The purpose of this research dissertation is to compare the effects of using small, medium, and large cordon designs in road tolling on residential and commercial neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon. Changes in land use patterns are assessed by comparing the projected output of each cordon scenario to a "no toll" alternative in 2035. The performance of each cordon design is tested using two different prices ($1.65 and $8) and compared to a default scenario 25 years after the initial implementation in MetroScope's year 0, 2010. The following areas embedded within the cordon perimeter were considered in determining changes in land use: all the zones closest to the boundaries, the entire city of Portland, and the neighborhood towns surrounding Portland. Understanding the impact of choosing the "right" cordon size on economic development and residential location choices can be of utmost interest to lawmakers when they assess economic development policies. Unanswered questions remain regarding the impact a cordon scheme has on economic development and business location decisions, as well as its effect on the spatial pattern in the city. While studies on optimal toll pricing are abundant, there are very few studies that determine the optimal cordon location and size for a particular network. Accordingly, a critical question is whether cordon pricing will influence the centralization or decentralization of land use and affect jobs, population, and economic activities. The implementation of a cordon scheme is expected to affect areas both inside and outside of the designated perimeter and is further expected to contribute to changes that will affect land use. Existing studies have ignored land use effects and, instead, assume a monocentric city model. What sets this study apart is that instead of using a monocentric model to test the hypothetical cordon scenarios, the MetroScope model is used to predict changes in economy, demographics, and land use. The MetroScope model is one of only a few models that can assist in forecasting changes in both land use and prices. This study found primary evidence that the implementation of diverse sizes of cordon designs differently affect residential and non-residential land use patterns and trends.

Social integration in community is especially important for individuals with disabilities well-being. Although individuals with disabilities reside within the community's physical environment, they are often marginalized in the social environment. This may be the result of individuals with disabilities residing in physical environments that negatively affect opportunities for integration in the social environment. However, there has been little investigation to understand the impact of the physical environment on the social integration of individuals with disabilities in community. The purpose of this investigation was to (a) examine the current body of evidence concerning the impact of a community's physical environment on opportunities for social integration, and (b) determine to what extent individuals with disabilities reside in physical environments that contribute to opportunities for social integration in community. To address the first study purpose, a review of the current body of evidence suggests that community environments that are pedestrian-oriented, possess appropriate common spaces, and fewer neighborhood incivilities, are likely to promote social integration. Secondly, two questions were evaluated: (a) to what extent adults with disabilities' places of residence are correlated with mixed-land use community environments, and (b) to what extent adults with disabilities' place of residence are correlated with community common space. Linear regression was used to determine the magnitude of the relationship between Utah's Davis and Weber counties' census block groups' percent of population with disabilities, percent of population below poverty level, land use diversity, and the percent of the area within walking distance of community common space. The most significant association with individuals with disabilities places of residence are socioeconomic. This study indicates that poverty level predicts 30-35% of the variance in individuals with disabilities place of residence. Given, the very modest association with mixed-land use (4%) and common space (2%), poverty level is the most useful predictor of an individual with disabilities place of residence. Future research should explore more appropriate measures of community common space, at the residence and neighborhood level, and the pedestrian-orientation of the community environment. Future research should also explore the strong association between socioeconomic factors and individuals with disabilities places of residence.

Planning for closure requires in depth analysis into many operational, environmental, and social factors. Ideally, the planning process should resolve as many of the technical, social, and aesthetic requirements as possible by systematically addressing the various elements that influence the final design. This research identified the significant issues related to planning for the end use of the current Logan landfill after it reaches capacity in 18-20 years and the associated lagoons and wetlands. The current closure plan calls for simply recontouring the landfill to stabilize the slopes, then revegetating. The location of the site has serious implications for environmental impact yet offers positive opportunities for consideration of alternative end uses.

Open space planning has been present within the United States for over a century. Traditionally, open space planning efforts tend to focus more exclusively on either socially-based (e.g., recreational, scenic, or park planning) or ecologically-based (e.g., preserves, habitat networks or more general conservation planning) planning efforts. This separation of ecological and social frameworks in open space planning is reinforced by a persistent cultural model, where community and conservation are seen as opposing forces instead of partners. While recent open space planning efforts have begun to integrate social and ecological frameworks into one plan, the majority of our knowledge on integrated open space planning comes from individual case studies. Thus, a synthesized toolbox for how to practice this planning field is lacking. Given this lack of synthesized knowledge of integrated open space planning, an exploratory effort was undertaken to begin to view this newer planning field through a comprehensive lens. The goal of this research was to identify the state of integrated open space planning and begin to assess whether this state was leading toward "landscape integrity," which suggests that healthy social and ecological systems must function together to be sustainable. Framed within an adapted Pressure-State-Response framework, this thesis employed mixed methods and multiple perspectives to engender a holistic framework that identifies the pressures, state of, and potential responses surrounding integrated open space planning. Pressures synthesized from practice and theory include key barriers and facilitators to achieving integration. For the first time, the state of integrated open space planning has been identified from a synthesis of thirty planning processes, practices, and tools utilized in this new planning field. This framework provides planners with a framework upon which sharing and communication can now take place regarding how integrated open space planning can be institutionalized. Finally, this understanding of the pressures and state reveals potential responses for this newer planning field, including the need for increased collaboration to build this new field of open space planning into a mainstream planning field and increased research into bridging the gaps between theory and practice identified through this thesis. This study found two integrated open space planning models and a breadth of literature supporting a movement away from the community versus conservation dichotomy. While this movement is not yet mainstream, both paradigm shifts and the rapidly changing landscapes in which we live are reinforcing this trend. With the expanded view and holistic framework illustrated by this research, planners are afforded a similar language upon which they can discuss the tools and processes central to integrated open space planning.

Theoretical literature on the politics of land use is so limited that original research into the problem was required. The drafting and enactment of Senate Bill 100 by the Fifty-seventh Session of the Oregon Legislature provided the basis for researching my premise of need equals want. The bill designated state land use planning organizational structure. The Land Use Policy Committee minutes and Legislative minutes were merged with information attained through personal interviews from a variety of participants in the drafting of the Senate Bill 100. Theoretical literature was equally available in Public Administration, Law and Land Use Planning. The Constitutions of the United States and the State of Oregon plus the Oregon Revised Statutes were fundamental in the research. The research material on the politics of land use was found by sifting through public and private records and four separate libraries: Oregon State Archives, the Oregon State Law Library, Multnomah County Law Library and Portland State University Library. Personal interviews provided valuable additional data. The politics of land use is the lengthy saga of the enactment of Senate Bill 100 (1973) by the Oregon Legislature. It is the story of the bill’s conception, conflicts and compromises. The Land Use Policy Committee (LUPC), Created and chaired by State Senator Hector Macpherson, drafted the original SB 100 in 1972, which was assigned to the Oregon Senate Environment and Land Use Committee (SELUC) in January, 1973. The LUPC bill was designed of, by and for proponents of land use planning. When the opponents to the planning concept were heard by the SELUC, need vs. want made passage of Senate Bill 100 a political impossibility. The issues that surfaced generated a series of conflicts which required political compromises. In addition to the primary conflict, need vs. want, there were provocations concerning localism vs. regionalism; economy vs. environment and who holds what reins of power. The Drafting Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee of the SELUC made six significant changed in SB 100 to insure legislative enactment of the bill in 1973. The changes, while resolving most of the conflicts, still did not equate need and want, so the SELUC added a Statement of Legislative Intent, not to SB 100, but to the Senate Journal as a limit on administrative power. The last political compromise was made during the Senate Floor Debate on SB 100 when the emergency clause was removed from the bill. To all intents and purposed, need equaled want with Senate passage.

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Sedan 1950-talet har åkermarken i Sverige minskat med en miljon hektar. Samtidigt ökar befolkningsmängden stadigt och i Stockholms län beräknas invånarantalet passera tre miljoner till 2040. För att kunna möta behoven av både mat, boende och infrastruktur krävs noggrann planering för att inte förstöra viktiga möjligheter och resurser för framtida generationer. Syftet med rapporten är att med hjälp av en litteraturstudie och en intervju undersöka olika marktypers egenskaper och dess lämplighet inom olika användningsområden i Stockholms län. Vidare undersöks hur olika marktyper, främst åkermark, värderas i kommunernas planeringsprocesser idag. Lämpliga områden för odling respektive byggnation karteras också i ArcGIS och jämförs med regionala planer för länet. Resultatet visar att den enskilt viktigaste egenskapen för vilka marker som är bäst lämpade för jordbruk respektive byggnation är den geologiska sammansättningen. För åkermark krävs en lerig jordart, det vill säga en mycket liten kornstorlek, för att exempelvis kunna binda vatten och näringsämnen till växterna. Mycket finkorniga jordarter som lera och silt är däremot mindre lämpliga att bygga ur geoteknisk synpunkt, då främst morän men även berg och sand är att föredra. Idag räknas åkermarken som ett väsentligt samhällsintresse av nationell betydelse men det finns inget som förhindrar kommuner att exploatera dessa områden. Skyddet av åkermark är idag ett mycket omdiskuterat ämne och många aktörer, däribland Jordbruksverket och olika riksdagspartier, har länge argumenterat för att stärka skyddet av detta. Mycket av den samhällsplanering som sker idag baseras på den åkermarksgradering som utfördes 1971 baserat på skördestatistik från 1969. Den värdering av åkermark som kommuner och myndigheter har att utgå ifrån vid bland annat översiktsplanering och bedömning av mark är således femtio år gammal. Detta medför en risk att marker prioriteras felaktigt och inte utnyttjas på bästa sätt då dess egenskaper kan ha förändrats under ett halvt sekel. En ny åkermarksgradering är därför en viktig prioritet. / Since the 1950s the arable land in Sweden decreased with a million hectares. At the same time the population is steadily increasing and in the region of Stockholm the total population number is estimated to reach three million before 2040. To meet the demands of food, housing and infrastructure it takes careful planning to not destroy important values and resources for future generations. The objective of this report is to analyze different soil properties and their eligibility in different areas of use in the region and how soil, mainly arable soil, is valued in municipalities planning today. This is done with a literature study and an interview and also mapping in ArcGIS. The result shows that the single most important property in deciding which soils are most suitable for agriculture and building is the geological structure. Arable land needs a loamy soil to be able to provide water and nutrients for the plants. Building requires a larger size of particles and soil types like moraine, rock and sand is more suitable. Arable land is today considered as a public interest of national importance but there is nothing prohibiting municipalities to exploit these areas. The protection of arable land is a widely discussed subject and many actors, among others the Swedish Board of Agriculture and government parties, has argued to increase the protection. A major portion of the current community planning is based on the grading of arable land made in 1971, based on harvest statistics from 1969. Consequently, the valuation of arable land that is accessible for municipalities and authorities is fifty years old. This causes a risk that soil areas is wrongly prioritized and not used for the most suitable purpose as its properties may have changed during half a century. A new grading of arable land is therefore an important prioritization.

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