Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2010-2011 / L'écotourisme fait maintenant partie des tendances lourdes de l'industrie du développement international, et ce n'est pas sans raison. S'il fait occasionnellement germer les fruits de nos aspirations en rapport à un développement plus juste et respectueux, il n'est certes pas pour autant apolitique et sans incidences sur la vie quotidienne des acteurs impliqués. Ce mémoire de maîtrise, s'appuyant sur l'exemple du Laos, a deux objectifs. D'une part, il vise à rendre compte des fondements de la logique d'intervention sur laquelle repose l'écotourisme, de manière à cerner les répercussions à la fois sur les modes de gouvernance qui en découlent et sur les acteurs qui y participent. D'autre part, l'étude cherche à comprendre le rôle qu'occupent les intermédiaires de développement tout au long du processus de vernacularisation de la logique de gestion rationnelle de l'environnement, ce qu'il convient ici d'appeler l'écogouvernance.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

During the Cold War, the inherent mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union kept the two superpowers from cooperating even on many projects that might have proven mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, they were willing to work together at least occasionally; two such examples are the neutralizations of Austria (in 1955) and of Laos (in 1962). Despite very different world orders in those two countries at those times, the weaker superpowers in each contest, the Soviets in Austria and the Americans in Laos, took very similar actions. They followed the same three-stage process from the outbreak of the dispute to its negotiated conclusion. This process failed, however, in Vietnam. In trying to explain why neutralization failed so soon after its success, this thesis postulates a number of possible explanations. Ultimately, it was several factors coming to result in the failure of neutralization in Vietnam.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis uses a political ecology framework to critically analyse how development and environmental orthodoxies influence the use, management and development of living aquatic resources in an information poor developing country context. The research focuses specifically on Lao PDR, the only landlocked country of the Mekong River Basin, to question how knowledge over living aquatic resources is framed by a range of stakeholders. Specific attention is given to how aquaculture has gained ascendancy over capture fisheries in the rhetoric of resources users as well as government and nongovernment organisations. The empirical research focuses on the role of broad scale economic, social and environmental influences over resource use, the practical and perceived importance of both aquaculture and capture fisheries in rural Lao livelihoods and finally, how living aquatic resources are represented within the dominant development agendas of conservation, poverty alleviation and rural development. Field work was conducted in Savannakhet province in Southern Lao PDR over 18 months from 2001 to 2002. The thesis has a strong empirical research base divided into activities carried out over multiple scales ranging from household to the Mekong River Basin. The thesis begins by establishing the historical context of resource use as well as the major orthodoxies on which development is based. Attention then turns to the extensive empirical research conducted over three districts of Savannakhet province. The results of the empirical research report two macro scale studies at the district level. The first is a survey of fish ponds across three districts focusing on the spatial distribution of investment and resource use. The second is a survey of fish trade focusing on the differential trade between culture and capture fish species. The results of both studies highlight the disjuncture between complex patterns of aquaculture and capture fishery use and the major assumptions made about the use of these two resources by policy makers and management. Analysis then moves to the local level focusing on the role and importance of aquaculture and capture fisheries to the livelihoods of rural Lao communities. The results show the instrumental and hermeneutic importance of fish and other aquatic resources in the livelihoods of households and the community. In particular it is shown that capture fisheries are more important to rural livelihoods in terms of income and nutrition, while aquaculture is perceived as a more important activity in the development of community and household economies. ii The final section then compares the empirical findings of the thesis with the policy and planning agendas of government and non-government organisations. The analysis focuses on the role of ideas and agency creating a highly politicised policy environment concluding that aquaculture based policy is more compatible with both government and non government agendas of poverty alleviation and rural development than capture fisheries. Furthermore, capture fisheries are marginalised within conservation as a resource that cannot contribute to the improvement of livelihoods or alleviate poverty. The thesis concludes that living aquatic resources provide an imperative source of food and income to rural communities through diverse and complex human-environment interactions. In contrast government and non-government organisations operating at regional, national and local scales of policy and planning simplify these relationships drawing on wider orthodoxies of aquaculture and capture fisheries development. These simplifications do not reflect the problems and needs of the predominantly rural population. Furthermore, in the absence of a strong empirical base of information, living aquatic resources management and development has become highly politicised. Instead of responding to the realities of resource users, policy and planning reflect the interests and beliefs of development organisations, government and non-government. The thesis provides an important, grounded account of the importance of living aquatic resources to rural livelihoods in Lao PDR and how these resources are understood and translated into national development and management agendas. In doing so the thesis contributes to an understanding of how complex human-environmental systems are perceived and represented in development policy and wider knowledge systems. The thesis also makes an important theoretical contribution to the growing body of literature on critical political ecology by arguing for the revitalisation of ecology as an integrated approach within political ecology and more widely within the study of humanenvironment interaction.

Cette recherche examine la durabilité d'un projet communautaire «Community-based» d'écotourisme indigène dans l'aire protégée Nam Ha, située dans le nord de la République Démocratique Populaire Lao. Les autorités locales lao font depuis quelques années déjà la promotion de l'écotourisme en temps qu'outil efficace de conservation de la biodiversité et de réduction de la pauvreté. Ainsi, cette étude de cas examine plus particulièrement trois concepts majeurs de la définition de l'écotourisme, soit: 1) les contributions à l'égard de la conservation de l'environnement naturel local, 2) les bénéfices en termes de bien-être pour les communautés ethniques locales et 3) le développement d'outils et d'opportunités éducatifs tant pour les touristes que la population avoisinante, afin de déterminer l'ampleur des contributions de l'écotourisme à cet endroit. Dans le cadre de cette étude, la complexité du concept d'écotourisme a mené à l'adoption d'une méthode d'analyse, développée par Ross et Wall (1999a), qui évalue le caractère symbiotique de la relation entre les communautés locales, l'activité touristique et l'aire protégée, donc entre les trois pôles de l'écotourisme. La présente recherche se base sur une collecte de données diversifiée: une revue de la littérature, des entretiens, discussions, conférences et tables rondes qui réunissaient des acteurs locaux et également l'observation participative. Le développement de l'écotourisme en est encore à ses débuts à Nam Ha. Malgré cela, l'écotourisme apporte déjà des contributions économiques intéressantes aux communautés ethniques locales et à la conservation. Toutefois, il est apparu que le manque de transparence de la part des gestionnaires de l'aire protégée Nam Ha, les écarts de revenus provenant du tourisme entre les nombreux villages, la perte continuelle en matière de ressources naturelles et la faible présence d'activités éducatives offertes aux communautés locales pourraient mettre en péril l'expérience naturelle offerte aux touristes et la pérennité du projet d'écotourisme. Ces enjeux soulignent le besoin de modifier les pratiques écotouristiques actuelles au Laos dans le but de renforcer la durabilité de l'écotourisme et ses contributions aux spbères économique, sociale et environnementale. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Écotourisme, Développement durable, RDP Lao, Conservation.

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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis uses a political ecology framework to critically analyse how development and environmental orthodoxies influence the use, management and development of living aquatic resources in an information poor developing country context. The research focuses specifically on Lao PDR, the only landlocked country of the Mekong River Basin, to question how knowledge over living aquatic resources is framed by a range of stakeholders. Specific attention is given to how aquaculture has gained ascendancy over capture fisheries in the rhetoric of resources users as well as government and nongovernment organisations. The empirical research focuses on the role of broad scale economic, social and environmental influences over resource use, the practical and perceived importance of both aquaculture and capture fisheries in rural Lao livelihoods and finally, how living aquatic resources are represented within the dominant development agendas of conservation, poverty alleviation and rural development. Field work was conducted in Savannakhet province in Southern Lao PDR over 18 months from 2001 to 2002. The thesis has a strong empirical research base divided into activities carried out over multiple scales ranging from household to the Mekong River Basin. The thesis begins by establishing the historical context of resource use as well as the major orthodoxies on which development is based. Attention then turns to the extensive empirical research conducted over three districts of Savannakhet province. The results of the empirical research report two macro scale studies at the district level. The first is a survey of fish ponds across three districts focusing on the spatial distribution of investment and resource use. The second is a survey of fish trade focusing on the differential trade between culture and capture fish species. The results of both studies highlight the disjuncture between complex patterns of aquaculture and capture fishery use and the major assumptions made about the use of these two resources by policy makers and management. Analysis then moves to the local level focusing on the role and importance of aquaculture and capture fisheries to the livelihoods of rural Lao communities. The results show the instrumental and hermeneutic importance of fish and other aquatic resources in the livelihoods of households and the community. In particular it is shown that capture fisheries are more important to rural livelihoods in terms of income and nutrition, while aquaculture is perceived as a more important activity in the development of community and household economies. ii The final section then compares the empirical findings of the thesis with the policy and planning agendas of government and non-government organisations. The analysis focuses on the role of ideas and agency creating a highly politicised policy environment concluding that aquaculture based policy is more compatible with both government and non government agendas of poverty alleviation and rural development than capture fisheries. Furthermore, capture fisheries are marginalised within conservation as a resource that cannot contribute to the improvement of livelihoods or alleviate poverty. The thesis concludes that living aquatic resources provide an imperative source of food and income to rural communities through diverse and complex human-environment interactions. In contrast government and non-government organisations operating at regional, national and local scales of policy and planning simplify these relationships drawing on wider orthodoxies of aquaculture and capture fisheries development. These simplifications do not reflect the problems and needs of the predominantly rural population. Furthermore, in the absence of a strong empirical base of information, living aquatic resources management and development has become highly politicised. Instead of responding to the realities of resource users, policy and planning reflect the interests and beliefs of development organisations, government and non-government. The thesis provides an important, grounded account of the importance of living aquatic resources to rural livelihoods in Lao PDR and how these resources are understood and translated into national development and management agendas. In doing so the thesis contributes to an understanding of how complex human-environmental systems are perceived and represented in development policy and wider knowledge systems. The thesis also makes an important theoretical contribution to the growing body of literature on critical political ecology by arguing for the revitalisation of ecology as an integrated approach within political ecology and more widely within the study of humanenvironment interaction.

Zugl.: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2009