Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results across various language technology tasks. By training on large corpora of diverse text collections from the internet, these models learn to process text effectively, allowing them to acquire comprehensive world knowledge. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of the model, and it is necessary to train ever-larger networks to capture more information. Retrieval-augmented language models have been proposed as a way of improving the interpretability and adaptability of normal language models by utilizing a separate retrieval text set during application time. These models have demonstrated state-of-the-art results on knowledge-intensive tasks such as question-answering and fact-checking. However, their effectiveness in text classification remains unexplored. This study investigates the impact of the retrieval text set on the performance of the retrieval-augmented language model REALM model for sentiment text classification tasks. The results indicate that the addition of retrieval text data fails to improve the prediction capabilities of REALM for sentiment text classification tasks. This outcome is mainly due to the difference in functionality of the retrieval mechanisms during pre-training and fine-tuning. During pre-training, the neural knowledge retriever focuses on retrieving factual knowledge such as dates, cities and names to enhance the prediction of the model. During fine-tuning, the retriever aims to retrieve texts that can strengthen the prediction of the text sentiment classification task. The findings suggest that retrieval models may hold limited potential to enhance performance for text sentiment classification tasks. / Stora språkmodeller har visat imponerande resultat inom många olika språkteknologiska uppgifter. Genom att träna på stora textmängder från internet lär sig dessa modeller att effektivt processa text, vilket gör att de kan förvärva omfattande världskunskap. Denna kunskap lagras emellertid implicit i modellernas parametrar, och det är nödvändigt att träna allt större nätverk för att fånga mer information. Hämtningsförstärkta språkmodeller (retrieval-augmented language models) har föreslagits som ett sätt att förbättra tolknings- och anpassningsförmågan hos språkmodeller genom att använda en separat hämtningstextmängd (retrieval text set) vid prediktion. Dessa modeller har visat imponerande resultat på kunskapsintensiva uppgifter som frågebesvarande (question-answering) och faktakontroll. Deras effektivitet för textklassificering är dock outforskad. Denna studie undersöker effekten av hämtningstextmängden på prestandan för den hämtningsförstärkta språkmodellen REALM för sentimenttextklassificeringsuppgifter. Resultaten indikerar att användning av hämtningstextmängd vid predicering inte lyckas förbättra REALM prediktionsförmåga för sentimenttextklassificeringsuppgifter. Detta beror främst på skillnaden i funktionalitet hos hämtningsmekanismen under förträning och finjustering. Under förträningen fokuserar hämtningsmekanismen på att hämta fakta som datum, städer och namn för att förbättra modellens predicering. Under finjusteringen syftar hätmningsmekanismen till att hämta texter som kan stärka förutsägelsen av sentimenttextklassificeringsuppgiften. Resultaten tyder på att hämtningsförstärkta modeller kan ha begränsad potential att förbättra prestandan för sentimenttextklassificeringsuppgifter.

This study investigates the application and implications of AI-generated content in podcast production. The research particularly explores the use of text-to-speech (TTS) systems and AI language models to simulate authentic-sounding conversations. This study analyzes listener responses to different AI-generated and human-edited podcast episodes through a series of prototypes and interviews with listeners. Findings suggest that listeners often perceive AI-generated conversations as less authentic and natural than human-made ones, especially due to issues like unnatural intonation and a lack of natural discourse markers. Despite these challenges, improvements were noted in later prototypes where manual editing was combined with AI-generated content. This highlights the potential for AI to complement human creativity in podcast production. The study concludes that for AI-generated content to achieve the desired level of authenticity, further involvement of human intuition is necessary. Future research should explore refining AI models to better simulate natural conversation flow and focus on enhancing the nuances of human-like speech. The findings also underline the potential of AI tools to revolutionize podcast production workflows. / Denna studie undersöker användningen och implikationerna av AI-genererat innehåll i podcastproduktion. Forskningen utforskar särskilt användningen av text-till-tal-system (TTS) och AI-språkmodeller för att simulera samtal som låter autentiska. Studien analyserar lyssnarreaktioner på olika AI-genererade och mänskligt redigerade poddavsnitt genom en serie prototyper och intervjuer med lyssnare. Resultaten visar att lyssnare ofta upplever AI-genererade samtal som mindre autentiska och naturliga än de som skapats av människor. Särskilt på grund av problem som onaturliga betoningar och brist på naturliga diskurspartiklar. Trots dessa utmaningar märktes förbättringar i senare prototyper där manuell redigering kombinerades med AI-genererat innehåll, vilket belyser potentialen för AI att komplettera mänsklig kreativitet i podcastproduktion. Genom forskningen dras slutsatsen att AI-genererat innehåll kräver ytterligare integration av mänsklig intuition för att uppnå önskad nivå av autenticitet. Framtida forskning bör utforska hur AI-modeller kan förfinas för att bättre simulera naturligt samtalsflöde och fokusera på att förbättra nyanserna i mänskligt tal. Resultaten understryker också potentialen hos AI-verktyg att revolutionera arbetsflödena för podcastproduktion.

This thesis concerns itself with word classes and their application to language modelling.Considering a purely statistical Markov model trained on sequences of word classes in theSwedish language different problems in language engineering are examined. Problemsconsidered are part-of-speech tagging, evaluating text modifiers such as translators withthe help of probability measurements and matrix norms, and lastly detecting differenttypes of text using the Fourier transform of cross entropy sequences of word classes.The results show that the word class language model is quite weak by itself but that itis able to improve part-of-speech tagging for 1 and 2 letter models. There are indicationsthat a stronger word class model could aid 3-letter and potentially even stronger models.For evaluating modifiers the model is often able to distinguish between shuffled andsometimes translated text as well as to assign a score as to how much a text has beenmodified. Future work on this should however take better care to ensure large enoughtest data. The results from the Fourier approach indicate that a Fourier analysis of thecross entropy sequence between word classes may allow the model to distinguish betweenA.I. generated text as well as translated text from human written text. Future work onmachine learning word class models could be carried out to get further insights into therole of word class models in modern applications. The results could also give interestinginsights in linguistic research regarding word classes.

The evolution of Language Models (LMs) has enabled building chatbot systems that are capable of human-like dialogues without the need for fine-tuning the chatbot for a specific task. LMs are stateless, which means that a LM-based chatbot does not have a recollection of the past conversation unless it is explicitly included in the input prompt. LMs have limitations in the length of the input prompt, and longer input prompts require more computational and monetary resources, so for longer conversations, it is often infeasible to include the whole conversation history in the input prompt. In this project a short-term memory module is designed and implemented to provide the chatbot context of the past conversation. We are introducing two methods, LimContext method and FullContext method, for producing an abstractive summary of the conversation history, which encompasses much of the relevant conversation history in a compact form that can then be supplied with the input prompt in a resource-effective way. To test these short-term memory implementations in practice, a user study is conducted where these two methods are introduced to 9 participants. Data is collected during the user study and each participant answers a survey after the conversation. These results are analyzed to assess the user experience of the two methods and the user experience between the two methods, and to assess the effectiveness of the prompt design for both answer generation and abstractive summarization tasks. According to the statistical analysis, the FullContext method method produced a better user experience, and this finding was in line with the user feedback. / Utvecklingen av LMs har gjort det möjligt att bygga chatbotsystem kapabla till mänskliga dialoger utan behov av att finjustera chatboten för ett specifikt uppdrag. LMs är stateless, vilket betyder att en chatbot baserad på en LM inte sparar tidigare delar av konversationen om de inte uttryckligen ingår i prompten. LMs begränsar längden av prompten, och längre prompter kräver mer beräknings- och monetära resurser. Således är det ofta omöjligt att inkludera hela konversationshistoriken i prompten. I detta projekt utarbetas och implementeras en korttidsminnesmodul, vars syfte är att tillhandahålla chatboten kontexten av den tidigare konversationen. Vi introducerar två metoder, LimContext metod och FullContext metod, för att ta fram en abstrakt sammanfattning av konversationshistoriken. Sammanfattningen omfattar mycket av det relevanta samtalet i en kompakt form, och kan sedan resurseffektivt förses med den påföljande prompten. För att testa dessa korttidsminnesimplementationer i praktiken genomförs en användarstudie där de två metoderna introduceras för 9-deltagare. Data samlas in under användarstudier. Varje deltagare svarar på en enkät efter samtalet. Resultaten analyseras för att bedöma användarupplevelsen av de två metoderna och användarupplevelsen mellan de två metoderna, och för att bedöma effektiviteten av den snabba designen för både svarsgenerering och abstrakta summeringsuppgifter. Enligt den statistiska analysen gav metoden FullContext metod en bättre användarupplevelse. Detta fynd var även i linje med användarnas feedback.

Le domaine biomédical est probablement le domaine où il y a les ressources les plus riches. Dans ces ressources, on regroupe les différentes expressions exprimant un concept, et définit des relations entre les concepts. Ces ressources sont construites pour faciliter l’accès aux informations dans le domaine. On pense généralement que ces ressources sont utiles pour la recherche d’information biomédicale. Or, les résultats obtenus jusqu’à présent sont mitigés : dans certaines études, l’utilisation des concepts a pu augmenter la performance de recherche, mais dans d’autres études, on a plutôt observé des baisses de performance. Cependant, ces résultats restent difficilement comparables étant donné qu’ils ont été obtenus sur des collections différentes. Il reste encore une question ouverte si et comment ces ressources peuvent aider à améliorer la recherche d’information biomédicale. Dans ce mémoire, nous comparons les différentes approches basées sur des concepts dans un même cadre, notamment l’approche utilisant les identificateurs de concept comme unité de représentation, et l’approche utilisant des expressions synonymes pour étendre la requête initiale. En comparaison avec l’approche traditionnelle de "sac de mots", nos résultats d’expérimentation montrent que la première approche dégrade toujours la performance, mais la seconde approche peut améliorer la performance. En particulier, en appariant les expressions de concepts comme des syntagmes stricts ou flexibles, certaines méthodes peuvent apporter des améliorations significatives non seulement par rapport à la méthode de "sac de mots" de base, mais aussi par rapport à la méthode de Champ Aléatoire Markov (Markov Random Field) qui est une méthode de l’état de l’art dans le domaine. Ces résultats montrent que quand les concepts sont utilisés de façon appropriée, ils peuvent grandement contribuer à améliorer la performance de recherche d’information biomédicale. Nous avons participé au laboratoire d’évaluation ShARe/CLEF 2014 eHealth. Notre résultat était le meilleur parmi tous les systèmes participants. / Health and biomedical area is probably the area where there are the richest domain resources. In these resources, different expressions are clustered into well defined concepts. They are designed to facilitate public access to the health information and are widely believed to be useful for biomedical information retrieval. However the results of previous works are highly mitigated: in some studies, concepts slightly improve the retrieval performance, while in some others degradations are observed. It is however difficult to compare the results directly due to the fact that they have been performed on different test collections. It is still unclear whether and how medical information retrieval can benefit from these knowledge resources. In this thesis we aim at comparing in the same framework two families of approaches to exploit concepts - using concept IDs as the representation units or using synonymous concept expressions to expand the original query. Compared to a traditional bag-of-words (BOW) baseline, our experiments on test collections show that concept IDs always degrades retrieval effectiveness, whereas the second approach can lead to some improvements. In particular, by matching the concept expressions as either strict or flexible phrases, some methods can lead to significant improvement over the BOW baseline and even over MRF model on most query sets. This study shows experimentally that when concepts are used in a suitable way, it can help improve the effectiveness of medical information retrieval. We participated at the ShARe/CLEF 2014 eHealth Evaluation Lab. Our result was the best among all the participating systems.

Les modèles de langage ont pour but de caractériser et d'évaluer la qualité des énoncés en langue naturelle. Leur rôle est fondamentale dans de nombreux cadres d'application comme la reconnaissance automatique de la parole, la traduction automatique, l'extraction et la recherche d'information. La modélisation actuellement état de l'art est la modélisation "historique" dite n-gramme associée à des techniques de lissage. Ce type de modèle prédit un mot uniquement en fonction des n-1 mots précédents. Pourtant, cette approche est loin d'être satisfaisante puisque chaque mot est traité comme un symbole discret qui n'a pas de relation avec les autres. Ainsi les spécificités du langage ne sont pas prises en compte explicitement et les propriétés morphologiques, sémantiques et syntaxiques des mots sont ignorées. De plus, à cause du caractère éparse des langues naturelles, l'ordre est limité à n=4 ou 5. Sa construction repose sur le dénombrement de successions de mots, effectué sur des données d'entrainement. Ce sont donc uniquement les textes d'apprentissage qui conditionnent la pertinence de la modélisation n-gramme, par leur quantité (plusieurs milliards de mots sont utilisés) et leur représentativité du contenu en terme de thématique, époque ou de genre. L'usage des modèles neuronaux ont récemment ouvert de nombreuses perspectives. Le principe de projection des mots dans un espace de représentation continu permet d'exploiter la notion de similarité entre les mots: les mots du contexte sont projetés dans un espace continu et l'estimation de la probabilité du mot suivant exploite alors la similarité entre ces vecteurs. Cette représentation continue confère aux modèles neuronaux une meilleure capacité de généralisation et leur utilisation a donné lieu à des améliorations significative en reconnaissance automatique de la parole et en traduction automatique. Pourtant, l'apprentissage et l'inférence des modèles de langue neuronaux à grand vocabulaire restent très couteux. Ainsi par le passé, les modèles neuronaux ont été utilisés soit pour des tâches avec peu de données d'apprentissage, soit avec un vocabulaire de mots à prédire limités en taille. La première contribution de cette thèse est donc de proposer une solution qui s’appuie sur la structuration de la couche de sortie sous forme d’un arbre de classification pour résoudre ce problème de complexité. Le modèle se nomme Structure OUtput Layer (SOUL) et allie une architecture neuronale avec les modèles de classes. Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance automatique de la parole et de la traduction automatique, ce nouveau type de modèle a permis d'obtenir des améliorations significatives des performances pour des systèmes à grande échelle et à état l'art. La deuxième contribution de cette thèse est d'analyser les représentations continues induites et de comparer ces modèles avec d'autres architectures comme les modèles récurrents. Enfin, la troisième contribution est d'explorer la capacité de la structure SOUL à modéliser le processus de traduction. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les modèles continus comme SOUL ouvrent des perspectives importantes de recherche en traduction automatique. / The purpose of language models is in general to capture and to model regularities of language, thereby capturing morphological, syntactical and distributional properties of word sequences in a given language. They play an important role in many successful applications of Natural Language Processing, such as Automatic Speech Recognition, Machine Translation and Information Extraction. The most successful approaches to date are based on n-gram assumption and the adjustment of statistics from the training data by applying smoothing and back-off techniques, notably Kneser-Ney technique, introduced twenty years ago. In this way, language models predict a word based on its n-1 previous words. In spite of their prevalence, conventional n-gram based language models still suffer from several limitations that could be intuitively overcome by consulting human expert knowledge. One critical limitation is that, ignoring all linguistic properties, they treat each word as one discrete symbol with no relation with the others. Another point is that, even with a huge amount of data, the data sparsity issue always has an important impact, so the optimal value of n in the n-gram assumption is often 4 or 5 which is insufficient in practice. This kind of model is constructed based on the count of n-grams in training data. Therefore, the pertinence of these models is conditioned only on the characteristics of the training text (its quantity, its representation of the content in terms of theme, date). Recently, one of the most successful attempts that tries to directly learn word similarities is to use distributed word representations in language modeling, where distributionally words, which have semantic and syntactic similarities, are expected to be represented as neighbors in a continuous space. These representations and the associated objective function (the likelihood of the training data) are jointly learned using a multi-layer neural network architecture. In this way, word similarities are learned automatically. This approach has shown significant and consistent improvements when applied to automatic speech recognition and statistical machine translation tasks. A major difficulty with the continuous space neural network based approach remains the computational burden, which does not scale well to the massive corpora that are nowadays available. For this reason, the first contribution of this dissertation is the definition of a neural architecture based on a tree representation of the output vocabulary, namely Structured OUtput Layer (SOUL), which makes them well suited for large scale frameworks. The SOUL model combines the neural network approach with the class-based approach. It achieves significant improvements on both state-of-the-art large scale automatic speech recognition and statistical machine translations tasks. The second contribution is to provide several insightful analyses on their performances, their pros and cons, their induced word space representation. Finally, the third contribution is the successful adoption of the continuous space neural network into a machine translation framework. New translation models are proposed and reported to achieve significant improvements over state-of-the-art baseline systems.

The result of this work is a fully working and significantly optimized implementation of a dynamic decoder. This decoder is based on dynamic recognition network generation and decoding by a modified version of the Token Passing algorithm. The implemented solution provides very similar results to the original static decoder from BSCORE (API of Phonexia company). Compared to BSCORE this implementation offers significant reduction of memory usage. This makes use of more complex language models possible. It also facilitates integration the speech recognition to some mobile devices or dynamic adding of new words to the system.

Using AI to automatically describe images is a challenging task. The aim of this study has been to compare the use of character-based language models with one of the current state-of-the-art token-based language models, im2txt, to generate image captions, with focus on morphological correctness. Previous work has shown that character-based language models are able to outperform token-based language models in morphologically rich languages. Other studies show that simple multi-layered LSTM-blocks are able to learn to replicate the syntax of its training data. To study the usability of character-based language models an alternative model based on TensorFlow im2txt has been created. The model changes the token-generation architecture into handling character-sized tokens instead of word-sized tokens. The results suggest that a character-based language model could outperform the current token-based language models, although due to time and computing power constraints this study fails to draw a clear conclusion. A problem with one of the methods, subsampling, is discussed. When using the original method on character-sized tokens this method removes characters (including special characters) instead of full words. To solve this issue, a two-phase approach is suggested, where training data first is separated into word-sized tokens where subsampling is performed. The remaining tokens are then separated into character-sized tokens. Future work where the modified subsampling and fine-tuning of the hyperparameters are performed is suggested to gain a clearer conclusion of the performance of character-based language models.

Les modèles de langue pré-entraînés ont montré leur efficacité dans beaucoup de tâches de traitement de la langue naturelle. Ces modèles peuvent capter des régularités générales d'une langue à partir d'un grand ensemble de textes, qui sont utiles dans la plupart des applications en traitement de langue naturelle. Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions les problèmes de dialogue, i.e. générer une réponse à un énoncé de l'utilisateur. Nous exploitons les modèles de langue pré-entraînés pour traiter différents aspects des systèmes de dialogue. Premièrement, les modèles de langue pré-entraînés sont entraînés and utilisés dans les systèmes de dialogue de différentes façons. Il n'est pas clair quelle façon est la plus appropriée. Pour le dialogue orienté-tâche, l’approche de l'état de l'art pour le suivi de l'état de dialogue (Dialogue State Tracking) utilise BERT comme encodeur et empile un autre réseau de neurones récurrent (RNN) sur les sorties de BERT comme décodeur. Dans ce cas, seul l'encodeur peut bénéficier des modèles de langue pré-entraînés. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons une méthode qui utilise un seul modèle BERT pour l'encodeur et le décodeur, permettant ainsi un ajustement de paramètres plus efficace. Notre méthode atteint une performance qui dépasse l'état de l'art. Pour la tâche de génération de réponses dans un chatbot, nous comparons 4 approches communément utilisées. Elles sont basées sur des modèles pré-entraînés et utilisent des objectifs et des mécanismes d'attention différents. En nous appuyant sur des expérimentations, nous observons l'impact de deux types de disparité qui sont largement ignorées dans la littérature: disparité entre pré-entraînement et peaufinage, et disparité entre peaufinage et génération de réponse. Nous montrons que l'impact de ces disparités devient évident quand le volume de données d’entraînement est limité. Afin de remédier à ce problème, nous proposons deux méthodes qui réduisent les disparités, permettant d'améliorer la performance. Deuxièmement, même si les méthodes basées sur des modèles pré-entraînés ont connu de grands succès en dialogue général, nous devons de plus en plus traiter le problème de dialogue conditionné, c'est-à-dire dialogue en relation à une certaine condition (qui peut désigner un personnage, un sujet, etc.). Des chercheurs se sont aussi intéressés aux systèmes de chatbot avec des habiletés de conversation multiples, i.e. chatbot capable de confronter différentes situations de dialogues conditionnés. Ainsi, dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous étudions le problème de génération de dialogue conditionné. D'abord, nous proposons une méthode générale qui exploite non seulement des données de dialogues conditionnées, mais aussi des données non-dialogues (textes) conditionnées. Ces dernières sont beaucoup plus faciles à acquérir en pratique. Ceci nous permet d'atténuer le problème de rareté de données. Ensuite, nous proposons des méthodes qui utilisent le concept d'adaptateur proposé récemment dans la littérature. Un adaptateur permet de renforcer un système de dialogue général en lui donnant une habileté spécifique. Nous montrons que les adaptateurs peuvent encoder des habiletés de dialogue conditionné de façon stricte ou flexible, tout en utilisant seulement 6% plus de paramètres. Ce mémoire contient 4 travaux sur deux grands problèmes de dialogue: l'architecture inhérente du modèle de dialogue basé sur des modèles de langue pré-entraînés, et l'enrichissement d'un système de dialogue général pour avoir des habiletés spécifiques. Ces travaux non seulement nous permettent d'obtenir des performances dépassant de l'état de l'art, mais aussi soulignent l'importance de concevoir l'architecture du modèle pour bien correspondre à la tâche, plutôt que simplement augmenter le volume de données d'entraînement et la puissance de calcul brute. / Pre-trained language models (LMs) have shown to be effective in many NLP tasks. They can capture general language regularities from a large amount of texts, which are useful for most applications related to natural languages. In this thesis, we study the problems of dialogue, i.e. to generate a response to a user's utterance. We exploit pre-trained language models to deal with different aspects of dialogue systems. First, pre-trained language models have been trained and used in different ways in dialogue systems and it is unclear what is the best way to use pre-trained language models in dialogue. For task-oriented dialogue systems, the state-of-the-art framework for Dialogue State Tracking (DST) uses BERT as the encoder and stacks an RNN upon BERT outputs as the decoder. Pre-trained language models are only leveraged for the encoder. In the first part of the thesis, we investigate methods using a single BERT model for both the encoder and the decoder, allowing for more effective parameter updating. Our method achieves new state-of-the-art performance. For the task of response generation in generative chatbot systems, we further compare the 4 commonly used frameworks based on pre-trained LMs, which use different training objectives and attention mechanisms. Through extensive experiments, we observe the impact of two types of discrepancy: pretrain-finetune discrepancy and finetune-generation discrepancy (i.e. differences between pre-training and fine-tuning, and between fine-tuning and generation), which have not been paid attention to. We show that the impact of the discrepancies will surface when limited amount of training data is available. To alleviate the problem, we propose two methods to reduce discrepancies, yielding improved performance. Second, even though pre-training based methods have shown excellent performance in general dialogue generation, we are more and more faced with the problem of conditioned conversation, i.e. conversation in relation with some condition (persona, topic, etc.). Researchers are also interested in multi-skill chatbot systems, namely equipping a chatbot with abilities to confront different conditioned generation tasks. Therefore, in the second part of the thesis, we investigate the problem of conditioned dialogue generation. First, we propose a general method that leverages not only conditioned dialogue data, but also conditioned non-dialogue text data, which are much easier to collect, in order to alleviate the data scarcity issue of conditioned dialogue generation. Second, the concept of Adapter has been recently proposed, which adapts a general dialogue system to enhance some dialogue skill. We investigate the ways to learn a dialogue skill. We show that Adapter has enough capacity to model a dialogue skill for either loosely-conditioned or strictly-conditioned response generation, while using only 6% more parameters. This thesis contains 4 pieces of work relating to the two general problems in dialogue systems: the inherent architecture for dialogue systems based on pre-trained LMs, and enhancement of a general dialogue system for some specific skills. The studies not only propose new approaches that outperform the current state of the art, but also stress the importance of carefully designing the model architecture to fit the task, instead of simply increasing the amount of training data and the raw computation power.

Teknologiutvecklingen av stora språkmodeller har på senaste tiden blivit uppmärksammad genom lanseringen av OpenAI:s ChatGPT. Det har förekommit diskussioner om vad detta innebär för samhället i stort men också hur utbildningen på lärosäten påverkas. Syftet med denna studie var att studera hur stor påverkan dessa verktyg har på utbildningen på Uppsala universitet. Fem studierektorer från olika institutioner har intervjuats. Datan analyserades sedan med hjälp av teorin för socialt disruptiva teknologier för att undersöka hur stor påverkansgraden är. Resultatet visar att det främst är examinationer som har påverkats, där vissa studierektorer har behövt ta bort eller kommer att ta bort hemuppgifter som konsekvens av ChatGPT. Skillnader i förändringsarbetet finns mellan olika institutioner, vilket tycks delvis grunda sig i brist på riktlinjer, men även i utbildningsstruktur och personligt engagemang. Det går dock inte att fastslå några systematiska skillnader mellan universitetets olika delar. Vidare har det diskuterats bredare frågor om studenternas lärande och hur man som studierektor kan förhålla sig till utvecklingen. / The technology development of large language models has recently received attention through the launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT. There have been discussions of what this means for society overall, but also how the education at universities is affected. The purpose of this study was to study how much impact these tools have on education at Uppsala University. Five directors of studies from different departments have been interviewed. The data was then analyzed using the theory of socially disruptive technologies to investigate the degree of impact. The result shows that it is mainly examinations that have been affected, where some principals have had to remove or will remove homework assignments as a consequence of ChatGPT. Differences in change management exist between different institutions, which seem to be partly due to the lack of guidelines, but also due to educational structure and personal commitment. However, no systematic differences can be determined between the different parts of the university. Furthermore, there have been discussions about broader questions about the students' learning and how one should relate to the development as a director of studies.