O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia de construção, de plantio, de manutenção, de operação e a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento por wetland construído como etapa de polimento da Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado (ETC) de Aterro já encerrado de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Parte do efluente tratado por lodos ativados na ETC foi direcionado e tratado no wetland construído. Foi escolhido o projeto de Fluxo Horizontal Subsuperficial e a vegetação selecionada foi a taboa (Typha latifolia) que é nativa da área do aterro. Em média, foram feitas três amostragens mensais do afluente e do efluente do wetland, de maio a outubro de 2013. A eficiência do sistema foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e de parâmetros coletivos específicos. A eficiência de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) foi de 60%, nitrogênio amoniacal de 67%, nitrito de 72% e nitrato de 57%. Outro parâmetro avaliado foi a toxicidade aguda, foram utilizados os organismos teste Danio rerio (peixe), a Daphnia similis (microcrustáceo) e a Aliivibrio fischeri (bactéria luminescente). Durante o período foram coletados diariamente as vazões de entrada e saída, a condutividade elétrica e o índice pluviométrico. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de wetland como etapa de polimento pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado. / This paper aims to evaluate the methodology of construction, planting, maintenance and efficiency of a constructed wetland treatment system as a constructed wetland polishing step of the leachate treatment (ETC) of the closed Landfill station. One amount of the effluent from the activated sludge plant was directed and treated in a constructed wetland. We used an Horizontal Subsurface Flow plant and the selected vegetation was the Cattail (Typha latifolia) which is native to the disposal area. Three samples of influent and effluent of the constructed wetland were made on average per month in the period from May up to October 2013. The system efficiency was evaluated by physical-chemical parameters and parameters of specific groups. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal efficiency was 60%, ammonia nitrogen was 67%, nitrite and nitrate was 72% and 57%, respectively. It was also evaluated acute toxicity, the test organisms used were: Danio rerio, a Daphnia similis e a Aliivibrio fischeri. It was collected flow rates of input and output, eletric conductivity and rainfall daily. The results showed that the use of wetland, as a polishing step, may be an alternative for treatment of leachate.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia de construção, de plantio, de manutenção, de operação e a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento por wetland construído como etapa de polimento da Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado (ETC) de Aterro já encerrado de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Parte do efluente tratado por lodos ativados na ETC foi direcionado e tratado no wetland construído. Foi escolhido o projeto de Fluxo Horizontal Subsuperficial e a vegetação selecionada foi a taboa (Typha latifolia) que é nativa da área do aterro. Em média, foram feitas três amostragens mensais do afluente e do efluente do wetland, de maio a outubro de 2013. A eficiência do sistema foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e de parâmetros coletivos específicos. A eficiência de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) foi de 60%, nitrogênio amoniacal de 67%, nitrito de 72% e nitrato de 57%. Outro parâmetro avaliado foi a toxicidade aguda, foram utilizados os organismos teste Danio rerio (peixe), a Daphnia similis (microcrustáceo) e a Aliivibrio fischeri (bactéria luminescente). Durante o período foram coletados diariamente as vazões de entrada e saída, a condutividade elétrica e o índice pluviométrico. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de wetland como etapa de polimento pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado. / This paper aims to evaluate the methodology of construction, planting, maintenance and efficiency of a constructed wetland treatment system as a constructed wetland polishing step of the leachate treatment (ETC) of the closed Landfill station. One amount of the effluent from the activated sludge plant was directed and treated in a constructed wetland. We used an Horizontal Subsurface Flow plant and the selected vegetation was the Cattail (Typha latifolia) which is native to the disposal area. Three samples of influent and effluent of the constructed wetland were made on average per month in the period from May up to October 2013. The system efficiency was evaluated by physical-chemical parameters and parameters of specific groups. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal efficiency was 60%, ammonia nitrogen was 67%, nitrite and nitrate was 72% and 57%, respectively. It was also evaluated acute toxicity, the test organisms used were: Danio rerio, a Daphnia similis e a Aliivibrio fischeri. It was collected flow rates of input and output, eletric conductivity and rainfall daily. The results showed that the use of wetland, as a polishing step, may be an alternative for treatment of leachate.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / CNPq / O lixiviado é definido como a mistura do líquido gerado na decomposição anaeróbia da matéria orgânica (MO) juntamente com a umidade natural e a água que constitui a MO presente dentro da massa de resíduos sólidos urbanos, além da água de infiltração proveniente das precipitações. No Brasil, um dos processos mais utilizados para o tratamento de lixiviados é os sistema de lagoas. Todavia, com o passar do tempo, irá se acumular em no fundo das lagoas, reduzindo seu volume útil e, consequentemente, o tempo de detenção hidráulica e a eficiência do sistema. Neste contexto, o lodo gerado do tratamento do lixiviado é um problema atual para o meio ambiente, dado a sua forma semi-sólido e elevada concentração de MO resultar em um fator complicador para o transporte e disposição final. Nesse caso é necessário reduzir o volume de água do lodo por meio de técnicas como a secagem natural ou térmica, filtro prensa, adensador, centrífugas e as geomembranas. Essas são confeccionadas em tecido de polipropileno de alta resistência e desempenha a função de reter as partículas sólidas, assim como permitir a drenagem do líquido. Neste estudo foi avaliado o desague do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado do Aterro da Muribeca por geomembranas. O lodo foi coletado e acondicionado em 3 bags (sem coagulante, com coagulante e com coagulante na 1ª semana) durante um período de 3 meses. Foram realizadas análises para caracterização do lodo e do líquido drenado. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o uso do polímero foi eficaz para a remoção da cor e da turbidez. Porém o drenado apresentou elevada concentração de MO, havendo a necessidade de um tratamento. O balanço de massa realizado apresentou uma eficiência de 94,92%, 96% e 96,93% na remoção de sólidos totais (ST) para os bags sem polímero, com polímero e com polímero na 1ª alimentação, respectivamente. Para a análise do material interno contido no bag, foi realizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para os parâmetros ph, ST, sólidos totais voláteis e carbono orgânico total. Com isso observou que para nenhum dos três tratamentos houve diferença significativa estatisticamente. Para estas variáveis tanto faz fazer o uso do polímero ou não. / Leachate is defined as a mixture of the liquid generated from organic matter (OM) anaerobic decomposition along with natural moisture and water, which composes the OM present within the urban solid waste, apart from the infiltration of rainfall water. One of the most used process for leachate treatment in Brazil is the lagoon system. However, over time, the leachate will accumulate at the lagoon’s bottom, thus decreasing its useful volume and, consequently, the hydraulic detention time and system efficiency. Therefore, sludge generated from the leachate treatment is a current issue for the environment, given its semi-solid form and elevated OM concentration result in a complicating factor for transport and final disposal. In this case, it is necessary to reduce sludge’s water volume through techniques, such as natural or thermal drying, filter press, concentrator, centrifuge and geomembranes. The latter are made of high-resistance polypropylene fabric and performs the function of retaining solid particles, as well as allowing liquid drainage. In the present study, it was evaluated the drainage of the sludge derived from the leachate treatment plant of Aterro da Muribeca through geomembranes. Sludge samples were collect and stored in 3 bags (without coagulant, with coagulant and with coagulant in the first week) during 3 months. Analyses to characterize the sludge and the drained liquid were performed. The results indicated that the use of polymer was efficient to remove color and turbidity. On the other hand, the drained liquid presented high OM concentration, thus needing further treatment. The performed mass balance showed an efficiency of 94.92%, 96% and 96.93% on the removal of total solids (TS) for the bags without polymer, with polymer and with polymer in the first week, respectively. Regarding the material within the bag, Tukey’s test at the level of 5% of probability was performed for the following attributes: ph, TS, total volatile solids and total organic carbon. There was no significant difference among the three treatments, indicating that, for those variables, the use of the polymer is optional.

Landfill leachate characteristics vary depending on the operation type of the landfill and the age of the landfill. At landfills operated as bioreactors, where leachate recirculation is practiced, leachate ammonia nitrogen concentrations may accumulate to extremely higher levels than during single pass leaching, thereby requiring treatment before final discharge to a receiving system (Onay, 1998). Usually several physical/chemical wastewater treatment technologies are used to treat the leachate. In most cases the COD and BOD are treated, and then nitrification is performed in a separate sophisticated ex situ system. The additional costs of these systems can be very high. The use of a readily available media for in situ nitrification should be considered a prime objective to avoid extra costs. The possibility of removing ammonia nitrogen from bioreactor landfill leachate using trickling filter biofilm technology was studied in four laboratory scale reactors filled with four different types of packing media. The different packing media were examined to see which media is the most efficient at supporting ammonia removal biofilms. The highest efficiency was achieved by a packing media consisting of pine wood chips. The effects of varied concentration loading, varied hydraulic loading, and nitrification inhibitors were studied. Varied ammonia concentration did not have a huge impact on the ammonia removal rates (77-87%) in the reactor with pine wood media. The ammonia removal rates showed a strong dependence on hydraulic loading rate with the lowest loading rate producing the highest removal rates. Landfill leachate from the Middle Peninsula Landfill in Glens, Virginia was determined not to contain nitrifying inhibitors. Using a wood media filter chip and a low hydraulic loading rate was determined to be the best method to remove ammonia nitrogen from landfill bioreator leachate. / Master of Science

The integrity of groundwater sources is constantly threatened by contaminant plumes generated by accidental gasoline leakages and leachates escaping landfills. These plumes are of concern due to their proven toxicity to living organisms. Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, volatile fatty acids, phenols, and ammonia have been found in these leachates. In addition, benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) are major components of gasoline. The lack of oxygen in groundwater makes anaerobic bioremediation desired for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with BTX and chlorinated solvents. With the objective of finding microorganisms capable of BTX and cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) degradation under anaerobic conditions for their use in permeable reactive barriers, different inocula were tested in batch experiments. Toluene was rapidly degraded by several inocula in the presence of alternative electron acceptors. Benzene and m-xylene were eliminated by few of the inocula tested after incubation periods ranging from 244 to 716 days. cis-DCE was highly recalcitrant as no degradation was observed over 440 days. Biological processes have been successfully applied for the treatment of landfill leachates as well. In an effort to provide an effective and economical alternative, an anaerobic-aerobic system was evaluated using a synthetic media simulating the organic and ammonia content of real leachates. The removal of the organic content reached 98% in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, and resulted in the formation of methane. During the aerobic process, in an innovative down-flow sponge reactor, ammonia was highly transformed to nitrite and nitrate. Complete nitrification was eventually achieved.The capacity of current wastewater treatment plants for removing nanoparticles has been questioned during the last years. Nanoparticles have been incorporated into numerous applications and their presence in wastewater seems to be inevitable. A laboratory-scale secondary treatment system was set-in to study the behavior of cerium and aluminum oxide nanoparticles during wastewater treatment. The nanoparticles were highly removed, suggesting that secondary treatment is suitable for their elimination. The removal of these nanoparticles was influenced by the pH and organic content of the wastewater. Aluminum nanoparticles proved to be toxic; however the performance of the system for eliminating the organic content was recovered over time.

This research involves the evaluation of municipal landfill leachates for specific hazardous compounds in an effort to qualitatively determine the potential for groundwater contamination. Leachate samples from five landfills were evaluated for thirteen EPA priority pollutants using gas chromatography. In addition, samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic halide (TOX). A solids analysis was performed on refuse excavated from one landfill. This analysis included organic halide determination of interstitial liquids, and a total halide determination for each solid sample. A solids/liquid partition coefficient was calculated from the results. The literature review includes a detailed section outlining the biological degradation of hazardous organic compounds in anaerobic environments similar to conditions found in landfills.

Landfill leachate, the liquid discharge from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills, is the combination of the surface runoff and ground water that percolates through the waste and the liquid contained in the waste itself and is considered to be toxic and presents a potential harm to the environment. Raw leachate contains high concentrations of biodegradable and non-biodegradable carbon as well as high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen. Traditionally, landfill leachate has been treated biologically through aerobic processes which reduce the biological carbon to carbon dioxide and biomass (bacterial growth) and ammonia nitrogen to nitrates. Unfortunately this is not sufficient to protect the environment from harm. It is necessary to further treat the leachate anaerobically to transform the nitrates to elemental nitrogen which is removed from the leachate as nitrogen gas. Biodegradable carbon is often the rate limiting substrate as carbon is consumed during the preceding nitrifying phase. Biodegradable carbon can be supplemented through the addition of methanol, at great expense Leachate from the Mariannhill Landfill site is currently treated aerobically in a sequencing batch reactor where nitrification is achieved. The nitrified leachate is then used as a dust suppressant on the current site. It is anticipated that in 2012 the Land fill site would have reached capacity thereby eliminating the need to irrigate and leaving the site with an excess of nitrified leachate that will present an environmental risk. The denitrifying performance of raw commercial garden refuse, pine bark and composted garden refuse as a growth medium and carbon source was investigated through the establishment of batch and column tests. CGR Raw proved the most successful of the three growth media, achieving full denitrification at a loading rate of 1700 mg NO3-N/kg of substrate/day. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

The treatment of synthetic landfill leachate and raw landfill leachate were investigated using two sets of 3 L aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBR): activated sludge SBR (ASBR) and granular SBR (GSBR). In synthetic young landfill leachate treatment, GSBR was more efficient in nitrogen and carbon removal than ASBR. During the steady period of the experiment, 99% total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) was removed through nitritation and nitrification in GSBR with an average influent TAN concentration of 498 mg/L. On the contrary, complete nitrification was not achieved in ASBR with a nitrification efficiency of 77±10%. GSBR also presented higher efficiency in denitrification and COD removal compared to ASBR. Phosphorus removal efficiency was almost identical in both reactors. Synthetic old landfill leachate treatment using GSBR maintained the stable COD removal efficiency at 66%, when the ammonia nitrogen to the maximum of 465±46 mg/L. The ASBR required a start-up of at least 30 days and removed 59±9% of COD when an influent ammonia nitrogen concentration about 200 mg/L. The GSBR was also more efficient than the ASBR for nitrogen removal. The granular sludge reached a maximum ammonia removal of 95±7%, whereas 96±5% was achieved by ASBR. The phosphorus removal was likely affected by the free nitrous acid (FNA) and the low biodegradability of tannic acid. In raw landfill leachate treatment, the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency was in GSBR approximately 99.7%. However, the ASBR treatment did not show a consistent performance in TAN removal. TAN removal efficiency decreased with increasing ammonia concentration in the influent. Nitrification in GSBR was partially inhibited at FA concentrations of 48 to 57 mg/L, which was two times more than the FA concentration that inhibited nitrification in ASBR. In terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, low removal efficiencies of 17% and 26% were observed in ASBR and GSBR, respectively. The low COD removal efficiencies were associated with the refractory organic content of the leachate used in this study, which resulted in a poor phosphorous removal performance as well. Overall, aerobic granular sludge showed a better performance in removing nutrients and organic matter from young or old landfill leachate, being more efficient than the conventional suspended growth activated sludge. Therefore, the use of AGS for leachate treatment should be encouraged. Further investigations should also be addressed, especially with a focus on improving SND and phosphorus removal efficiencies. / May 2017

Resumo: Chorume é um líquido produzido durante a decomposição anaeróbia dos resíduos sólidos que tem potencial impacto ao ambiente devido a larga variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas contidas nesta matriz. Dessa forma, o presente estudo apresenta a caracterização e estudo térmico de amostras de chorume de diferentes procedências as quais foram coletadas nos aterros de Araraquara (CA), São Carlos (CSC), Campinas (CC) e da usina de compostagem na Vila Leopoldina-SP (CSP). Adicionalmente foram estudados os extratos solúveis (ES) obtidos de composto maturado (CM) e o chorume de sistemas anaeróbios (SA1 e SA2) preenchidos com resíduos sólidos provenientes de restaurante universitário simulando as condições acidogênicas de decomposição anaeróbia de aterros. Os resultados obtidos da análise térmica (TG, DTA e DSC) evidenciaram que as amostras de chorume com características acidogênicas (CC, SA1, SA2) apresentaram-se menos estáveis termicamente quando comparadas as CA e CSP que estão em condições metanogênicas. O método isoconversional de Flynn-Wall permitiu a determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos (E e A) para reações de desidratação em intervalos fixos de temperatura. Os valores de E e lnA associados ao procedimento desenvolvido por Málek e Koga conduziu ao modelo mais aproximado para as reações em estudo. O modelo cinético SB (Sesták- Berggren) foi indicado para as reações de decomposição das amostras de extratos solúveis do composto maturado, chorume e derivados. Para a primeira e segunda reação de decomposição térmica do composto maturado os modelos cinéticos mais aproximados foram RO e JMA (n<1) respectivamente. A relação linear entre lnA versus E foi verificada para grupos de reações constatando o chamado efeito de compensação cinética (KCE) . Nas análises de metais pesados realizadas em algumas amostras... (Resumo completo, clicar aceso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Leachate is a liquid produced during the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste that has a potential impact to the environment, due to a large variety of organic and inorganic substances contained in this matrix. Thus, this study presents the chemical characterization and thermal study of the leachate samples from different backgrounds which were collected in landfills of Araraquara (CA), São Carlos (CSC), Campinas (CC) and composting usine from Vila Leopoldina-SP (CSP). Additionally it was also studied the soluble extract (ES) obtained from matured compound (CM), and leachate from anaerobic systems (SA1 and SA2) filled with solid residues from the university restaurant simulating the acidogenic conditions of anaerobic decomposition of the landfills. The obtained results of the TG, DTA and DSC curves showed that, leachate samples with acidogenic characteristics (CC, SA1 and SA2) presented less thermal stability when compared with CA and CSP, which are in metanogenic conditions. Flynn-Wall isoconversional method allowed the determination of the kinetic parameters (E and A) to dehydration reactions in fixed range of temperature. The E and lnA values associated to the procedures of Málek and Koga lead to the most appropriate model to the reaction in study. SB kinetic model was indicated to the decomposition reactions to soluble extract of matured compound, leachate and derivates. To the first and second reaction of thermal decomposition of matured compound, RO and JMA (n<1) were the more approximate kinetic models, respectively. The linear relationship between lnA vs. E was verified for groups of reactions, noting the so-called kinetic compensation effect (KCE). In the analysis of heavy metals, held in some leachate samples were detected concentrations of Mn, that exceed the maximum values allowed. Phenols, phthalates, bisphenol A... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marisa Spirandeli Crespi / Coorientador: Clóvis Augusto Ribeiro / Banca: Fernando Luis Fertonani / Banca: Eny Maria Vieira / Banca: Ana Maria de Guzzi Plepis / Banca: Valdir Schalch / Doutor

Geossintéticos são materiais cada vez mais aplicados em aterros sanitários, cumprindo diferentes funções como barreiras para líquidos e gases. Na função de filtração, o uso destes materiais não está consagrado, principalmente, em função da possível colmatação total ou parcial dos geotêxteis por ação de microrganismos, a chamada colmatação biológica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a colmatação de geotêxteis tecidos e não tecidos submetidos ao fluxo de lixiviado de aterro sanitário. Foram utilizados três geotêxteis não tecidos de gramatura 200 g/m², sendo um de filamento contínuo de poliéster (PET) e dois de fibra curta, porém fabricados com polímeros diferentes poliéster e polipropileno (PET e PP) e um geotêxtil tecido de polipropileno, com gramatura 400 g/m². Para avaliar a colmatação dos geotêxteis montaram-se ensaios de permeabilidade de longa duração em que se mediu a condutividade hidráulica ao longo do tempo. Após os ensaios de permeabilidade, realizou-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura para avaliar o fechamento dos poros dos geotêxteis, além de avaliar o crescimento bacteriano ocorrido no interior do geotêxtil. Os resultados obtidos permitem constatar significativa redução da condutividade hidráulica dos materiais após o período de 30 dias de ensaios, onde notou-se a predominância do processo de cegamento. / Geosynthetics materials have been intensively used in landfills in different functions as liquid and gas barriers. As filters, geosynthetics are not completely accepted in designs, since total or partial geotextile clogging can occur for biotic deposition (or impregnation), usually named biological clogging. This work evaluates the clogging on nonwoven and woven geotextiles under leachate flow for landfill application. For this purpose, nonwoven geotextiles with short and long polyester filaments and mass per unit area of 200 g/m² were used, as well as polypropylene and polyester nonwoven geotextiles with mass per unit area of 400 g/m². Cross-plane permeability tests were periodically conducted in geotextiles samples which were under long term leachate flow. After each permeability test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to evaluate the source of pore geotextile clogging, as well as the bacteria growing into the geotextile matrix. Results have shown a significantly reduction on hydraulic conductivity of geotextile filters after 30 days of leachate flow, which was motivated by blinding process.