Self-regulation is an important aspect of learning, and all teachers want to instill this ability in their students. However, students often feel confused or inadequate when it comes to being in charge of their own learning. This is especially true in intensive English programs where students expect the teacher to provide them with the information they need to pass tests and advance to higher levels. While the teacher's role cannot be overlooked, encouraging self-regulated learning is also vital to students' success in learning. The author saw a need for this in the intensive English program where she is teaching. She created a workbook which outlines the six principles of self-regulated learning as presented by Andrade and Evans (2013). During the course of two semesters, she gathered data from teachers and students in classes at the English Language Center (ELC) through surveys and interviews regarding how useful the workbook was in helping students to be more self-regulated in their learning. The feedback indicates that the principles presented in the workbook were useful, and the students felt better equipped to face future learning. Although this was a preliminary study, the feedback collected regarding the workbook indicates that students are more receptive to self-regulated learning if they have the tools to understand how to be self-regulated learners. A second study was conducted by administrators of an intensive English program, and the results demonstrated the workbook was useful for their purposes in many different proficiency levels.

The purpose of this study is to find out whether pupils English language learning benefits from using Swedish during the English lessons. I decided to collect my material from interviews in combination with classroom observations. I chose to start with the observation of the class and the teacher during one lesson before I did my interview. It is difficult to draw any conclusions of this with only the two schools I visited. If I were to do it again I would have chosen two schools that both start teaching English at the same age and devote the same amount of time each week to learning English. I did not discover any findings to support my theory that it would be beneficial to exclude Swedish during English lessons, nor did I find the opposite. The teachers from the observations felt it was necessary to use Swedish during the English lessons with the argument that it helped them learn Swedish better. Since that was not exactly my question I felt that my findings were inconclusive.

Despite a rise in the use of “learning by doing” pedagogical methods in praxis, little is known as to how the brain benefits from these methods. Learning by doing strategies that utilize complementary information (“enrichment”) such as gestures have been shown to optimize learning outcomes in several domains including foreign language (L2) training. Here we tested the hypothesis that behavioral benefits of gesture-based enrichment are critically supported by integrity of the biological motion visual cortices (bmSTS). Prior functional neuroimaging work has implicated the visual motion cortices in L2 translation following sensorimotor-enriched training; the current study is the first to investigate the causal relevance of these structures in learning by doing contexts. Using neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and a gesture-enriched L2 vocabulary learning paradigm, we found that the bmSTS causally contributed to behavioral benefits of gesture-enriched learning. Visual motion cortex integrity benefitted both short- and long-term learning outcomes, as well as the learning of concrete and abstract words. These results adjudicate between opposing predictions of two neuroscientific learning theories: While reactivation-based theories predict no functional role of specialized sensory cortices in vocabulary learning outcomes, the current study supports the predictive coding theory view that these cortices precipitate sensorimotor-based learning benefits.:I. Abkürzungsverzeichnis II. Abbildungsverzeichnis III. Einleitung 1. Fremdsprachenlernen 1.1 Sensorische Modalitätsvergleiche 1.2 Sensomotorisches Lernen 2. Lerntheorien 2.1 Theorie des prädiktiven Kodierens 2.2 Theorie des prädiktiven Kodierens für multisensorisches Lernen 3. Sulcus temporalis superior für biologische Bewegung 4. Transkranielle Magnetstimulation 4.1 Passagere Funktionsinhibition mittels transkranieller Magnetstimulation IV. Ableitung der Rationale V. Publikationsmanuskript VI. Zusammenfassung VII. Literaturverzeichnis VIII. Appendix A. Abbildungen B. Ergänzendes Material der Publikation C. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags D. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit E. Lebenslauf F. Publikationen G. Danksagung

Motivation in language learning has been studied for quite a long time. However, the main focus has been on motivation in face-to-face learning environments. Motivation in online learning can be different due to many factors. This study compared how a language instructor used motivational strategies in face to-face vs. Zoom classes; and how students reacted to these motivational strategies. For these purposes the Motivational Orientation of Language Teaching (MOLT) was used for observations. Results showed that while the teacher used many of the same motivational strategies in both sections, some categories like Social Chat, Referential Questions and Volunteering had significantly higher scores in face-to-face classes. Results suggest that good teaching is good teaching, however remote classes offer differ affordances and such courses require careful planning.

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