Access to safe water and improved sanitation remains threatened by the ever increasing demand in urbanised cities of the world. Adequate management of this problem could not be achieved through technical and regulatory methods alone. A human values-based education approach, namely the Human Values Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE) programme, was considered a suitable intervention strategy to bring about the desired changes in attitude and behaviour by the water users. This research involves an empirical case study approach that explores the experiences of Laotian teachers as adult learners of the HVWSHE intervention as well as a literature study on adult education, adult learning facilitation, human values-based education and teacher beliefs. Focus group meetings, lesson observations, participant observation, field notes and a researcher journal was used to collect data. This study revealed that the HVWSHE training programme had a positive effect on the adult learners’ attitude and behaviour towards a better water-use and sanitation-friendly ethic. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Adult Education)

No description available.

MOSEROVÁ, V. Bc.: Did food security in Cambodia-Laos-Myanmar-Vietnam countries improved after Millennial development goals?, Diploma thesis Topic of the thesis is a scrutiny of food security in the Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam countries after Millennium development goal were set. The goal is to confirm or refuse the hypothesis of the improvement of food security in CLMV countries after Millennium development goals. The goal would be examined according to the results of the analysis of the data for the period 1990 to 2015. The analysis shall be done using the composite indicator and the trend will be also analysed. The purpose is to create a suggestion that would help improve the situation in this region.

The Nam Ngum River Basin (NNRB) in Laos has received attention of foreign investors due to high hydropower development potential and low per capita electricity consumption. The NNRB is rapidly developing due to its hydropower generation potentials while water demands will increase for agricultural and domestic purposes due to population increase and land-use changes. Water availability conditions will be affected with the increasing water demand and climate change may worsen the water availability conditions. Climate is often defined as the weather averaged over time whereas weather describes atmospheric conditions at a particular place and time in terms of air temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and rainfall. On regional scale, climate change impact assessment is crucial for water resource planning, management and decision making. First part of this study, reliable estimation of climatic variables is performed under climate change. Second part assess the changes in water resources regimes and sustainability conditions of agricultural and domestic water user sectors under climate change for “do nothing” option that are critical for strategic planning and to minimize the negative impacts. Third part assesses the long-term climate change trends, water allocation challenges and appropriate adaptation measures to minimize watershed impacts to achieve sustainability and long-term management goals. The major findings of this study shows (1) wetter and warmer climates especially in the latter part of the century indicating less water availability, (2) sustainability in meeting the water demands for agriculture and domestic use is affected under “do nothing” option, and (3) watershed scale adaptation measures improve the (1) hydropower generation, (2) sustainability conditions in agricultural and domestic water user sectors, and (3) flow regimes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第17839号 / 地博第157号 / 新制||地||53(附属図書館) / 30654 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 繁男, 教授 河野 泰之, 准教授 竹田 晋也, 准教授 古澤 拓郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

<p> The inter/intramolecular interactions and associations between constituents determine the microstructure of food and its response to mechanical deformation and flow. The characterization of food rheology enables the design of efficient processing equipment, production of high-quality, stable end products, prediction of textural and sensorial attributes, and assurance of consumer acceptability. Foods are subjected to rapid and large deformations during processing operations and consumption. Dynamic oscillatory shear tests are carried out by subjecting food to a sinusoidal deformation (or stress) and probing the mechanical stress (or strain) and recording the response as a function of time. In the SAOS region, the mechanical response is in the form of a perfect sinusoidal curve and interpretation is straightforward as expected from a linear model. On the other hand, LAOS response requires complex mathematical relations to extract meaningful rheological parameters. In this dissertation, Fourier Transform-Chebyshev Decomposition (FTC) and Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) methods were utilized to quantify the LAOS response of selected food materials. The objective of this study is to gain new insights into the nonlinear rheology and structural architecture of food materials. To offer insights into the microstructure–rheology relations, rheological measurements were accompanied by various techniques probing chemical interactions (FTIR), imaging (Cryo-SEM, SEM), quantitative network analysis, and molecular size (SDS-PAGE). This dissertation showed that LAOS rheology is highly correlated with the network structure of food shown by the quantitative network analysis utilizing SEM images. It is a powerful tool to detect the effect of small molecules on the nonlinear rheology of food (HMW-LMW glutenin ratio, gliadin for dough, fat content in yogurt, and amylopectin/amylose ratio of starch in a suspension). Nonlinear parameters were sensitive to structural changes occurring in dough structure during processing conditions including aging at room and elevated temperatures. Lastly, the SPP method enabling time-resolved interpretation of nonlinear rheology provided detailed transient microstructural interpretations whereas the FTC method gave static measures at specific strains in an oscillation cycle. Thus, nonlinear rheology of doughs with various gluten subfractions in MAOS and LAOS regions as well as shear thickening characteristic of starch suspensions with changing amylopectin/amylose ratio interpreted by the SPP method gave more sensitive results than the FTC method. The application of fundamental knowledge from this work can be a guide to evaluating the architecture and nonlinear rheology of food for the assurance of consumer acceptancy and the fabrication of efficient machinery by building more accurate mechanical models of complex food systems. </p>

Introduction: En RDP Lao, le cancer du col de l’utérus est une des causes principales de morbidité et mortalité dues aux cancers. Le cancer du col peut être prévenu par des interventions de prévention primaire (vaccination) et secondaire (dépistage). Afin de réduire le fardeau de cette maladie, nous devrions considérer le coût et efficacité des diverses options de prévention pertinentes compte tenu des spécificités du contexte Lao. Objectives : l’objectif principal de ce travail est de simuler le coût-efficacité de stratégies préventives contre le cancer du col de l’utérus en RDP Lao. La thèse est basée sur trois études. La première étude a pour but de déterminer la sensibilité et la spécificité de la combinaison test à l’acide acétique (IVA) et frottis du col comme outil de dépistage. Ces paramètres ont été utilisés dans la troisième étude. La deuxième étude a pour but de déterminer le coût-efficacité de modalités de vaccination. La troisième étude a pour but de déterminer le coût-efficacité d'options de dépistage. Méthodologie : Une revue systématique et une méta-analyse ont été réalisées pour la première étude. Pour la deuxième et troisième étude, un modèle dynamique de la population a été établi pour refléter l’histoire naturelle du cancer du col de l’utérus. Le modèle a été calibré pour tenir compte de la structure d’âge de la population de la Capitale de Vientiane, ainsi que l'incidence du cancer du col de l’utérus et sa mortalité en RDP Lao. La principale issue d’intérêt était le coût incrémental des Années de vie ajustées pour l'incapacité (DALY), dans la perspective du système de santé publique. Le seuil utilisé pour définir si l'investissement requis devrait être considéré comme coût-efficace était celui proposé par l'OMS, soit un ratio coût-efficacité incrémental (ICER) de moins de un PNB per capita par DALY évité. Résultats : L’estimation moyenne de la sensibilité et de la spécificité de la combinaison des tests pour les cas de positivité (un de deux tests est positive) étaient de 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) et 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89) respectivement. La deuxième étude a montré que la vaccination des jeunes filles âgées de 10 ans est très coût-efficace. Ajouter au programme de vaccination des jeunes filles un rattrapage vaccinal pour les femmes de 11 à 25 ans est plus coût-efficace qu'ajouter les garçons. Cependant, il faut augmenter l’âge maximal du rattrapage vaccinal à 75 si la couverture vaccinale est moins de 50% ou bien si la durée de protection du vaccin ou l’immunité naturelle ne dure pas plus que 10 ans ou si l’incidence de cancer du col de l’utérus est supérieure à 40% de l’estimation de Globocan, soit 17.5 cas pour 100 000 femmes. De plus, ajouter le dépistage à la vaccination des jeunes filles est une option plus coût-efficace que la vaccination seule. Parmi les stratégies de dépistage, l’IVA pour les femmes âgées de 30-65 ans tous les trois ans est l'option la plus coût-efficace. Elle est suivie par le test rapide de détection d’ADN-VPH tous les trois ans et la combinaison IVA-frottis conventionnel tous les cinq ans. La probabilité d'être coût-efficace pour ces stratégies est de 73%. Conclusion : Les décideurs devraient considérer d’étendre le programme de vaccination des jeunes filles actuellement mis en place à la capitale de Vientiane à l'ensemble du pays et de considérer l'ajout d’un composant de rattrapage vaccinal et un dépistage par IVA ou un test rapide de détection d’ADN-VPH. / Introduction: In Lao PDR, cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Cervical cancer can be prevented by primary (vaccination) and secondary (screening) interventions. To reduce the burden of this disease, we need to consider both the cost and effectiveness of the various prevention options that are relevant to the Lao context. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to simulate the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies against cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The thesis is based on three studies. The first study aimed to determine the average sensitivity and specificity of combined Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and cytology testing. Theses parameters were used for the third study. The second study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of various vaccination modalities. The third study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies. Methodology: A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted for the first study. For the second and third studies, a population-based compartment and dynamic model of the natural history of cervical cancer was built. The model was calibrated to the age structure of the Vientiane capital population, and the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Lao PDR. The main outcome of interest was the incremental cost per Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted, under a public health care system perspective. The threshold for declaring an option very cost-effective was an Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) lower than one GDP per capita per DALY averted, based on WHO recommendations. Results: The pooled estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the combined VIA and cytology testing (with a positive result in at least one of them) were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.83-0.90) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89), respectively. The second study showed that a 10-year-old girl vaccination program is very cost-effective. Adding a catch-up vaccination element for 11-25 year old women to a girl vaccination program was more cost-effective than adding a boy vaccination component. However, the catch-up should be extended to a higher age if vaccination coverage is lower than 50% or if the duration of the natural immunity or the duration of vaccine protection is no longer than 10 years or if the incidence of cervical cancer is higher than 40% of the Globocan estimates, i.e 17.5 cases per 100 000 women. Additionally, adding a screening strategy to a girl vaccination program is more cost-effective than vaccination alone. Among the screening strategies, a three-yearly VIA screening program for 30-65 year-old women is the most cost-effective strategy, followed by the three-yearly rapid HPV DNA testing option and the five-yearly combined VIA and conventional cytology option, respectively. The probability of cost-effectiveness for these strategies is around 73%. Conclusion: Decision makers should consider expanding the girl vaccination program currently implemented in Vientiane capital nationwide and adding a catch-up vaccination element and a VIA or rapid HPV DNA testing program as appropriate.