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The purpose of this report is to increase the awareness about the problem that occur when the waste hierarchy is applied to management of contaminated land. The work with remediation of contaminated land in Sweden is part of the efforts towards reaching the national environmental objectives. Therefore a subsidiary aim is to analyze how this influences the prospects of reaching the objectives. The work consists of two parts; a case study and a comparative literature study that focus on England, the Netherlands and Sweden. The case study is intended to provide a practical perspective through a comparison of the climate impact from two methods. One of the methods does not take into account the waste hierarchy and the other is considered, by the principal, to do so. The calculation has been translated to carbon dioxide equivalents through the tool Carbon footprint from the Swedish Geotechnical Society. The literature study has focused on the national legislation connected to contaminated land within the respective countries with the purpose to see how they work with this and identify potential lessons that can be drawn from this comparison. A problem that is made visible through this study is that the waste hierarchy is not sufficiently implemented in the instruments used in Sweden. Landfill tax contribution to the compliance of the waste hierarchy is in the current situation, regarding contaminated soil, nonexistent. But the results of the literature study shows that there is potential for using landfill tax to implement the waste hierarchy in an efficient way. Lessons can be drawn from England, which has increased the accuracy of their landfill tax with two rates, depending on the waste type, and the fact that they have reversed their earlier exemption for contaminated soil. An experience from the case study is that there is a problem within the terminology connected to remediation and waste management in Sweden. The companies and the authorities do not agree about significant terms, for example the reuse and recycling of contaminated soil. This causes problems because the dissidence concerns the options under the hierarchy that should be prioritized.The case study shows that the climate impact from a remediation project can vary substantially between different methods. It would be more efficient if other environmental objectives such as reduced climate impact could be given more weigh in the method selection process than it does in the present situation. This would minimize the risks that a project has a negative impact on the work towards other environmental targets.

Cette thèse étudie l’efficacité de deux instruments relatifs à la gestion des déchets ménagers : la tarification incitative et la responsabilité élargie des producteurs. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’efficacité de ces deux instruments à l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général. Dans ce modèle, tous les marchés représentés sont concurrentiels mais l’élimination des déchets génère un dommage environnemental qui est la source d’externalités. Dans le cas d’une tarification incitative comme d’une responsabilité élargie des producteurs, une politique optimale implique une tarification au coût marginal social d’élimination des déchets. Pour internaliser le coût du dommage environnemental, une taxe sur le stockage semble l’instrument le plus efficace. Dans un second temps, nous analysons l’efficacité d’une tarification au coût marginal social de gestion des déchets en supposant que le marché du bien n’est pas concurrentiel. Nous représentons ce marché par un duopole avec une différenciation verticale des biens. Chaque producteur produit une qualité différente d’un même bien et les consommateurs ont des préférences différentes pour la qualité. Dans le cas d’une responsabilité élargie des producteurs, une tarification au coût marginal social de gestion des déchets ne décentralise pas l’optimum social. Une politique optimale suppose de moduler le coût supporté par les producteurs en fonction des préférences des consommateurs pour la qualité. / This thesis examines the effectiveness of two instruments for the management of household waste : unit-pricing systems and extended producer responsibility. In a first step, we analyze the effectiveness of these two instruments using a general equilibrium model. In this model, all markets are competitive but waste disposal generates environmental damage which is the source of externalities. In the case of a unit-pricing systems as an extended producer responsibility, optimal pricing policy involves a marginal social cost of waste disposal. To internalize the cost of environmental damage, a landfill tax seems the most effective tool. In a second step, we analyze the effectiveness of social marginal cost pricing of waste management by assuming that the final market is not competitive. We represent this market by a duopoly with vertical product differentiation. Each firm produces a different quality of the same good, and consumers have different preferences for quality. In the case of an extended producer responsibility, the social marginal cost pricing of waste management does not decentralize the social optimum. An optimal policy involves the modulation of the cost that is borne by producers based on consumer preferences for quality.