The thesis deals with a design of an up-to-date commercial laundry with focus on equipments applied. The proces is studied and analysed throughly first. Important aspects for choice of equipments are mentioned (i.e. steam, power and natural gas consumptions. These informations are summarized from data sheets provided by manufacturers as well as from experimental measurements in existing facilities.

En la actualidad, el negocio de lavanderías a nivel nacional ha ido innovando en el transcurso de los últimos años, ya que gracias a la tecnología y a las nuevas tendencias del mercado se ha podido dar un giro al servicio tradicional al cual se estaba acostumbrado. En este caso, existen herramientas tecnológicas como los aplicativos móviles, los cuales se han adaptado para el modelo de negocio de lavanderías simplificándole la vida al consumidor, ya que existen diversas variables como la falta de tiempo para trasladarse a una tienda de servicio y el horario de trabajo de los potenciales clientes que les impide llegar a tiempo a dejar o recoger la ropa. De esta manera, el tema de investigación consiste en analizar las relaciones entre los factores de uso, tales como: el nivel de entendimiento del usuario, la calidad del sistema y la calidad del diseño de los aplicativos móviles en el servicio de lavanderías en Lima Metropolitana. A través de un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo, se buscará evidenciar y demostrar que existe una relación y es relevante para el negocio de lavanderías por un aplicativo en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. / Currently, the laundry business nationwide has been innovating in recent years, since thanks to technology and new market trends it has been possible to turn the traditional service to which it was accustomed. In this case, there are technological tools such as mobile applications, which have been adapted for the laundry business model, making life easier for the consumer, since there are various variables such as the lack of time to go to a service store and the schedule of potential customers that prevents them from being on time to drop off or pick up clothes. In this way, the research topic consists of analyzing the relationships between the use factors, such as: the level of user understanding, the quality of the system and the quality of the design of mobile applications in the laundry service in Metropolitan Lima. . Through a qualitative and quantitative study, it will seek to demonstrate and demonstrate that a relationship exists and is relevant to the laundry business by an application in the city of Lima, Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

En la ciudad de Lima existe aproximadamente 57% de población que a falta de tiempo opta por el servicio de lavandería, los motivos son variados, ya sea que no cuente con una lavadora en casa, o que no cuente con suficiente tiempo para lavar la ropa y tenderla, etc. pero en fin, se traduce en que más de la mitad de los limeños prefieren ahorrar su tiempo con un costo adicional en vez de realizar trabajos triviales del hogar. Ante el surgimiento de esta necesidad y el auge del desarrollo tecnológico en el mercado de las aplicaciones de delivery, se ha creado este proyecto para darle una solución de manera eficiente y sencilla, utilizando las aplicaciones móviles para pedir el servicio de traslado de su ropa sucia a la lavandería sin salir de su domicilio, y se le entrega de vuelta la ropa limpia dentro de las 48 horas. El público objetivo para este negocio será familias de los distritos de Jesús María, Lince, Pueblo Libre, Magdalena y San Miguel. Donde suman aproximadamente 138,970 hogares del nivel socioeconómico B y C, cuyo principal tipo de vivienda es departamento. Se realizará una inversión de S/ 52,295 soles totalmente proveniente del capital de los accionistas. Se estima que desde el segundo mes del primer año se obtendrá resultados positivos. Se alcanzará S/ 1,534,265 soles de Valor Presente Neto (VPN) en el periodo de los 5 años con una TIR de 290.67%, lo que muestra que el rendimiento del proyecto es positivo. Al tercer año se alcanzará la meta de ocupar el 11.9% de participación en el mercado y una facturación anual acumulada de S/ 3,436,288 soles. El periodo de recuperación será desde el primer año. / In the city of Lima there are approximately more than half of the population that, due to lack of time, opt for the laundry service, the reasons are varied, it could be that they do not have a washing machine at home, or that they do not have enough time to wash clothes and hanging, etc. but in short, it means that more than half of the people of Lima prefer to save their time in carrying out trivial household chores at an additional cost. Given the emergence of this need and the rise of technological development in the market for delivery applications, this project has been created to give you a solution in an efficient and simple way, using mobile applications to request the service of transferring your dirty laundry. to the laundry without leaving your home, and your clean clothes are delivered back within 48 hours. The target audience for this business will be families from the districts of Jesús María, Lince, Pueblo Libre, Magdalena and San Miguel. Where there are approximately 138,970 households of socioeconomic level B and C, whose main type of housing is in an apartment. An investment of S / 52,295 soles will be made entirely from the capital of the shareholders. It is estimated that positive results will be obtained from the second month of the first year. S / 1,534,265 soles of Net Present Value (NPV) will be reached in the 5-year period with an IRR of 290.67%, which shows that the performance of the project is positive. By the third year, the goal of occupying 11.9% of market share and an accumulated annual turnover of S / 3,436,288 soles will be reached. The recovery period will be from the first year. / Trabajo de investigación

Plastic wastes released in the environment can produce microplastics (MPs, Size < 5 mm) and nanoscale plastics (NPs, Size < 100 nm) due to the environmental weathering processes. The presence of the MPs and NPs have been found worldwide in different aquatic and terrestrial environments. These tiny plastics have detrimental health impacts when they are ingested or inhaled by aquatic organisms as well as human beings. However, their occurrences including identification and quantification in the environment are still a great challenge. Particularly, quantification for NPs is a challenge, as there is no standard technique available yet that can count the NPs effectively. Therefore, this thesis was focused on two important aspects related to microplastics (MPs) and nanoscale plastics (NPs). Firstly, assess the source of MPs or NPs release and secondly, NPs quantification. Microfibers (MFs) are one of the most abundant portions of MPs in the aquatic environment, which are shed during the washing and drying of fabrics. Hence, in the first area of the study, the release pattern of MPs, in the form of acrylic MFs from portable washer and dryer during fabric washing and drying under different conditions were investigated. Additionally, the subsequent degradations behavior of these released MFs under ultraviolet light (UV-A) irradiation were explored. The results indicated that the MFs were released almost 2 times higher when the fabrics were washed for 60 min compared to 30 min due to higher mechanical stresses. In addition, MFs released were increased by 1.4 times higher when the fabrics were dried for 60 min compared to 30 min due to longer rotational forces on the fabrics. The use of detergent during washing promoted 2.7 times more MF release compared to without detergent. Moreover, MFs were released approximately 1.8 times higher from washing when washed with 40°C of water than with 20°C of water. However, subsequent washing cycles showed decreasing patterns of MF releases during washing and drying, approximately 45% less and 67% less, respectively in the 7th wash compared to the 1st wash as the fabrics approach a plateau. The released acrylic MFs were analyzed after their exposure to UV-A irradiation in the aquatic environment from 0 day to 182 days. After 182 days of UV-A irradiation, released acrylic MFs showed significant changes in the surface morphology in the form of cracks, holes, and flakes determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The formations of cracks, cavities, and flakes in the MF’s surface were proportional to the period of UV-A exposure. Dimensions of the formed holes and cracks on the UV-A degraded MFs suggested that MFs can turn into NPs in presence of water and UV-A exposure in the environment. Hence, a robust analytical tool must be optimized to detect these tiny degraded NPs in the aquatic environment. This brings to the second area of the study which aimed to optimize and validate a method to detect NPs through coating with synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). This study successfully detected the polystyrene nanoscale plastics (PS NPs, size 61 nm) by particle-by-particle analysis in single quadrupole-based SP-ICP-MS and the detection limit of particle number concentration was reached up to 8.64 × 10^7 particles/L. PS NPs were selected as a model nanoscale plastic as it is one of the most abundant plastics in the environment. The method was applied to PS NPs in deionized (DI) water which achieved a good amount of PS NP recoveries by up to 98%. This analytical technique can be further optimized and might be helpful for analyzing NPs in any environmental samples to determine their occurrences and concentrations.

Yes / The effective reverse exchange of healthcare products such as laundry within a hospital environment can support the health system, for achieving the highest goal: ‘to provide regular and timely supply of clean linen to the satisfaction of patients and staff’ (Srikar et al., 2015, p. 593). Previous studies by Bandoophanit et al. (2015, 2017) assert there are constant shortages of linen availability in many Thai public hospitals which can undermine the efficacy of laundry management and quality of medical treatment. This study investigates the practices, culture, and operational performance of three large-sized public hospitals (700-2,000 beds) located in Thailand reflecting on the application of Reverse Exchanges (R/E) theory. This study contributes to the Thai healthcare agenda, a core mission of which is to “Develop the health system with quality, efficiency and equality; with participation of the people, communities and all sectors for good health of all Thai people in order to achieve a good and sustainable society following the King’s Sufficiency Economy philosophy” (Ministry of Public Health, 2018).

Hotellbranschen är en konstant växande verksamhet och med fler sängar att bädda tillkommer fler lakan att tvätta. Idag kan hotell välja att använda sig utav externa tvätterier som hämtar upp, tvättar och levererar rena sängkläder men kan även välja att själv tvätta sängkläderna lokalt på hotellet. Två olika tvätthanteringssystem som innebär skillnad i både tvätt- och torkprocesserna, något som i sin tur leder till att materialet samt miljön påverkas annorlunda.   I en tid då hållbarhet är en prioriterad fråga miljöanpassar många sin verksamhet och för att öka medvetenheten kring det val om hur sängkläder på ett hotell hanteras mest miljöeffektivt, tar denna rapport upp skillnaderna i miljöbelastning då man tvättar industriellt kontra småskaligt. Miljöbelastningen presenteras som koldioxidutsläpp, vatten- och kemikalieförbrukning samt genom skillnader på vävars förslitning inom de olika processerna. Den vanligaste väven för hotellsängkläder inom tvättservice är polycotton medan sängkläder av bomull är mer vanligt vid småskalig tvätt. Testerna utförs därför på en polycottonväv, två olika bomullsvävar samt en väv av både bomull och lyocell för att få ett så brett resultat som möjligt och utforska vad som fungerar. Materialen genomgår 50 tvättar vid industritvätt och 50 tvättar inom en småskalig tvätt för att sedan testa hur de påverkats från otvättat material i cykler om 25 tvättar.   Resultaten indikerar på att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan de olika tvätthanteringarna både i hur de påverkar materialen samt ur miljösynpunkt. Då industriell tvätt under en längre period aktivt jobbat mot en mera hållbar affärsmodell och därmed effektiviserat tvättprocessen har det lett till minskad miljöbelastning inom de presenterade faktorerna. Vid leverans till och från tvätteriet är det dock idag fortfarande vanligt att lastbilar används, transportsträckan till hotellet i fråga blir därmed avgörande vid viktning av total miljöbelastning.   Det framkommer att sängkläder av polycotton kan ha en likvärdig livslängd som bomull trots sin överlägset höga fysiska slitstyrka på grund av materialets tendens till noppbildning. Hotellbranschen har höga visuella krav på sina textilier och kan därför komma att kassera en vara av polycotton innan det är fysiskt utslitet. / The hotel industry is a constantly expanding business and with several beds to make, more sheets needs to be washed. Today, hotels can choose to use external laundry service that pick up, wash and supply bedding back to the customer. However you can also choose to wash your own bed linen at the hotel. The two different laundry management systems involve differences in both the laundry and the drying processes, which in turn affects the material and environment differently.   In a time when sustainability is a prioritized question, people adapt their business to become more eco-friendly. To raise awareness about how bedding in a hotel most efficiently is managed, this report presents and clarifies the differences between industrial versus small scale laundry. The environmental impact is presented as carbon dioxide emissions, water and chemical consumption and how the woven materials handle the different processes. The most common fabric for hotel bedding in the textile service sector is polycotton, while cotton fabric is more common in small-scale laundry. The fabric of test-specimens is chosen to present the widest possible results within a lifelike perspective. Therefore, bedding made of polycotton, a mix between cotton and lyocell and two different cotton fabrics are picked for the tests. The materials undergo 25 and 50 wash cycles for industrial and small-scale laundry before the materials is tested to show how they were affected compared to unwashed fabric.   The results indicate that there are distinct differences between the different laundry managements, both in terms of how they affect the material and from an environmental point of view. Since industrial laundry for a long period of time actively has worked towards a more sustainable business model and thus streamlined the washing process, it has resulted in major environmental benefits. However, in the case of delivery to and from the laundry facility, it is still common for trucks to be used. The transport distance to and from the hotel in question therefore becomes crucial when making the choice of the most suitable laundry management.

Scope of this thesis is the design and evaluation of a laundry processing facility. Main goal was to prepare, design and evaluate part of the technological layout for a modern, high-volume laundry processing facility. The focus was on the main apparatuses, main process flow, as well as the supporting process flow, related equipment and key components of field instrumentation with standard description. 3D facility model was prepared on the basis of proposed technological layout, using the SolidWorks software package. This model shows placement of all key equipment and components as well as physical disposition of connection tubing within the building. Final part of work reviews proposed options of process parameters measurement. Such measurements which are important for the evaluation of energy consumption of considered laundry processing. We discuss both pros and cons of evaluated and selected suitable measurement devices, tools and procedures. Constructed 3D model of piping lines shows placing and dimensions of selected measurement devices.

The goal of this work was to research the available database systems and propose a suitable database system for data archiving. Prepare the communication and processing of data between the database and delivered application Profisignal which processes the measured data from all sensors. Design architecture for the database, the storage of measured data and calculation reports on that data. At the end design the web user interface. The result of my work demonstrate possible ways of archiving data in ORACLE database, examples of calculation the reports and sample of web application, that presented the measured data.

This thesis is devided into two parts. First part is a bibliographic search and speaks about maths modeling, simulations, a MATLAB Simulink programme, and a laundy process. Second part deals with a math model of an industrial laundry. In this part, there is a detailed descripton of the model and how the model was created.

In this thesis the opportunities for designing products that are less resource intensive during use, in different cultural contexts is investigated. The research was divided into four phases: an extensive literature review, an online scoping study, an intensive qualitative study on laundry behaviours, and an international design competition. The research drew on the background of design for sustainable behaviour, a relatively new field of enquiry concerned with reducing the social and environmental impacts of products during their use. Despite the increasing development of theories to change user behaviour through design, there is a lack of understanding of how different cultural contexts affect behaviour. An extensive literature review established the current thinking on culture, development, and behaviour. The diverse nature of everyday household behaviour from different cultures and the effect it has on household resource consumption was uncovered and was investigated further in an online scoping study. In the study, participants from the UK, Brazil and India answered questions related to the themes of food, water, energy, materials and government schemes. The findings helped to highlight the differences in household behaviours and led to more detailed investigation of laundry behaviours in three sites in the UK, Brazil and India using in-context interviews, observations and household tours. From these findings a series of culturally significant and culturally independent factors were established that can aid designers in understanding behaviours in a given context. A set of design guidelines were also created to facilitate the design of less resource intensive products during use. These were then tested with designers in an international design competition answering a brief to design a less resource intensive laundry process. The research suggested a range of benefits for designers studying other cultures. The guidelines and cultural factors created can help designers to build empathy with users in a given context and boost creative thinking for more sustainable solutions. The research also offered insights into the possibility of, and application for, transferring behaviours between contexts as well as a new understanding of the aspirations of consumers in emerging markets, which could support other theories of sustainable development, such as leapfrogging.