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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21363号 / 工博第4522号 / 新制||工||1704(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Waste management is a global phenomenon and all nations need to ensure that waste is handled in an environmentally friendly and healthy manner. Municipalities in South Africa generate a lot of solid waste which is disposed of in the landfill site. The life span of these landfill sites is shortened by all waste that gets disposed on site. The only mechanism that can be used to minimize the amount of waste disposed of in the landfill site is waste recycling. At Greater Kokstad Municipality (GKM) there are very few companies that are involved in recycling activities. The rate of unemployment in the area is high and recycling activities would provide employment opportunities. This study is based in Kokstad and emanates from the fact that there are large volumes of waste discharged at the Kokstad landfill site. It seeks to explore the experiences and challenges faced by waste pickers and recycling SMMEs in the GKM. Also to identify reasons that causes waste pickers and SMMEs not to use the opportunity created by large volumes of unused waste to establish self-employment or employment of large numbers of unemployed people. This study used a qualitative research method and a phenomenological research design. The researcher used focus groups and semi-structured one-to-one interviews based on question themes or an interview guide. Data gathered was analyzed using Tesch’s method of data analysis and thematic content analysis. The main findings of the study revealed vital information that can assist in shaping and planning recycling activities within Greater Kokstad Municipality. Findings also highlight the need to create an environment conducive to the implementation of effective recycling initiatives.

One of the serious and growing potential problems in most large urban areas is the shortage of land for waste disposal. Although there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, disposal in landfills is still the most common method for waste destination. An inappropriate landfill site may have negative environmental, economic and ecological impacts. Therefore, it should be selected carefully by considering both regulations and constraints on other sources. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in the vicinity of Ankara are determined by using the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. For this purpose, sixteen input map layers including topography, settlements (urban centers and villages), roads (Highway E90 and village roads), railways, airport, wetlands, infrastructures (pipelines and power lines), slope, geology, land use, floodplains, aquifers and surface water are prepared and two different MCDA methods (Simple Additive Weighting and Analytic Hierarchy Process) are implemented in GIS environment. Comparison of the maps produced by these two different methods shows that both methods yield conformable results. Field checks also confirm that the candidate sites agree well with the selected criteria.

The main scope of this thesis is to select alternative landfill sites for Ankara based on the growing trends of Ankara towards the Sincan and G&ouml / lbaSi municipalities and to eventually select the best alternative. Landfill site selection was carried out utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria-Decision-Analysis (MCDA). A number of criteria were gathered in a GIS environment. Each criterion was assigned a weight value by applying the Pairwise Comparison Method (PCM). &ldquo / The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)&rdquo / , was applied and the best landfill site alternative was determined. The geotechnical properties of the clay samples, obtained from selected locations in G&ouml / lbaSi and Sincan were determined in order to design a landfill liner system using compacted &ldquo / Ankara Clay&rdquo / as the liner material. The permeability values for the clay samples were determined by performing falling head tests and consolidation tests. The coefficient of permeability value of the compacted clay was determined to be in the order of 10-10 m/s for the G&ouml / lbaSi samples and 10-11 m/s for the Sincan samples for both of the tests performed. These tests indicated that the native clay was suitable to be utilized as a landfill liner material. The HELP and POLLUTE was employed for the purpose of landfill design and predicting the landfill hydrological processes. The landfill profile with a double lining system composed of geomembrane/compacted clay composite top and bottom liners with a drainage layer was determined to show the best performance amongst the others.

För att minska koldioxidutsläppen i byggbranschen och nå de globala och nationella miljömålen måste nya sätt att hantera material och avfall införas. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga mängden återbrukbara material vid ombyggnationen av Gylle skola i Borlänge genom att utföra en återbruksinventering av den första etappen i projektet.Genom dokumentstudier och fältobservation föreslår rapporten skillnader i klimatbelastning och ekonomi vid användandet av återbrukade- och jungfruliga byggmaterial. Forskning visar att mycket av de byggmaterial som blir avfall ännu inte nått sin tekniska livslängd. Genom att utföra en återbruksinventering kan återbrukbara material lokaliseras och planeras för att använda i andra projekt eller lämnas till andra aktörer för att på så vis minska klimatbelastningen från byggbranschen.I studien presenteras några av de hinder som föreligger för ett mer omfattande användande av återbrukade material. Exempel på dessa hinder är svårigheten att säkerställa garantier och kvalitet för materialen och att kostnaden för selektiv rivning är för hög för att prioriteras. I rapporten framgår att denna kostnad kan kompenseras till ca 80 % av den minskade kostnaden för deponi. I resultatet presenteras att produktmängden som finns tillgänglig för återbruk i projektet uppgår till 32,6 ton, inom kategorierna dörrar, fönster och undertak. Klimatbesparingspotentialen jämfört med nyinköp är 21,7 ton CO2ekv och det inbyggda ekonomiska värdet är 275 510 SEK för dessa material.Slutsatser för studien är att det är viktigt att prioritera en återbruksinventering i ett tidigt skede för att möjliggöra ett ökat återbruk och att det finns ekonomiska incitament för att prioritera detta då det inbyggda materialet har ett ekonomiskt värde.Vidare diskuteras att fler ekonomiska incitament och kravställningar från myndigheter och andra aktörer krävs för att tillgång och efterfrågan på återbrukat byggmaterial ska öka. / To reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry and reaching the global and national environmental goals, new ways to manage building materials and recrement must be implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of reusable material at Gylle skola by performing an inventory.Through studies of existing literature and conducted field observations, this study shows differences in climate burden and economics between using reused materials and new materials. Previous studies suggest that a large amount of construction materials that are being disposed of have not yet reached the end of its expected lifespan. By doing an inventory of potential reusable materials in the early stages of a demolition project, the material can be located and plans for continued use in other projects can be made. By doing so, the burden on the climate from the construction industry can be reduced.There are many obstacles of reusing existing materials. Some include difficulties in guaranteeing quality and the additional cost of gentle demolition. The results of this study suggest that the additional cost related to reusing material can be mitigated by as much as 80 % as the cost of disposal is removed. Other findings include the importance of conducting an inventory of potential reusable material in an early stage as well as the existence of financial incentives for reusing materials. The material available for reuse amounts to 32,6 tons. The potential for climate savings from reusing material compared using new material is equivalent to 21,7 tons CO2ekv and the value of the reusable material is 275 510 SEK.In addition, the need for further financial incentives and demands from authorities and other parties in order to increase the supply of and access to reusable material is discussed.

Os resíduos sólidos podem conter substâncias químicas com características tóxicas, dentre elas os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais provenientes de indústrias, funilarias, atividades agrícolas, laboratórios, hospitais e residências. A contaminação por metais pesados apresenta um amplo espectro de toxicidade que inclui efeitos neurotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, nefrotóxicos, teratogênicos, carcinogênicos ou mutagênicos. Em Ribeirão Preto – SP há em funcionamento desde 1989, um aterro sanitário (AS) para resíduos domiciliares e um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde (IRSS). Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico dos níveis de metais pesados na área do AS e IRSS de Ribeirão Preto, entre 2000 e 2001. Foram realizadas análises de amostras de solo, água, chorume e vegetais, em pontos previamente demarcados na área, tendo sido avaliada a presença de mercúrio (Hg), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn) e cromo (Cr) por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica. Visando a obtenção de parâmetros locais, foram também analisadas amostras coletadas na Estação Ecológica na mata Santa Teresa, zona de preservação permanente do município, para comparação de valores. Pela análise dos resultados verificou-se, de um modo geral, que os níveis de metais pesados presentes nas amostras de solo e vegetais na área apresentaram concentrações significativamente superiores às detectadas nas amostras coletadas na mata Santa Teresa, evidenciando-se uma tendência de maiores concentrações no sentido Norte, fato que pode estar associado com a declividade geográfica da área, com a direção dos ventos e com a localização do incinerador. Destacam-se neste estudo os níveis de Cd, Mn e Cu presentes em amostras de solo em níveis que superaram os valores máximos estabelecidos para solos de uso agrícola no Estado de São Paulo pela CETESB, órgão estadual ambiental. O chorume também apresentou níveis de Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu em concentrações superiores às normatizadas para efluentes líquidos, segundo o Decreto 8486/76 do estado de São Paulo. A água subterrânea da área estudada não apresentou níveis de metais acima dos valores máximos permitidos, de acordo com a Portaria 1469/2000 do Ministério da Saúde. Considerando a carência de pesquisas dessa natureza no Brasil, este estudo tem gerado informações que podem constituir-se em ferramenta para a tomada de decisões político-administrativas pelas autoridades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, não apenas do Município de Ribeirão Preto e região, mas, também, podendo servir de parâmetro para realidades similares no país. / Solid waste may content toxic chemical substances such as heavy metals that are present in materials generated by industries, agricultural activities, laboratories, hospitals and houses. The contamination with heavy metals has a wide spectrum of toxicity that includes neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. Since 1989, a municipal landfill site (MLS) for urban waste disposal has been in operation in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo, Brazil) integrated with a medical waste incinerator plant (MWIP). This study aimed to do a diagnostic of the heavy metal levels in MLS and MWIP area, in 2000 and 2001. The total cadmiun (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cooper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) levels were analysed by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry in soil, water, percolated liquid and vegetables, in previously delimitated points. Samples from Santa Teresa Forest Ecological Station of Ribeirao Preto were collected as control samples. The results showed that, in general terms, the heavy metals detected in soil and vegetal samples in that area showed significant higher concentrations when compared with Santa Teresa Forest samples. The highest concentrations were detected to the North direction, these results can be associated with the topographic gradient in the area, the prevailing winds and the Incinerator localization. Special atention should be given to Cd, Mn and Cu levels detected in soil samples, that showed higher concentrations that those recomended for agricultural soil in Sao Paulo State by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB). The percolated liquid also showed Cd, Pb, Mn and Cu levels higher than the maximum recomended levels according to the Sao Paulo State Law (Decreto 8486/76). The water samples showed levels according to the Brasilian Health Ministry Law (Portaria 1469/2000). Taking into account that few researches had been developed on this thematic in Brasil, the obtained results constituted an instrument for the decision makers and public managers, not only for Ribeirao Preto and region but for other cities around the country.

Os resíduos sólidos podem conter substâncias químicas com características tóxicas, dentre elas os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais provenientes de indústrias, funilarias, atividades agrícolas, laboratórios, hospitais e residências. A contaminação por metais pesados apresenta um amplo espectro de toxicidade que inclui efeitos neurotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, nefrotóxicos, teratogênicos, carcinogênicos ou mutagênicos. Em Ribeirão Preto – SP há em funcionamento desde 1989, um aterro sanitário (AS) para resíduos domiciliares e um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde (IRSS). Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico dos níveis de metais pesados na área do AS e IRSS de Ribeirão Preto, entre 2000 e 2001. Foram realizadas análises de amostras de solo, água, chorume e vegetais, em pontos previamente demarcados na área, tendo sido avaliada a presença de mercúrio (Hg), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn) e cromo (Cr) por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica. Visando a obtenção de parâmetros locais, foram também analisadas amostras coletadas na Estação Ecológica na mata Santa Teresa, zona de preservação permanente do município, para comparação de valores. Pela análise dos resultados verificou-se, de um modo geral, que os níveis de metais pesados presentes nas amostras de solo e vegetais na área apresentaram concentrações significativamente superiores às detectadas nas amostras coletadas na mata Santa Teresa, evidenciando-se uma tendência de maiores concentrações no sentido Norte, fato que pode estar associado com a declividade geográfica da área, com a direção dos ventos e com a localização do incinerador. Destacam-se neste estudo os níveis de Cd, Mn e Cu presentes em amostras de solo em níveis que superaram os valores máximos estabelecidos para solos de uso agrícola no Estado de São Paulo pela CETESB, órgão estadual ambiental. O chorume também apresentou níveis de Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu em concentrações superiores às normatizadas para efluentes líquidos, segundo o Decreto 8486/76 do estado de São Paulo. A água subterrânea da área estudada não apresentou níveis de metais acima dos valores máximos permitidos, de acordo com a Portaria 1469/2000 do Ministério da Saúde. Considerando a carência de pesquisas dessa natureza no Brasil, este estudo tem gerado informações que podem constituir-se em ferramenta para a tomada de decisões político-administrativas pelas autoridades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, não apenas do Município de Ribeirão Preto e região, mas, também, podendo servir de parâmetro para realidades similares no país. / Solid waste may content toxic chemical substances such as heavy metals that are present in materials generated by industries, agricultural activities, laboratories, hospitals and houses. The contamination with heavy metals has a wide spectrum of toxicity that includes neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. Since 1989, a municipal landfill site (MLS) for urban waste disposal has been in operation in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo, Brazil) integrated with a medical waste incinerator plant (MWIP). This study aimed to do a diagnostic of the heavy metal levels in MLS and MWIP area, in 2000 and 2001. The total cadmiun (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cooper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) levels were analysed by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry in soil, water, percolated liquid and vegetables, in previously delimitated points. Samples from Santa Teresa Forest Ecological Station of Ribeirao Preto were collected as control samples. The results showed that, in general terms, the heavy metals detected in soil and vegetal samples in that area showed significant higher concentrations when compared with Santa Teresa Forest samples. The highest concentrations were detected to the North direction, these results can be associated with the topographic gradient in the area, the prevailing winds and the Incinerator localization. Special atention should be given to Cd, Mn and Cu levels detected in soil samples, that showed higher concentrations that those recomended for agricultural soil in Sao Paulo State by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB). The percolated liquid also showed Cd, Pb, Mn and Cu levels higher than the maximum recomended levels according to the Sao Paulo State Law (Decreto 8486/76). The water samples showed levels according to the Brasilian Health Ministry Law (Portaria 1469/2000). Taking into account that few researches had been developed on this thematic in Brasil, the obtained results constituted an instrument for the decision makers and public managers, not only for Ribeirao Preto and region but for other cities around the country.

Waste management is a global phenomenon and a challenge to all nations. There is a need to ensure that waste is handled in an environmental friendly and healthy manner. The high rate of unemployment in South Africa leads to elevated poverty, which is one of the most serious socio-economic problems in developing countries. This leads to people opting to work anywhere, particularly in the informal sector for survival. Waste picking is classified as a type of informal employment. In South Africa, the last stage in the life cycle of waste disposal is at the landfill sites. Landfill sites are normally located on the outskirts of towns and away from communities for safety and health reasons. This study researched the working conditions and health status of waste pickers working at some landfill sites in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, namely Ga-Rankuwa, Onderstepoort and Hatherly. The study used a multi method approach, where both qualitative and quantitative factors of research were utilized. Data was gathered through survey questionnaire with a sample of 176 waste pickers at three landfill sites, together with unstructured interviews with municipal workers. The researcher also observed how waste pickers work at the landfill sites. Some of the findings of this study are that: • About 66 % of waste pickers at the landfill sites were females with an average age of 45 years. • A majority (93 %) of waste pickers did not reach matric and were not employable in the formal sector • Most waste pickers (53%) work 5 days and a few (41%) work 6 days per week. • Only 22% of participants reported injury at work and 41% consulted the clinic or hospital due to injury or illness. Descriptive statistical results of the study revealed that waste pickers view their health to be fair as compared to their peers but were not satisfied with their working conditions. Waste pickers are aware of stigma including health challenges associated with working at a landfill site and the need of acting appropriately in protecting themselves / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated due to anthropogenic activities in any barren land or out fields causes severe hazards to human populations, ecosystems and the environment. In order to avoid this, it is required to design landfills in an engineered and scientific manner. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of landfills over a period of time, to design landfills for site specific conditions. In this thesis such an attempt is made to evaluate performance of conventional landfill system using a large scale anaerobic reactor in the laboratory. The performance of the containment (bottom liner and final cover) systems is evaluated through numerical modelling and reliability based analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to develop linear regression models. Influence of various parameters and their uncertainty on the reliability of the containment systems are studied for various scenarios and conditions. Reliability assessment of containment systems play a decisive role in taking remedial measures in order to reduce its adverse affects on the environment and human health in the vicinity of landfill sites. On the other hand, pre-assessment of risk guides the engineers, planners and decision makers in achieving the goal of sustainable solid waste management as well as safe landfills. The thesis also includes assessment of vulnerability of groundwater to contamination, identification and ranking of suitable sites for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in the Bengaluru district, using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integrated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi criteria decision making tool. The study considers various land use, geological, hydrogeological and environmental factors as criteria. As a result, two most suitable locations are identified around the Bengaluru city and their descriptions are provided. Further, reliability analysis of the suitability of sites is evaluated considering criteria as random variables. The proposed reliability based approach helps the decision makers and planners to choose site locations having low probability of environmental pollution. The provided methods in the thesis can be effectively used for engineered design of landfills.