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Crianças com atraso de linguagem são geralmente identificadas a partir dos dois anos de idade, e são indicadas por seu vocabulário menor do que de seus pares de mesma idade, ainda que sem nenhuma patologia subjacente. Tarefas de responder por exclusão e dica contextual têm sido empregadas na literatura como meios para estudar as possíveis dificuldades presentes no repertório verbal de crianças com atraso de linguagem. Foram realizados dois estudos voltados para explorar o desempenho desta população nestas tarefas: o primeiro testou o responder por exclusão destas crianças, em tarefas de matching-to-sample para ensino de discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais com nomes e figuras de objetos. O segundo também utilizou tarefas de matching-to-sample e avaliou o responder por exclusão em sondas com estímulos auditivos com topografia de substantivos e verbos no gerúndio, utilizando como estímulos comparação vídeos de ações e imagens de objetos estáticos. Participaram da pesquisa 64 crianças, sendo 32 com desenvolvimento típico e 32 com atraso de linguagem, com idades entre 3 e 4 anos. Esses estudos tiveram como objetivos gerais: a) investigar a ocorrência de responder por exclusão em relações nome-objeto em crianças com indícios de atraso de linguagem, em comparação com crianças de desenvolvimento típico, e b) verificar a interferência de dicas contextuais no responder por exclusão destas crianças, empregando estímulos com topografia de substantivos e de verbos. Os resultados encontrados em ambos os estudos indicam que crianças com desenvolvimento típico e com atraso de linguagem conseguem apresentar responder por exclusão de maneira consistente uma vez que um procedimento de linha de base garanta a aprendizagem da tarefa. Os resultados do segundo estudo, entretanto, indicam que ambos os grupos apresentaram uma queda brusca em seu resultado em tarefas de responder sob controle da dica lexical. Foram encontradas diferenças durante a aquisição da linha de base de verbos, na qual as crianças com desenvolvimento típico apresentaram um desempenho significativamente melhor do que seus pares com atraso de linguagem. Diferenças significativas entre idades também foram encontradas: entre crianças de 3 anos e 4 anos do mesmo grupo e, entre crianças de 3 anos de grupos de diferentes. O mesmo não foi encontrado em relação aos participantes de 4 anos de grupos diferentes. Estes achados permitem concluir que o atraso de linguagem não interferiu no responder por exclusão, mesmo com estímulos de classes lexicais distintas. Além disso, o treino de linha de base de substantivos e verbos, não foram suficientes para estabelecer efetivamente duas classes de estímulos e manter um responder tão robusto quanto na fase de sondas de exclusão para todas as crianças. / Children with language delay are usually identified by the age of two years old, and are appointed by their smaller vocabulary than peers of the same age, although without any underlying pathology. Tasks of responding by exclusion and contextual cue have been reported in the literature as resources to study the possible difficulties present in the verbal repertoire of children with language delay. Two studies were developed to explore the performance of this population in these tasks: the first tested the responding by exclusion of children in matching-to-sample tasks for the teaching of audio-visual conditional discriminations with names and pictures of objects. The second also used matching-tosample tasks and assessed the responding by exclusion at probes with auditory stimuli with topography of nouns and verbs in gerund, using as stimuli comparison videos of actions and images of static objects. The participants were 64 children, 32 with typical development and 32 with language delay, ages 3 and 4 years-old. These studies had as general objectives: a) to investigate the occurrence of responding by exclusion in objectname relations in children with language delay indications compared with children with typical development, and b) to verify the interference of contextual cues in responding by exclusion, using stimuli with topography of nouns and verbs. The results in both studies indicate that children with normal development and language delay can display responding by exclusion consistently since a baseline procedure ensures learning the task. The results of the second study, however, indicate that both groups exhibited a sudden decrease in their performances in tasks of responding under the control of lexical cue. Differences were found during the acquisition of baseline verbs, in which the typically developed children presented a significantly better performance than children with language delay. Significant differences were also found comparing ages: between children of 3 and 4 years old from the same group, and amid 3 year-old-children from different groups, but the same was not found in relation to the participants of 4 years from different groups. These findings indicate that language delay did not affect the responding by exclusion, even with different lexical classes stimuli. In addition, baseline training with nouns and verbs was not sufficient to establish two classes of effective stimuli and to maintain a responding performance as robust as the exclusion probes phase for all children.

L’étude présente l’élaboration du premier outil d’évaluation normalisée du langage destiné aux enfants francophones d’âge préscolaire des pays africains qui se caractérisent par l’absence de services publics en orthophonie et la méconnaissance des retards de langage. En s’inspirant des techniques psychométriques langagières utilisées en Amérique du nord et en se basant sur les théories d’acquisition du langage, on a construit un outil appelé Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) qui compte onze tests répartis en trois sous-batteries évaluant respectivement l’intégrité des modalités de transmission du langage (BATEM), les composantes langagières (BATEL) et la mémoire verbale (TMV). A partir d’un échantillon de 159 enfants camerounais francophones, on a normalisé la batterie suivant la cote z et les rangs en centile. Les tests présentent une fiabilité inter-juge et intra-juge (p<0,05), une cohérence interne globale d’environ 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) et une validité prédictive de la réussite scolaire des enfants (r=0,700). Les stratégies d’application de la BATEDA visent à favoriser la pratique du dépistage systématique et la prise en charge des retards de langage au Cameroun, en mettant à contribution les enseignants et les parents comme principaux intervenants. Les implications de cette étude sont de trois ordres : (1) une meilleure connaissance des difficultés langagières, la revalorisation des personnes atteintes et une attitude de vigilance sociale; (2) l’instauration de la pratique de dépistage précoce favorable à l’intervention; (3) une potentielle diminution du taux d’exclusion et d’abandon scolaire d’enfants présentant des retards langagiers à travers un enseignement ciblé en leur faveur. / The study aims at the building of the first normalized language assessment test intended for French-speaking preschoolers living in African countries where language delays are ignored and where there is a lack of public services in speech-language therapy. Being inspired by the format of standardized language tests, and based on language acquisition theories, we developed a tool named Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) which combine eleven tests organized in three batteries assessing respectively modalities (BATEM), language components (BATEL) and memory (TMV). From a sample of 159 Cameroonian French-speaking four-to-five-years old children, the tool has been normalized using standard scores technique (the z score and the percentile). Tests have an inter-scorer reliability, an internal consistency of 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) and a predictive validity of the primary school success of children (r=0,700). The application strategies of BATEDA aim at encouraging the screening of language delays in order to take charge of these difficulties in Cameroon by implicating teachers and parents as main participants. Among the implications of this study, we have the better knowledge of difficulties related to language delays, the better consideration of children affected, the establishment of early screening and language assessment on behalf of intervention, and a potential decrease of the rate of school abandon and expulsion of children with language delays.

L’étude présente l’élaboration du premier outil d’évaluation normalisée du langage destiné aux enfants francophones d’âge préscolaire des pays africains qui se caractérisent par l’absence de services publics en orthophonie et la méconnaissance des retards de langage. En s’inspirant des techniques psychométriques langagières utilisées en Amérique du nord et en se basant sur les théories d’acquisition du langage, on a construit un outil appelé Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) qui compte onze tests répartis en trois sous-batteries évaluant respectivement l’intégrité des modalités de transmission du langage (BATEM), les composantes langagières (BATEL) et la mémoire verbale (TMV). A partir d’un échantillon de 159 enfants camerounais francophones, on a normalisé la batterie suivant la cote z et les rangs en centile. Les tests présentent une fiabilité inter-juge et intra-juge (p<0,05), une cohérence interne globale d’environ 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) et une validité prédictive de la réussite scolaire des enfants (r=0,700). Les stratégies d’application de la BATEDA visent à favoriser la pratique du dépistage systématique et la prise en charge des retards de langage au Cameroun, en mettant à contribution les enseignants et les parents comme principaux intervenants. Les implications de cette étude sont de trois ordres : (1) une meilleure connaissance des difficultés langagières, la revalorisation des personnes atteintes et une attitude de vigilance sociale; (2) l’instauration de la pratique de dépistage précoce favorable à l’intervention; (3) une potentielle diminution du taux d’exclusion et d’abandon scolaire d’enfants présentant des retards langagiers à travers un enseignement ciblé en leur faveur. / The study aims at the building of the first normalized language assessment test intended for French-speaking preschoolers living in African countries where language delays are ignored and where there is a lack of public services in speech-language therapy. Being inspired by the format of standardized language tests, and based on language acquisition theories, we developed a tool named Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) which combine eleven tests organized in three batteries assessing respectively modalities (BATEM), language components (BATEL) and memory (TMV). From a sample of 159 Cameroonian French-speaking four-to-five-years old children, the tool has been normalized using standard scores technique (the z score and the percentile). Tests have an inter-scorer reliability, an internal consistency of 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) and a predictive validity of the primary school success of children (r=0,700). The application strategies of BATEDA aim at encouraging the screening of language delays in order to take charge of these difficulties in Cameroon by implicating teachers and parents as main participants. Among the implications of this study, we have the better knowledge of difficulties related to language delays, the better consideration of children affected, the establishment of early screening and language assessment on behalf of intervention, and a potential decrease of the rate of school abandon and expulsion of children with language delays.

Cette étude compare les variations d’efficacité du traitement visuel dans le temps entre 16 autistes adultes ayant un retard initial du langage et 16 participants contrôles présentant un développement typique, en utilisant la technique d’échantillonnage temporel aléatoire. Les participants devaient nommer des objets familiers (expérience 1) ou des mots écrits (expérience 2) présentés sur un écran d’ordinateur pendant 200 ms et dont la visibilité (i.e. ratio signal/bruit) variait aléatoirement à travers le temps. Pour chacun des 32 participants, des images de classification (IC) temps-fréquence ont été obtenues en soustrayant la moyenne des fonctions d’échantillonnage (i.e. les ratio signal/bruit) ou leur recodage en temps-fréquence associées aux réponses erronées de celle associée aux réponses correctes. Les résultats démontrent que l’efficacité du traitement visuel chez les deux groupes de participants est modulée à travers le temps et est affectée par le contenu fréquentiel des oscillations du rapport signal-sur-bruit. Des différences inter-groupes importantes sont toutefois observées quant à la chronologie des mécanismes oscillatoires sont mis en branle pour la réalisation de la tâche de reconnaissance d’objets. Pour la tâche de reconnaissance de mots écrits, les différences entre les groupes ne sont que marginalement significatives. Il est proposé que la plus grande sensibilité de la tâche de reconnaissance d’objets puisse s’expliquer par 3 chose essentielles : 1. la plus grande complexité des mécanismes auxquels elle doit faire appel pour atteindre une bonne réponse. 2. Le surfonctionnement perceptif des autistes dans le traitement des informations locales ou de bas niveau. 3. Une variabilité de la localisation des activations qui soulève la possibilité que l'autisme implique une amélioration et/ou une altération des mécanismes de plasticité typiques. / Variations in visual processing efficiency over time were compared between 16 adult autistic participants with initial language delay and 16 typically developing control participants, using the random temporal sampling technique. Participants were asked to name familiar objects (experiment 1) or written words (experiment 2) presented on a computer screen for 200 ms and whose visibility (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio) varied randomly across time. For each of these 32 participants, time-frequency classification images (CI) were obtained by subtracting the average of the sampling functions (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio) or time-frequency recordings thereof associated with incorrect responses from that associated with correct responses. The efficiency of visual processing in the two groups of participants is modulated through the time and is affected by the frequency content of signal-to-noise ratio oscillations. Significant inter-group differences were observed in the timing of the oscillatory mechanisms for the object recognition task. For the written word recognition task, the differences between groups are only marginally significant. It is proposed that three essential things can explain the greater sensitivity of the object recognition task: 1. the greater complexity of the mechanisms it must call up to reach correct answer. 2. The perceptual over-functioning of autistic people, more evident in the detection, the categorization and the memory of perceptual information. 3. An increased variability in the localization of activations that raises the possibility that autism involves enhancement and/or alteration of typical plasticity mechanisms.