Vienu iš pagrindiniu geologinės aplinkos teršėju yra laikomi sąvartynai. Todėl daugelyje šalių jie yra inventorizuojami ir tiriami, prognozuojamas jų poveikis gamtinei aplinkai. Lietuvai sąvartynų poveikio aplinkai problema taip pat labai aktuali. Todėl imtasi konkrečių priemonių informacijos apie sąvartynus kaupimui ir jų taršos mąsto įvertinimo. Tuo tikslu buvo atliekama ir iki šiol tebevykdoma sąvartynų inventorizacija. Kai kuriuose sąvartynuose buvo vykdomi įvairaus detalumo geologiniai-hidrogeologiniai tyrimai. Šiame darbe analizuojama Jerubaičių sąvartyno filtrato dinamika. Pateikiama sąvartyne susikaupusio filtrato judėjimo schema. Bei jo valymas atvirkštinės osmozės būdu. Tiriamas filtrato kiekio kitimas keičiantis meteorologinėm sąlygom, analizuojamas laikotarpis nuo 2008.05.15 iki 2008.12.31. Tiriamas laikotarpis, nuo gegužės 15 iki sausio 1, apima visus metų laikus bei atspindi tipines Lietuvos meteorologinės sąlygos. Darbe tiriama filtrato susidarymo priklausomybė sąvartyne nuo atvežamų šiukšlių kiekio ir meteorologinių sąlygų. Duomenys pateikiami grafiškai juos apdorojus, duomenų statistiniam apdorojimui panaudota programa STATISTICA. / Landfill is considered as one of the main geo-environmental polluters. Therefore, in most countries they are inventoried, analyzed and forecast their impact for the natural environment. Lithuania landfill’s environmental problem is also relevant. Consequently, there are taken appropriate actions about landfills and their accumulation of pollution assessment. This was done and it is still ongoing landfill inventory. In some landfills there were carried out a wide range of detail geological-hydrogeological researches. This document analyzes Jėrubaičiai landfill leachate dynamics. There is available landfill leachate accumulated movement scheme and its cleaning by reverse osmosis method. This analysis shows leachate flow dynamics in different meteorological conditions. Research period was from 2008.05.15 to 2008.12.31. Selected research period is covering all seasons and represents Lithuanian meteorological conditions. In this document explored formation of leachate dependency from incoming garbage amount and weather conditions. Research data are represented graphically; program STATISTICA was used for statistical data processing.

L'installation de décharges sanitaires représente la seule méthode de stockage des déchets ménagers solides dans plusieurs pays. Les lixiviats générés à partir de ces décharges présentent une grande toxicité aigüe et chronique. Lorsqu'ils ne sont pas traités, ces lixiviats peuvent pénétrer dans la nappe phréatique ou contaminer les eaux de surface et donc contribuer à la pollution des eaux. Divers procédés biologiques ont été appliqués au traitement des lixiviats de décharge. Cependant, ces procédés sont relativement inefficaces pour le traitement des lixiviats à cause de la présence de composés bioréfractaires. Les procédés d'oxydation avancée représentent une excellente alternative pour le traitement des eaux polluées par les polluants toxiques et/ou persistants (biorfractaires). Dans ce travail, quelques procédés d'oxydation avancée (procédé Glidarc, électro-Fenton, oxydation anodique et photo-Fenton) ont été appliqués au traitement de deux molécules modèles appartenant chacune à une famille de polluants présents dans la matrice du lixiviat tunisien de la décharge contrôlée de Jebel Chakir (identifiée dans ce travail), à savoir, l'anhydride phtalique et le 8-hydroxyquinoléine sulfate. Pour ces deux molécules, une étude de la dégradation et la minéralisation a été réalisée en optimisant les paramètres expérimentaux. L'étude cinétique montre que la dégradation oxydative des deux polluants étudiés suit une cinétique de réaction du pseudo-premier ordre, avec des temps de dégradation assez courts. Par exemple, avec une anode de Pt, l'oxydation complète de l'anhydride phtalique a été achevée en moins de 15 min sous un courant appliqué de 2,88 mA cm-2. L'identification des intermédiaires aromatiques et carboxyliques à courte chaine carbonée a permis de proposer un mécanisme de dégradation de l'anhydride phtalique par les radicaux hydroxyles. Les valeurs des constantes de vitesse des réactions entre les •OH, et les deux polluants et leurs intermédiaires ont été déterminés par la technique de cinétique de compétition à l'aide d'un composé de référence ; l'acide 4-hydroxybenzoϊque. Le suivi de la toxicité lors du traitement de la solution de 8-HQS par la méthode Microtox®, (une méthode basée sur la mesure de la luminescence des bactéries marines Vibriofischeri) a montré la formation des intermédiaires plus toxiques que les molécules mères. Une comparaison des procédés d'oxydation avancée appliqués a été réalisée pour chacun des polluants. Enfin, différents procédés d'oxydation avancée (procédé Glidarc, électro-Fenton, oxydation anodique et photo-Fenton) ont été appliqués à la dépollution du lixiviat tunisien de Jebel Chakir. Une étude comparative a été réalisée afin d'évaluer le coût des procédés. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus confirme l'efficacité du procédé électro-Fenton pour la dépollution des lixiviats / Pas de résumé en anglais

No Brasil, a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002 e a Resolução CONAMA nº 448/2012 definem que os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) classe A, caso não sejam reutilizados ou reciclados na forma de agregados, devem ser destinados para aterros de resíduos classe A de reservação de material para usos futuros. Porém, pequenas quantidades de resíduos de outras classes, e resíduos não inertes acabam dispostos neste tipo de aterro. Esse fato pode ser agravado devido esses aterros não possuírem impermeabilização de base e sistemas de drenagem de lixiviados, o que pode favorecer a migração desses lixiviados de RCC para reservas de água, e colocar em risco a saúde da população e o meio ambiente. Com intuito de contribuir nessa área de conhecimento o presente estudo teve por finalidade investigar o potencial de contaminação de lixiviados de aterros de resíduos da construção civil por meio de simulações em colunas de lixiviação. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo por meio de duas etapas &#8211 simulação de lixiviação de amostras de RCC em colunas de lixiviação (saturadas e não saturadas), e coleta de água subterrânea do aterro de RCC classe A. Resultados da pesquisa apontaram que as amostras de agregados de RCC classe A foram classificadas, de acordo com a NBR 10.004 (ABNT, 2004), como sendo resíduos não perigosos e não inertes &#8211 Classe II A. A hipótese tema do estudo foi verificada, a qual apontou que existe potencial de contaminação dos lixiviados gerados em aterros de RCC Classe A, os quais podem vir a poluir ou contaminar o solo e as águas subterrâneas inviabilizando o uso dessas águas para consumo humano. As concentrações máximas dos lixiviados de RCC que excederam o valor máximo permitido para consumo humano nas simulações foram: sulfato (950 mg/L), dureza (11.280 mg/L), cor (124 uH), Pb (0,36 mg/L), Cd (0,075 mg/L), Ni (0,088 mg/L), Fe (0,658 mg/L), Ba (1,205 mg/L), Cr (0,125 mg/L), Mn (0,297 mg/L), e Al (3,44 mg/L). A pesquisa também contribuiu para melhoria de projetos, execução e controle de aterros de resíduos da construção civil, a fim de futuramente equacionar possíveis impactos negativos gerados por esse tipo de resíduo ao solo e recursos hídricos. / In Brazil, the resolutions nº 307/2002 and nº 448/2012 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) define that the construction and demolition (C&D) class A - reusable or recyclable wastes as aggregates, such as ceramic components, grout and concrete -, if not reused or recycled as aggregates, should be going to C&D wastes landfill. These wastes must be disposed in the soil for the reservation of segregated materials for future use or future use of the area. However, these landfills receive small quantities of wastes from other sources and non-inert wastes. This fact can be aggravated because the C&D wastes are disposed in these unlined landfills and without drains of leachate. In this context, the C&D wastes leachate may migrate to water supplies causing risks to both human health and the environment. In an attempt to contribute to this area of knowledge, this project aims to investigate the pollution potential of leachate of construction and demolition wastes landfills in lysimeters. A survey will be conducted in two stages &#8211 simulation of leachate samples of C&D wastes lysimeters (saturated and unsaturated), and study of the C&D wastes landfill of the city through the collection of groundwater. Results of the research classified, for metals, the samples of aggregates of C&D wastes class A &#8211 such as ceramic components (bricks, blocks), grout and concrete &#8211 as non-hazardous and non-inert. The pollution of leachate of C&D wastes landfills was observed. The presence of these contaminants could affect the use of this water for human consumption. The parameters that exceeded the maximum value for human consumption were: sulfate (950 mg/L), hardness (11,280 mg/L), color (124 uH), Pb (0.36 mg/L), Cd (0.075 mg/L), Ni (0.088 mg/L), Fe (0.658 mg/L), Ba (1,205 mg/L) Cr (0.125 mg/L) Mn (0,297 mg/L), and Al (3.44 mg/L ).The research identified requirements for improvement projects, execution and control of C&D wastes landfills to minimize future potential adverse impacts generated by these residues in water resources.

O tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, como lodos de estação de tratamento de esgotos e a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos, são desafios atuais da engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Os processos biológicos são os mais apropriados para o tratamento desses resíduos. Acordos recentes como o Protocolo de Kyoto e os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) estão contribuindo para o crescimento da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em todo o mundo. Nesta pesquisa foi investigado o efeito da adição de lodo anaeróbio ao lixiviado de aterro sanitário empregado como inóculo de reator anaeróbio híbrido sólido-líquido tratando a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Foi verificado que a adição de lodo melhorou a digestão anaeróbia, acelerando a degradação de ácidos graxos voláteis, antecipando a geração de biogás, aumentando a composição percentual de metano e promovendo maior variabilidade e presença de microrganismos. A adição de lodo também aumentou a eficiência de conversão de sólidos totais e sólidos totais voláteis e sólidos totais fixos / Treatment of organic solid wastes like wastewater treatment plant sludges and organic fraction of municipal solid wastes are current issues in environmental engineering. Biological processes are more appropriate to treat these wastes. Recent trends like Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanisms (CDM) are improving anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. It was investigated the effect of adding anaerobic sludge to bioreactor landfill leachate applied like seed in hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid bioreactor treating organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. It was verified that sludge addition improved anaerobic digestion, accelerating volatile fatty acids degradation, anticipating biogas generation, increasing methane percentile composition and promoting more variability and presence of microorganisms. Sludge addition also increased total solids, total volatile solids and total fixed solids conversion

Since the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began requiring landfills to implement a leachate collection system in 1991, the proper disposal of leachate has become a growing concern. The potential toxicity of landfill leachate will contaminate groundwater and soil if not managed properly. Research has been made in efforts to manage leachate in a cost-effective, single treatment process. Photocatalytic oxidation is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) which has shown ability to reduce toxicity of an array of leachate constituents including organics, inorganics and heavy metals. The purpose of this manuscript is to scale up the batch scale study of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of leachate utilizing a pilot scale falling film reactor. In this research project, the use of UV/TiO2 for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, alkalinity and color will be studied in order to optimize catalyst dosage, determine pH effects and reaction kinetics and develop preliminary cost estimates. / by Frank Youngman. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

As microalgas têm sido objeto de diversos estudos visando-se à produção de biocombustíveis ou outros produtos de interesse dentro do conceito de biorrefinaria. Na produção de biocombustíveis, as microalgas têm sido utilizadas por apresentarem elevada produtividade em lipídeos e carboidratos. Para viabilização de seu uso como matéria prima, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de processos com elevada produção de biomassa. Os fatores que influenciam no crescimento e composição da biomassa microalgal incluem a seleção do biorreator, a concentração e natureza da fonte de nitrogênio e o tipo de cultivo com relação às fontes de carbono e energia (autotrófico, heterotrófico ou mixotrófico). Neste trabalho, a microalga Chlorella minutissima 26a foi cultivada em fotobiorreatores do tipo tanque de bolhas em modo batelada ou airlift de tubos concêntricos em modo contínuo. Em cultivo autotrófico, estes fotobiorreatores foram empregados para avaliação da influência da concentração de nitrato de sódio no meio de cultivo no crescimento microalgal, na composição química da biomassa e na produtividade em lipídeos, carboidratos, proteínas e biomassa seca. Foi analisado também o uso de lixiviado proveniente de aterro sanitário na composição do meio de cultivo em fotobiorreator airlift em processo mixotrófico contínuo, promovendo concomitante biorremediação do lixiviado empregado. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração de nitrato no meio de cultivo influenciou o crescimento e a composição química da biomassa e, consequentemente, os valores de produtividade obtidos. Nos ensaios usando fotobiorreator de tanque de bolhas em batelada, a variação da concentração de nitrato de sódio no meio de 37,5 mg L-1 para 150 mg L-1 promoveu aumento da produtividade em lipídeos e carboidratos, com valores máximos de 105,2 ± 1,7 mg L-1 d-1 e 36,7 ± 0,6 mg L-1 d-1, respectivamente, obtidos com a maior concentração de nitrato avaliada. No cultivo usando o fotobiorreator airlift em processo contínuo, o aumento da concentração de nitrato de sódio de 75 mg L-1 para 225 mg L-1 resultou nos maiores valores de produtividade média no estado estacionário para biomassa, lipídeos, proteínas e carboidratos, os quais foram, respectivamente, de 188,6 ± 11.2 mg L-1 d-1, 92,8 ± 5,5 mg L-1 d-1, 37,7 ± 2,2 mg L-1 d-1 e 29,1 ± 1,7 mg L-1 d-1. Neste caso, quando a concentração de nitrato de sódio aumentou de 75 mg L-1 para 150 mg L-1, observou-se aumento no teor de lipídeos e redução no teor de carboidratos da biomassa, sem modificação composicional apreciável quando a concentração de nitrato de sódio foi elevada para 225 mg L-1. O emprego do lixiviado diluído como meio de cultivo da Chlorella minutissima 26a resultou em elevados valores de produtividade em lipídeos, carboidratos, proteínas e biomassa, correspondendo a valores máximos de 232,0 ± 7,6, 95,3 ± 5,2, 33,4 ± 2,1 e 69,2 ± 3,0 mg L-1 d-1, respectivamente, dependendo da concentração de lixiviado no meio. O cultivo microalgal em lixiviado diluído resultou ainda em remoção de até 92,8% da demanda química de oxigênio, 90,5% do carbono orgânico total e 100% do nitrato presente no meio. Além disso, metais presentes foram removidos do meio durante o cultivo, resultando na remoção de até 63%, 72%, 100% e 67% para Cr, Fe, Al e Ba, respectivamente. O fotobiorreator airlift de tubos concêntricos demonstrou grande potencial para o cultivo da microalga C. minutissima em processo contínuo, incluindo a possibilidade de uso de lixiviado diluído na composição do meio para cultivo mixotrófico com sua concomitante biorremediação. / Microalgae have been the subject of different studies aimed at the production of biofuels or other products of interest within the concept of biorefinery. In the production of biofuels, microalgae have been used because they present high productivity in lipids and carbohydrates. In order to enable its use as a raw material, the development of processes with high biomass production is fundamental. Variables influencing the growth and composition of microalgal biomass include the selection of the bioreactor, the concentration and kind of the nitrogen source and the type of cultivation with respect to carbon and energy sources (autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic). In this work, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima 26a was cultivated in photobioreactors of two different kinds: bubble tank in batch mode or airlift of concentric tubes in continuous mode. In autotrophic cultivation, these photobioreactors were used to evaluate the influence of sodium nitrate concentration in the culture medium on microalgal growth, chemical composition of biomass and productivity in lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and dry biomass. The use of landfill leachate was also analyzed as a component of the culture medium in continuous airlift photobioreactor in a mixotrophic process, promoting concomitant bioremediation of the used leachate. The results showed that the concentration of nitrate in the culture medium influenced the growth and chemical composition of the biomass and, consequently, the productivity values obtained. In the assays using batch bubble tank photobioreactor, the variation in the sodium nitrate concentration in the medium from 37.5 mg L-1 to 150 mg L-1 promoted an increase of the productivity in lipids and in carbohydrates, with maximum values of 105.2 ± 1.7 mg L-1 d-1 and 36.7 ± 0.6 mg L-1 d-1, respectively, obtained with the highest evaluated nitrate concentration. In the cultivation using continuous airlift photobioreactor, the increase in sodium nitrate concentration from 75 mg L-1 to 225 mg L-1 resulted in higher values of average productivity in steady-state for biomass, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which were, respectively, of 188.6 ± 11.2 mg L-1 d-1, 92.8 ± 5.5 mg L-1 d-1, 37.7 ± 2.2 mg L-1 d-1 and 29.1 ± 1.7 mg L-1 d-1. In this case, when the sodium nitrate concentration increased from 75 mg L-1 to 150 mg L-1, there was an increase in lipid and a reduction in the carbohydrate content of the biomass, with no appreciable compositional modification when the sodium nitrate concentration was increased to 225 mg L-1. The use of diluted leachate as a culture medium of Chlorella minutissima 26a resulted in high productivity values in lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and biomass, corresponding to maximum values of 232.0 ± 7.6, 95.3 ± 5.2, 33. 4 ± 2.1 and 69.2 ± 3.0 mg L-1 d-1, respectively, depending on the landfill leachate concentration in the medium. The microalgal cultivation in diluted leachate also resulted in the removal of up to 92.8% of the chemical oxygen demand, 90.5% of the total organic carbono and 100% of the nitrate present in the medium. In addition, present metals were uptake from the medium during cultivation, resulting in a removal of up to 63%, 72%, 100% and 67% for Cr, Fe, Al and Ba, respectively. The airlift photobioreactor of concentric tubes demonstrated great potential for the cultivation of C. minutissima microalgae in a continuous process, including the possibility of using landfill leachate diluted in the medium composition for mixotrophic cultivation with its concomitant bioremediation.

O chorume in natura utilizado foi proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Cachoeira Paulista no interior do estado de São Paulo. Possui baixa razão de biodegradabilidade (DBO/DQO = 0,094) evidenciado principalmente através das análises de caracterização dos parâmetros COT (618,1 mg C/L), DQO (4345,88 mg O2/L) e DBO5 (409,7 mg O2/L) que estão acima do limite permitido pela legislação. Em função disso, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA´s) surgem como alternativa para o seu pré-tratamento. O foco principal desse trabalho foi utilizar a aplicação da fotocatálise homogênea, empregando concomitantemente a luz solar com o reagente Fenton (H2O2 + Fe2+) num reator aberto com volume constante da amostra (3L) em sistema semi-batelada para verificar a eficiência do processo na remoção da carga orgânica. O reator solar possui um suporte de madeira que está direcionado ao Equador com um ângulo de inclinação de 23º, com uma placa metálica sem pigmentação denominada branco, numa vazão constante (13 L / min) em períodos com maior intensidade de radiação UV e monitorados pelo radiômetro. Após o ajuste do chorume de acordo com a planilha experimental, o volume do reagente Ferro (0,82 mol) foi adicionado totalmente no início da reação e o peróxido de hidrogênio (30% m/v) durante 30 min do tempo total de 1 hora, através de uma bureta dosadora, de maneira controlada que o peróxido de hidrogênio fosse consumido integralmente na reação de degradação, aumentando assim sua eficiência. O chorume tratado foi bombeado até a parte superior da placa, percolando-a uniformemente enquanto recebia a radiação solar sobre a placa. O processo fotocatalítico foi otimizado por um planejamento fatorial (23) com duplicata e triplicata no ponto central contendo 19 experimentos com variáveis de entrada: pH (3, 3,5 e 4) , quantidade de [H2O2] ( 73,2 g , 85,4 g e 97,6 g ) e quantidade de [Fe2+ ] (4,0 g , 5,0 g e 6,0 g ). As variáveis respostas do processo utilizadas foram: eficiência de remoção de COT (Carbono Orgânico Total) e DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio). As maiores reduções percentuais de DQO e COT, respectivamente, 89,19% e 86,12%, além do aumento de sua biodegradabilidade para 0,55 com um custo de R$ 0,3558 / 3L. Desta forma, o processo fotocatalítico mostrou grande viabilidade técnica e econômica em relação à degradação da carga orgânica de chorume. / The leachate used was fresh from the landfill of the city of Cachoeira Paulista in the state of São Paulo. Has a low ratio of biodegradability (BOD / COD = 0.094) demonstrated mainly through the analysis parameters characterizing the TOC (618,1 mg C / l) COD (mg O2 4345,88 / L) and BOD5 (mg O2 409,7 / L) that are above the limit allowed by law. As a result, the advanced oxidation processes (AOP\'s) are an alternative to their pre-treatment. The main focus of this work was to use the application of photocatalysis homogeneous, employing concurrently sunlight with Fenton\'s reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) in an open reactor with constant volume of sample (3L) in the semi-batch to verify the efficiency of the process in removal of organic matter. The solar reactor has a wooden support that is directed to the equator with a tilt angle of 23 º, with a metal plate without pigmentation called white, a constant flow rate (13 L / min) in periods with higher UV intensity and monitored by radiometer. After adjusting the leachate according to the experimental sheet, the volume of reagent iron (0,82 mol) was added entirely at the beginning of the reaction and hydrogen peroxide (30% w / v) for 30 min to 1 hour total time through a dosing burette so controlled that the hydrogen peroxide was consumed entirely in the degradation reaction, thus increasing its efficiency. The treated leachate was pumped to the top of the plate evenly percolating while receiving the solar radiation on the plate. The photocatalytic process was optimized by a factorial design (23) with duplicate and triplicate center point experiments containing 19 input variables: pH (3, 3,5 and 4), the amount of [H2O2] (73,2 g, 85,4 g 97,6 g) and the amount of [Fe 2+] (4,0 g, 5,0 g and 6,0 g). The response variables of the process were: removal efficiency of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The largest percentage reductions of COD and TOC, respectively, 89,19% and 86,12%, besides increasing its biodegradability to 0,55 at a cost of R $ 0,3558 / 3L. Thus, the photocatalytic process showed great technical and economic feasibility in relation to the degradation of the organic leachate.

Lixiviados de aterros sanitários apresentam altas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e matéria orgânica, além de outros poluentes, que não permitem seu descarte no meio ambiente, sem um prévio tratamento. Lixiviados de aterros sanitários mais antigos, com matéria orgânica mais estabilizada, apresentam grande potencial poluidor, principalmente devido à presença de substâncias recalcitrantes que, usualmente, não são removidas através de tratamento biológico, necessitando, portanto, da aplicação de um pós-tratamento. A presente pesquisa objetivou aplicar o tratamento físico-químico a dois efluentes de sistemas biológicos de tratamento. O primeiro sistema era constituído de um reator de lodo ativado operado em bateladas seqüenciais (70 Litros) cujo efluente era submetido à processo de coagulaçãofloculação usando sais de ferro e alumínio, para remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Operou-se, em paralelo, uma lagoa aerada, em escala de bancada, dimensionada para remoção da matéria orgânica biodegradável cujo efluente era submetido a processo de precipitação química para remoção de amônia, através da formação do mineral estruvita (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o cloreto férrico (FeCl3) foi o coagulante mais apropriado sob o ponto de vista econômico, embora, dosagens elevadas (1.160 mg FeCl3/L), frente a 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L tenham sido requeridas para o alcance de remoções da matéria orgânica recalcitrante. Com a aplicação de FeCl3 o pH ótimo de coagulação foi próximo de 4,0 e para o Al2(SO4)3; por volta de 5,0. Ao longo dos testes, avaliouse a influência das condições de mistura sobre os fenômenos físico-químicos. Os resultados demonstram que, para o despejo estudado, o gradiente de velocidades e o tempo de mistura não exercem influência sobre os fenômenos de coagulaçãofloculação. Quanto à precipitação química da amônia na forma do mineral estruvita, as melhores remoções (~ 90%) foram alcançadas quando o limite de solubilidade do mineral estruvita foi excedido, para tanto se faz necessária aplicar uma razão molar igual a 1,5:1:1,4 entre os íons envolvidos (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Entretanto, o efluente final desse sistema apresentou uma concentração residual de fósforo solúvel superior a 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, o que o torna pouco recomendável para fins práticos. / Landfill leachates present high ammonia and organic matter concentrations, besides other pollutants, which do not allow its discharge to the environment without a previous treatment. Older landfill leachates, with more stabilized organic matter, present great pollutant potential, mainly due to the presence of recalcitrant substances that not often are removed by biological treatment and need the application of a post-treatment. The present research aimed to apply the physicochemical treatment for two biological wastewater treatment plant effluents. The first one was constituted by an activated sludge (sequence batch reactor - 70 liters), which effluent was submitted to a coagulation-flocculation process, using iron and aluminum salts, for recalcitrant organic matter removal. A lab scale aerated lagoon was operated in parallel. The lagoon was dimensioned for biodegradable organic matter removal, which effluent was submitted to a chemical precipitation process for ammonia removal (formation of the mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O).The results showed that the ferric chloride (FeCl3) was the more appropriated coagulant considering the economic point of view, however high dosages (1,160 mg FeCl3/L) comparing with 2.465 mg Al2(SO4)3.6H2O/L had been required to achieve recalcitrant organic matter removal. Applying FeCl3, the optimum pH was of the order of 4.0 and for Al2(SO4)3, approximately 5.0. During the tests, the influence of the mixture conditions on the physicochemical phenomena was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the velocities gradient and the mixture time do not influenced the coagulation-flocculation phenomena. Regarding to the chemical precipitation of ammonia in struvite form, the better removals (~ 90%) were achieved when the solubility limit of the mineral was exceeded. Due to this fact, it was necessary to apply a molar rate of 1.5:1:1.4 between the ions (Mg+2:NH4 +:PO4 -3). Nevertheless, the final effluent of this system presented a residual soluble phosphorus concentration higher than 12 mg P-PO4 -3/L, hence it is not recommended for practical purposes.

Tsang Chin-kan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-176). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.x / List of plates --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Municipal solid waste generation and disposal --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Land filling --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Landfill sturcture --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Landfill envelope --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Landfill lining --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Leach ate collection and removal system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Gas collection and control system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Final cover system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Landfill leach ate generation and characterization --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Landfill stabilization and leachate characteristics --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Aerobic phase / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Acetogenic phase / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Methanogenic phase / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Leachtate characteristic and landfill age --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of landfill leachate --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Leachate treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Land disposal --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Leachate recirculation / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Leachate irrigation / Chapter 1.7 --- Landfills in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Landfill leachate generation in Hong Kong --- p.27 / Chapter 1.8 --- Selection of sampling sites --- p.29 / Chapter 1.9 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.33 / Chapter 1.10 --- Aims of thesis --- p.34 / Chapter 1.11 --- Project outlines --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Species selection for leachate irrigation / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Leachate collection --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of leachate --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Greenhouse pot experiment --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Plant harvesting and post harvest analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Foliar N and P / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis and test endpoints --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Biomass production --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Tissue nutrient contents --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Foliar N / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Foliar P / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Effects on N-fixation --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Factors affecting N-fixation regarding leachate irrigation --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.7.1 --- Soil mineral N content / Chapter 2.3.7.2 --- Soil acidity / Chapter 2.3.7.3 --- Salinity / Chapter 2.3.7.4 --- Soil aeration / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Species selection --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Plant growth response of leachate irrigation on phosphorus-amended soil / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate sampling and analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Experimental setup --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Plant and soil sampling --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Soil N / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Soil P / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Biomass --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Tissue contents --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Foliar N / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Foliar P / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Soil --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- pH and electrical conductivity / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Soil N / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Soil P / Chapter 3.3.5.4 --- Addition of lime and gypsum / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Responses in plant growth and soil biology to prolonged landfill leachate irrigation / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Leachate sample and collection --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil column design --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Plant establishment --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Leachate application --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Soil texture / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- SOM / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Soil chloride content / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Dehydrogenase / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Phosphatase / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Urease / Chapter 4.2.6.4 --- Nitrification / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Percolate --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Leachate --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Plants --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Plant growth / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Tissue contents / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil texture / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- pH and EC / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Soil N / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Soil P / Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Soil C1' / Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- SOM / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil enzyme and nitrification --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Dehydrogenase / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Phosphatase / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Urease / Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Nitrification / Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Correlation analysis / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Percolate --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- N balance --- p.150 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- N saturation --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusions / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2 --- General considerations regarding leachate irrigation --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research prospects --- p.162 / References --- p.165

The percolation of water through waste rock dumps at mine sites can lead to the production of a leachate with high concentrations of dissolved metals, sulfate and nitrogen compounds. It is important to understand how water flows in waste rock dumps in order to predict the environmental impact of this leachate on recipients. The dynamics of percolation and leachate discharge are controlled by climatological conditions at the site, where relatively large flows in northern Sweden correspond to snowmelt during late Spring. Rock dumps are often tens of meters in height, resulting in an unsaturated water flow system through heterogeneous material. Hence, the simulation of leachate generation requires an accurate representation of the subsurface materials as well as the flow processes, where water flow in waste rock dumps is dominated by matrix flow with macropore flow being of secondary importance. Matrix flow is rather slow and may thus potentially yield relatively high concentrations of contaminants in the leachate, in response to precipitation and snow melt. This study uses Hydrus-1D to predict leachate generation from a small-scale waste rock dump in Kiruna in terms of discharge magnitude and timing. The 3-dimensional geometry of the waste rock dump is approximated by summing simulations from 1225 one-dimensional columns of different length, with a surface area of 1 m2 each. There are four output parameters that are compared between the model results and measured data: snow accumulation, water content, temperature, and discharge. There are some discrepancies between the model results and field measurements, most likely due to uncertainties in the input parameters (especially waste rock properties), limitations in the Hydrus-1D model (i.e. freeze-thaw dynamics), and assumptions that are used in constructing the conceptual model. For better agreement between model results and measured data, a new modelling approach is recommended, potentially using a different program than Hydrus-1D.