinação dos preços de venda de terra para culturas, para pastagem e também nos de arrendamento, para as duas categorias em questão. Os resultados dos testes de raiz unitária e de co-integração suportaram as evidências empíricas de que os preços de diferentes tipos de terra, em diferentes regiões, estão relacionados. A explanação destes resultados emerge de dois lados: da demanda por terras com a finalidade agrícola e da demanda por terras para fins especulativos. Esses resultados estão de acordo com algumas das diversas referências sobre os determinantes dos preços da terra analisadas. / This dissertation has the intention to determine the price of land (for both crop and pasture land), land rent (again for crop and pasture land), in Sao Paulo State, from 1969 to 2001. Besides that, it has the intention of showing that prices of different categories and of different States are related. According to the economic theory, land price should be the income present value calculated, considering a specific interest rate. However, literature has shown that in different moments in the Brazilian economy, especially in the 70ies, 80ies and early 90ies, there were other determinants of land price, apart from income and interest rate. Land price is also determined by others indirect variables, such as economic activity and inflation. The study has selected several variables (micro and macroeconomics) to determine its relevance in explaining crop and pasture land prices and rents. The econometrical tool used was multiple linear regression. Variables related to agriculture were: purchasing power, terms of trade, product and factor prices (index), and governmental loan subsidies. In order to represent macroeconomic variables, the work has chosen four different determinants: inflation rate, infrastructure (roads), interest rate and GDP gap. A dummy variable was taken to verify whether crop and pasture land prices have changed significantly over 1973 to 1994. Another objective considered was to verify crop and pasture land long run relation between Sao Paulo State and eight different States. The study also analyses long run relation among prices of four different land categories. To do so, it used unit root tests (proposed by Dickey and Fuller) and cointegration tests (according to Johansen´s methodology). Results have shown that land price and rent are more elastic to agricultural related variables (purchasing power, terms of trade, etc). Although it has been determined that variables affects land prices and rent, its effects are much lower than agricultural ones. The dummy variable has shown to be statistically significant in several models. Unit root and cointegration tests supported empirical evidences that different kind of land price have similar pattern of movement. Also, same kind if land have similar behavior among different states. These results are due to factors related to land demand for agriculture and land demand for speculative purposes. Results supported evidences raised by several researchers surveyed in this study.

In Uruguay in recent years was evidenced a significant increase in the agricultural sector. International commodity prices boosted the price of the land wich increased by more than 600% and leases more than 400% in the period between 2000 and 2011. This was accompanied by the sale of almost 7 million hectares and the leasing of more than 8 million, addend between both, almost all of the productive area of the country. In the same period, of a total of 57 thousand establishments in 2000, lost more than 12 thousand establishments of which 11 thousand correspond to units of less than 100 hectares. The present work as main objectives has to understand how it is structured, and works the land market in Uruguay and then explain how has been the influence of that market and prices landholding on production systems family. Was performed an analysis of secondary data on prices for land and the dynamics of the land market, comparing himself with the census data structure of land ownership, concentration and foreignization of land, throughout the country and by departments. Subsequently, from the concepts of the theory of the Capitalist Theory of Land Rent, was evaluated the structure and functioning of the land market by checking for the existence of a speculative behavior in this market. In turn, on the basis of the systemic approach based on the Theory of Agrarian Systems (Analysis-Diagnosis of Agrarian Systems) was used the study of the influence of such market as a differentiation factor for production systems family of homogeneous area of Barriga Negra and Sierras Blancas in the department of Lavalleja. Was performed the typology of the production systems on the basis of typical cases and representative of these typologies, was performed the study economic. The principal results showed that the large increase in the price of the land, in Uruguay, it is a product of the international situation with high agricultural prices, but also of a speculative behavior by the big landowners and agribusiness companies. The price of land officiates as a barrier for small producers that do not have a scale according to the productive model and cannot access, via the market to purchase the land. Some systems that they get a accumulation, however, they do so from lease land and therefore the price of land also prevents them from the purchase of the mode of independence from the leases. This way, the forest big companies in the homogeneous area capture lands, they press for the increase of the prices and they appropriate of the rent land ownership starting from the lease of these small units. In this context, without a public intervention it seems unlikely that these units found mechanisms of accesses to the land, to make viable their systems, so they tend to the abandonment of the production. / No Uruguai, nos últimos anos, evidenciou-se um importante dinamismo no setor agropecuário. Os preços internacionais das commodities pressionavam sobre o preço da terra que aumentou mais de 600% e os preços dos arrendamentos mais de 400% no período compreendido entre 2000 e 2011. Isto foi acompanhado pela venda de quase 7 milhões de ha e do arrendamento de quase 8 milhões de ha, somando entre eles quase a totalidade da superfície produtiva do país. Dos 57 mil estabelecimentos existentes em 2000, diminuíram para o ano 2011, mais de 12 mil estabelecimentos, dos quais 11 mil eram unidades menores aos 100 ha. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos principais compreender a estrutura e o funcionamento do mercado de terras no Uruguai, para, posteriormente, explicar como tem sido a influência desse mercado e dos preços fundiários sobre os sistemas de produção familiares. Realizou-se uma análise de dados secundários sobre os preços da terra e a dinâmica do mercado de terras, comparando com os dados dos censos agropecuários da estrutura fundiária, concentração e estrangeirização da terra, em nível nacional e por departamento. Posteriormente, a partir dos conceitos da Teoria da Renda Fundiária, valorou-se a estrutura e o funcionamento do mercado de terras, comprovando a existência de comportamentos especulativos. Por sua vez, a partir do método sistêmico, baseado na teoria de Sistemas Agrários, o Análise-Diagnóstico de Sistemas Agrários, realizou-se o estudo da influência do mercado de terras como um fator de diferenciação dos sistemas de produção familiares da zona homogênea de Barriga Negra e Sierras Blancas, no departamento de Lavalleja. Realizou-se a tipologia dos sistemas de produção e escolheram-se casos típicos e representativos destes tipos, sobre as quais se realizou a avaliação econômica. Os principais resultados mostraram que o aumento nos preços fundiários é produto do contexto de preços internacionais elevados das commodities, mas também produto de um comportamento especulativo dos proprietários fundiários e das grandes empresas florestais. O preço da terra constitui um entrave para a ampliação da escala produtiva das pequenas unidades familiares, que, desse modo, não podem acessar a terra por via do mercado. Os sistemas que, com maior área produtiva, conseguem uma reprodução ampliada a partir do arrendamento, mas, para estes, o preço da terra também é um empecilho para a compra, ficando dependentes dos arrendamentos. Desse modo, as grandes empresas florestais da zona homogênea concentram áreas, pressionando para o aumento no preço da terra e apropriam-se da renda fundiária gerada pelo trabalho dos pequenos produtores. Nesse contexto, sem uma intervenção pública parece pouco provável que estas unidades encontrem mecanismos de acesso a terra, para viabilizar seus sistemas, e portanto, tendem a abandonar a produção.

Este trabalho tem o intuito de analisar quais foram os determinantes dos preços de venda e de arrendamento da terra de cultura de primeira e de pastagem no estado de São Paulo, de 1969 a 2001. Além disso, procura-se mostrar que os preços de venda da terra de diferentes categorias e em diferentes estados estão relacionados. Conforme a teoria econômica, o preço da terra deveria refletir o fluxo de receitas que essa terra pode gerar, descontado a uma determinada taxa de juro. Contudo, a literatura argumenta que em diversos momentos na economia brasileira, especialmente nas décadas de 70, 80 e início de 90, os determinantes do preço da terra foram além da taxa de juro e do fluxo de receitas gerado pelo ativo. A determinação do preço da terra contemplou também variáveis indiretamente relacionadas ao processo produtivo, como o nível de atividade econômica e a taxa de inflação. Tendo sido analisadas as diversas referências sobre os determinantes dos preços da terra, foram selecionadas variáveis de interesse micro e macroeconômico para compor os modelos econométricos de determinação dos preços de terra de cultura de primeira, terra de pastagem, arrendamento para culturas e aluguel de pasto para animais. A ferramenta econométrica utilizada foi a regressão linear múltipla. As variáveis selecionadas que estão diretamente ligadas ao setor agrícola foram: poder de compra do agricultor, índice de paridade, índices de preços recebidos e de preços pagos pelos produtores e volume de subsídio concedido através do crédito rural. A fim de representar o ambiente macroeconômico, foram estimadas: a taxa de inflação anual vigente no período, uma proxy para o hiato do produto, taxa de juro e infra-estrutura governamental (representada pela extensão total das rodovias pavimentadas e não pavimentadas do estado de São Paulo). Construiu-se ainda uma variável binária com o intuito de verificar se houve um deslocamento significativo no nível de preços de venda e de arrendamento de terra de cultura e de pastagem, no período de 1973 a 1994. Procurou-se ainda verificar se existe relação entre os preços de venda da terra de diferentes categorias, dentro do estado de São Paulo e de algumas categorias deste estado com outras do Centro-Sul do país. Para tanto foram utilizados os testes econométricos de raiz unitária (metodologia proposta por Dickey e Fuller) e de co-integração (segundo a metodologia proposta por Johansen). Dos resultados obtidos, constata-se a que tanto os preços da venda de terra como os preços de arrendamento (para cultura e para pastagem) foram mais elásticos às variáveis relacionadas à atividade agrícola (poder de compra, termos de troca, etc) em detrimento das variáveis macroeconômicas e do crédito rural. Ressalta-se ainda que a variável binária foi significativa nos modelos de determinação dos preços de venda de terra para culturas, para pastagem e também nos de arrendamento, para as duas categorias em questão. Os resultados dos testes de raiz unitária e de co-integração suportaram as evidências empíricas de que os preços de diferentes tipos de terra, em diferentes regiões, estão relacionados. A explanação destes resultados emerge de dois lados: da demanda por terras com a finalidade agrícola e da demanda por terras para fins especulativos. Esses resultados estão de acordo com algumas das diversas referências sobre os determinantes dos preços da terra analisadas. / This dissertation has the intention to determine the price of land (for both crop and pasture land), land rent (again for crop and pasture land), in Sao Paulo State, from 1969 to 2001. Besides that, it has the intention of showing that prices of different categories and of different States are related. According to the economic theory, land price should be the income present value calculated, considering a specific interest rate. However, literature has shown that in different moments in the Brazilian economy, especially in the 70ies, 80ies and early 90ies, there were other determinants of land price, apart from income and interest rate. Land price is also determined by others indirect variables, such as economic activity and inflation. The study has selected several variables (micro and macroeconomics) to determine its relevance in explaining crop and pasture land prices and rents. The econometrical tool used was multiple linear regression. Variables related to agriculture were: purchasing power, terms of trade, product and factor prices (index), and governmental loan subsidies. In order to represent macroeconomic variables, the work has chosen four different determinants: inflation rate, infrastructure (roads), interest rate and GDP gap. A dummy variable was taken to verify whether crop and pasture land prices have changed significantly over 1973 to 1994. Another objective considered was to verify crop and pasture land long run relation between Sao Paulo State and eight different States. The study also analyses long run relation among prices of four different land categories. To do so, it used unit root tests (proposed by Dickey and Fuller) and cointegration tests (according to Johansen´s methodology). Results have shown that land price and rent are more elastic to agricultural related variables (purchasing power, terms of trade, etc). Although it has been determined that variables affects land prices and rent, its effects are much lower than agricultural ones. The dummy variable has shown to be statistically significant in several models. Unit root and cointegration tests supported empirical evidences that different kind of land price have similar pattern of movement. Also, same kind if land have similar behavior among different states. These results are due to factors related to land demand for agriculture and land demand for speculative purposes. Results supported evidences raised by several researchers surveyed in this study.

A inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal, a partir da década de 1980, na Zona da Mata pernambucana, aproximou os representantes dos movimentos sociais rurais e os trabalhadores rurais do sonho da melhor distribuição de terras e da possibilidade de acesso a sua terra de trabalho. Tal configuração se fez realidade para apenas alguns trabalhadores, porém estes, mesmo possuindo sua parcela para a realização do plantio continuou, através do trabalho flexível, subordinando sua força de trabalho aos representantes do agronegócio da cana de açúcar. Este panorama suscitou alguns questionamentos, entre eles: Como se apresenta de fato a atual estrutura fundiária do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão após a inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal? A então chamada reforma agrária brasileira tem sido capaz de formar uma nova configuração do espaço agrário? E por qual motivo o assentado, que via regra é um ex-assalariado da cana, passa a cultivar cana de açúcar depois que recebe uma parcela? Essas indagações direcionaram a pesquisa o seguinte objetivo: buscar, compreender e analisar as relações socioterritoriais a partir do processo de inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal no território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão, além de buscar identificar a forma de subordinação dos assentados da reforma agrária aos representantes do capital do agronegócio. Diante das questões levantadas, esta pesquisa se faz relevante por debater questões teóricas associadas com o conhecimento empírico, pertinentes ao conhecimento geográfico e que visam explicar a atual configuração do espaço agrário diante da inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária e a subordinação dos trabalhadores assentados ao agronegócio. Visando alcançar o objetivo geral foram feitos os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos. Levantamento e leitura bibliográfica a respeitos das questões conceituais de espaço, território, renda da terra e trabalho flexível, além de trabalhos de campo visando a aplicação de entrevistas, questionários e produção iconográfica foram fundamentais para se chegar a algumas conclusões. A permanência da estrutura fundiária latifundiária e monocultora foi uma delas. Além desta conclusão, notou-se também que os assentados do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão permanecem subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro, só que agora dentro das características do trabalho flexível. Em função deste modo de trabalho os assentados não percebem mesmo tendo deixado de ser assalariado da cana, continuam subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro. / The insertion of the agrarian reform federal, from the 1980s, in the Zona da Mata, approached representatives of social movements and rural workers dream of better land distribution and the possibility of access to their land work. This configuration became reality for only a few workers, but these, despite having its share to achieve the planting continued, through flexible working, subordinating their workforce representatives of agribusiness sugarcane. This scenario has raised some questions, among them: As shown in fact the current structure of the land territory of the region of Vitoria de Santo Antao after insertion of agrarian reform federal? The so-called land reform in Brazil has been able to form a new configuration of agrarian space? And for what reason the settler who saw rule is a former employee of the cane begins to cultivate sugarcane after it receives a portion? These questions directed the research the following objective: to seek, understand and analyze the socio-territorial relations from the insertion process of agrarian reform in the federal territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão, and seek to identify the form of subordination of the settlers agrarian reform to representatives of agribusiness capital. Given the issues raised, this research is relevant for discussing theoretical issues associated with the empirical knowledge relevant to the geographical knowledge and aimed at explaining the current configuration of the agrarian space before inserting the agrarian reform settlers and the subordination of workers to agribusiness. In order to achieve the overall goal were made the following methodological procedures. Reading literature survey and to respect the conceptual issues of space, territory, land rent and flexible working as well as field work towards the implementation of interviews, questionnaires and iconographic production were essential to reach some conclusions. The permanence of land ownership and landholding monoculture was one. In addition to this conclusion, it was noted also that the settlers of the territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão remain making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness, only now within the characteristics of flexible working. According to this way of working the settlers do not realize even though no longer employed by the cane, still making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness.

The aim of my thesis is to outline the problems of determining normal rent for the land. In the beginning of my work I have focused on defining the basic concepts that relate to your topic. I also focused on clarifying the concept of market value. In another part of his continuing work allude tenancy, the rights and obligations of the landlord and tenant. To determine the usual rent is necessary to establish the normal price of the land, so in the next part, the method of valuation of land. Then bring the reader into the very issue of determining normal rent for the land. In my work, not just the stark listing of all operations associated with this topic, but also the willingness to give readers a better orientation when confronted with this issue. In the practical part is focused on the determination of usual rent on land different space consumption.

This study evaluated the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration, as waterfronts are used as the element that re-establishes the physical links between parts of the city. Consequently, waterfront development is an essential open resource where visitors can carry out diverse social and cultural activities on a daily basis. Furthermore, CBDs benefit from lively waterfronts, which become popular tourist attractions. There is a dire need for urban regeneration. The study focuses on the evolution of waterfront development through the urban morphology modelsto identify the starting point of central places and the factors that may have an effect on the growth of a city. Just as urban regeneration forms part of the evolution of cities and waterfronts, and as the cities and waterfronts developed so did the term urban regeneration evolve to its present form. Thus, one has to understand what components have an influence on the term urban regeneration and what the benefits are. Thereafter, the different aspects of urban development and urban regeneration are incorporated into waterfront development to understand the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration. As waterfront development took place, the first port was developed to ensure transportation of goods from one place to the next. Subsequently, the role of the waterfront became economically driven. As time passed and the old harbour fronts fell into disuse, a new role for the waterfront was needed, and the new role came with waterfront regeneration. Historically, waterfront regeneration was only seen as imperative when a waterfront area is critical for the growth of the city. Notably, when there is no use for the area and the city is in the decline period, waterfront regeneration will be a priority. Consequently, the empirical study focused on exploring this role of waterfront development by means of two international case studies (Baltimore Inner Harbour, Toronto Harbour Front) and two national case studies (V& A Waterfront, Mossel Bay CBD and Port Precinct Plan). A qualitative approach was selected because it focuses on collecting and analysing information in as many forms as possible. Furthermore, a qualitative approach aims to achieve an in-depth understanding of the matter, which is important to allocate the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration. As the study focuses on understanding the role of waterfront development as part of urban regeneration within cities, it explores the methodological framework of case studies. The case study approach involves one or more circumstances within a bounded system. As some of the case studies can be irrelevant to a study, the qualitative approach was appropriate for this study, because it focuses on eliminating unwanted case studies. This is importantto ensure that case studies do not influence the result. To ensure that the relevant information is selected, the multiple case study design was used. The study concludes that waterfront development has three primary roles in urban regeneration and that these roles have evolved over time. In conclusion, the role of waterfront development is not only economically motivated, but also environmentally and socially significant. / MSc (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study evaluated the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration, as waterfronts are used as the element that re-establishes the physical links between parts of the city. Consequently, waterfront development is an essential open resource where visitors can carry out diverse social and cultural activities on a daily basis. Furthermore, CBDs benefit from lively waterfronts, which become popular tourist attractions. There is a dire need for urban regeneration. The study focuses on the evolution of waterfront development through the urban morphology modelsto identify the starting point of central places and the factors that may have an effect on the growth of a city. Just as urban regeneration forms part of the evolution of cities and waterfronts, and as the cities and waterfronts developed so did the term urban regeneration evolve to its present form. Thus, one has to understand what components have an influence on the term urban regeneration and what the benefits are. Thereafter, the different aspects of urban development and urban regeneration are incorporated into waterfront development to understand the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration. As waterfront development took place, the first port was developed to ensure transportation of goods from one place to the next. Subsequently, the role of the waterfront became economically driven. As time passed and the old harbour fronts fell into disuse, a new role for the waterfront was needed, and the new role came with waterfront regeneration. Historically, waterfront regeneration was only seen as imperative when a waterfront area is critical for the growth of the city. Notably, when there is no use for the area and the city is in the decline period, waterfront regeneration will be a priority. Consequently, the empirical study focused on exploring this role of waterfront development by means of two international case studies (Baltimore Inner Harbour, Toronto Harbour Front) and two national case studies (V& A Waterfront, Mossel Bay CBD and Port Precinct Plan). A qualitative approach was selected because it focuses on collecting and analysing information in as many forms as possible. Furthermore, a qualitative approach aims to achieve an in-depth understanding of the matter, which is important to allocate the role of waterfront development in urban regeneration. As the study focuses on understanding the role of waterfront development as part of urban regeneration within cities, it explores the methodological framework of case studies. The case study approach involves one or more circumstances within a bounded system. As some of the case studies can be irrelevant to a study, the qualitative approach was appropriate for this study, because it focuses on eliminating unwanted case studies. This is importantto ensure that case studies do not influence the result. To ensure that the relevant information is selected, the multiple case study design was used. The study concludes that waterfront development has three primary roles in urban regeneration and that these roles have evolved over time. In conclusion, the role of waterfront development is not only economically motivated, but also environmentally and socially significant. / MSc (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Essa dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o preço da terra como elemento político na produção pública de habitação e na produção do espaço em Curitiba. A habitação de interesse social configura-se hoje como um falso problema. Falso, não porque as carências no setor habitacional não existam e não se configurem enquanto um problema. É um falso problema porque sua formulação está baseada somente em explicações economicistas que ignoram o preço da terra como um elemento político. Para a reformulação do problema da habitação a partir de suas características intrísecas, a produção da Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba foi analisada desde a sua fundação em 1965 até o ano de 2010, ano de início dessa pesquisa, demontrando a relação entre o preço da terra e as transformações das tipologias e localização de unidades habitacionais produzidas. Demonstra-se ainda que ao longo dos diversos planos, projetos e leis elaborados, principalmente pelo Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba e pela Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba o discurso sobre o preço da terra como problema e a descrição da natureza de problema que ele constitui, diverge ao longo do tempo, bem como as soluções formuladas que normalmente tem o sentido de buscar terras mais baratas ao invés de pautar o preço destas. Os principais elementos apontados pela COHAB-CT ao longo de sua história como limitantes para a produção habitacional: a escassez de terra, a especulação imobiliária e o alto preço da terra, são desconstruídos e aparecem como políticas de obscurecimento à medida em que naturalizam o preço da terra e o tornam um elemento reificado, sempiterno e imutável. Imutável não no sentido que este não varie, mas no sentido de que este varia sem qualquer relação com os processos de produção e reprodução do capital e portanto sem possibilidades de intervenção. Esse desvelamento do obscurecimento da formulação do preço da terra como problema na produção da habitação popular e, por consequência, o desvelamento do problema da habitação, acabam por demonstrar o embricamento da Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba nos movimentos do mercado imobiliário. / The present dissertation has the purpose of studying the price of the land as a political factor on the public housing production and on the production of space in Curitiba. The social housing figures today as a false problem. False, not because the needs in the housing sector supposedly don\'t exist or don\'t figure as a problem. It is false because its formulation is based only on economistic explanations that ignore the price of the land as a political factor. To reformulate the housing question based on its intrinsic characteristics, we analyzed the production of the Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba - COHAB-CT (popular housing company of Curitiba), considered the period from 1965 to 2010, the year the present research started, demonstrating the relation between the price of the land and the transformation of the typologies and locations of the housing units produced in the period. It is also demonstrated that, after several plans, projects, and laws passed, drafted in many cases by the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (Urban planning and research institute of Curitiba) and the Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba (popular housing company of Curitiba), the discourse about the price of the land as a problem, and the description of the nature of the problem that it makes up, differ during the period, as well as the solutions given, which, normally, has the sense of seeking cheaper lands instead of stating their price. The main factors pointed out by COHAB-CT, during its history, as limits to the housing production, are: the lack of land, the property speculation and the high price of the land. These factors fall down and show up as eclipsing policies as far as they naturalize the price of the land and make it up reified, everlasting, and immutable. Immutable not in a sense that it doesn\'t vary, but in the sense that it varies without relation to the processes of production and reproduction of Capital, therefore without possibilities of intervention. The unveiling of the eclipsing policies within the formulation of the price of the land as a problem within the popular housing and, as a consequence, the unveiling of the housing question, end up to demonstrate the interwoven of the Companhia de Habitação Popular de Curitiba (popular housing company of Curitiba) and the movements of real estate market.