Orientador: Carmen Maria Bueno Neme / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Merighi Tabaquim / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim Rodrigues / Resumo: O chumbo, utilizado em larga escala em processos industriais, é um dos principais poluentes ambientais do planeta. Os efeitos de sua exposição vem ser tornando problema de saúde pública, com descobertas sobre danos cognitivos em níveis de contaminação cada vez mais baixos. Em Bauru, em 2002, uma fábrica de baterias automotivas provocou um acidente ambiental em que foram contaminadas 314 crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade, o que uniu profissionais de diversos segmentos para diagnósticos e tratamentos multiprofissionais específicos. O setor de psicologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) formou um grupo de pesquisa, cujo projeto inicial denominado "Atendimento emergencial à crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade contaminadas por chumbo", vem gerando sub-projetos e pesquisas, dentre as quais a presente. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, que compara quantitativa, qualitativa e estatisticamente, resultados de avaliação intelectual de crianças contaminadas por chumbo, com plumbemia entre 15.40'mü'g/dl e 30'mü'g/dl na avaliação e entre 10.30'mü'g/dl a 21.90'mü'g/dl, na reavaliação. O instrumento utilizado foi o WISC-III, adaptado e padronizado para a população brasileira. Foram reavaliados 10 participantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7a 5 m a 9a 9m na avaliação e 11a 8m a 13a 8m na reavaliação; com escolaridade entre 1ª e 3ª série na avaliação e 5ª e 7ª série na reavaliação, cujo critério de seleção era ter sido avaliado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lead, which is broadly used in industrial processes, is one of the main environmental pollutants of the planet. The effects of being exposed to lead, is becoming a public health problem, considering that it was found some cognitive damage even in levels of contamination relatively low. In Bauru, in 2002, an automotive battery plant caused an environmental accident in which 314 children, from 0 to 12 years of age were contaminated. This fact reunited professionals of several areas for specific treatment. The psychology department of São Paulo State University (UNESP), formed a research team denominted "Emergy attendance for children from 0 to 12 years, contaminated by lead", which has been arising sub-projects and researches, including the present one. This is a longitudinal study, which compares quantitative, qualitative and statistical outcomes of the intellectual assessment of Bpb children, ranging from 15.40'mü'g/dl and 30'mü'g/dl on the evaluation and ranging from 10.30'mü'g/dl to 21.90'mü'g/dl on the reevaluation. The instrument applied was WISC-III, which was adapted and standardized for the Brazilian people. Ten subjects from both sexes were evaluated; their ages ranged from 7 years and 5 months to 9 years and 9 months; when they were revaluated their ages ranged from 11 years and months to 13 years and 8 months. During the evaluation period these children were attending from first to third grades and on the reevaluation they were attending from 5th to 7th grades, in which the selection criteria was the assessment applying WISC - III in 2002 remaining with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Given rising concern over elevated lead in drinking water in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis, forthcoming revisions to the U.S. EPA Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), and federal funding designated for replacing lead service lines, lead-tin solder corrosion control will become increasingly important. Lead-tin solder is often a dominant source of lead in drinking water for homes built before 1986 and has been the source of several recent high-profile water lead contamination events. This dissertation advances fundamental understanding of lead-tin solder corrosion by demonstrating that 1) elevated nitrate in water can trigger severe solder corrosion associated with very high LCR action level exceedances, 2) spallation of metallic solder to water is a source of lead contamination, 3) zinc orthophosphate offers superior corrosion control to mitigate nitrate attack, and 4) free chlorine can inhibit solder corrosion by electrochemical reversal. These principles were also applied to an exemplary related problem of lead contamination of food stored in tin cans. The conventional understanding is that lead-tin solder corrosion is worsened by low pH, low alkalinity, and elevated chloride relative to sulfate, but a utility that recently switched to a source water previously classified as non-corrosive suffered severe contamination from lead solder. The incident was characterized by the detachment of large chunks of metallic, lead-bearing solder particles from copper pipe joints that sometimes clogged aerators of consumers' faucets. It also caused a 90th percentile lead level of 131 ppb, which was much higher than reported for the 2001-2004 Washington D.C. lead crisis (79 ppb) or the 2014- 2016 Flint, MI water lead crisis (29 ppb). An exhaustive investigation of possible causes eventually revealed a strong correlation (r2=0.79) between seasonal fluctuations in surface water nitrate levels and the 90th percentile lead. The association of high lead with nitrate was unambiguously proven in bench-scale experiments using both copper coupons with new 50:50 lead-tin solder and harvested pipes with aged solder (extracted from a home with ongoing lead release issues) that replicated the characteristic spallation of solder particles (up to 7-mm in length) to water. Lead levels were occasionally >1,000 ppb in homes and >100,000 ppb in the bench experiments with harvested pipe after exposure to high nitrate above 8 mg/L. This finding is especially concerning given that nitrate is not currently identified as a factor affecting solder corrosion in EPA corrosion control guidance and source water contamination by nitrate is increasingly problematic. It was critically important to identify the mechanism by which nitrate caused solder spallation. Analysis of lead-tin solder surfaces in the bench-scale tests and harvested pipes indicated that nitrate preferentially attacked tin in the solder alloy. Nitrate severely detinned solder alloys > 40% tin by weight, causing cracking and detachment of metallic chunks of lead-tin solder from copper surfaces in a matter of weeks. Pure lead and alloys with less than 30% tin corroded more uniformly in the presence of nitrate and were not subject to spallation. Nitrate is reduced to a combination of ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds via reduction reactions that drove lead-tin solder corrosion at the anode. Nitrate also caused 1.3 times more metal weight loss by corrosion than could be explained by Faraday's law even in short-term 32-hour experiments, consistent with a previously identified "chunk effect" and anomalously high tin anode weight loss in nitrate solutions. This severe solder spallation mechanism has never been reported previously in drinking water environments and seems to be unique to nitrate for high tin-content alloys. This discovery also raises concerns about the possibility of pipe joint failures using lead-free tin-based solders that became more commonplace after the federal ban on lead solder in 1986. Common corrosion control strategies, including the use of phosphate corrosion inhibitors, failed to adequately reduce 90th percentile lead levels at the utility affected by runoff water with high nitrate after 6 months of application. Studies using new lead-tin solder and harvested pipes with aged solder demonstrated that zinc orthophosphate outperformed orthophosphate in controlling corrosion in high nitrate water and reduced lead release by 82-90% compared to phosphate alone or no inhibitor. The benefits of zinc orthophosphate improved with time and the dose of zinc delivered to the pipes. When zinc orthophosphate was applied at the water treatment plant, the 90th percentile lead levels in the affected community fell below the action level within 6 months. Analysis of the pipe scale demonstrated that zinc orthophosphate works by coating the interface usually subject to intense galvanic corrosion between copper and solder. Disinfectants may also play a role in controlling lead contamination from solder. Two water utilities in the Pacific Northwest experienced lead action level exceedances for decades due to solder corrosion while using the same source water with chloramine disinfectant. After one utility switched to a similar water source using free chlorine disinfectant, lead release dropped to low levels within months. This was consistent with laboratory experiments conducted at the second utility more than three decades ago that indicated much lower lead release using free chlorine versus chloramine using the water utility's source water. There was previously no explanation for the benefits from free chlorine, but it was recently demonstrated that chlorine can cause electrochemical reversal of a copper-lead pipe galvanic cell, which dramatically reduced lead release to water. It was hypothesized that a similar reaction could occur for lead-tin solder as well. This was confirmed when lead-tin solder and copper connections exposed to 4 mg/L free chlorine in circulating rigs experienced electrochemical reversal in some waters over a period of weeks. The electrochemical reversal was accompanied by dramatic decreases in lead release, concomitant with the formation of insoluble lead (IV) oxide scale. In some situations where traditional corrosion inhibitors are not effective, it is possible that electrochemical reversal due to free chlorine may control lead solder corrosion, either unintentionally or purposefully. This new understanding of nitrate's ability to exacerbate lead contamination from lead-tin alloys in drinking water was then extended to concerns about lead contamination of food stored in tin-plated cans. Fruits and their juices can contain nitrate, and if lead is present in the tin plating, the resulting corrosion is predicted to cause significant contamination. Twenty-one brands of canned pears from across the U.S. were assessed for lead content, and one brand was found to contain 2-3 times higher lead in the fruit (average=14 ppb, max=38 ppb) and syrup (average=7 ppb, max=15 ppb) than other brands. The brand of cans with higher lead in the fruit also had higher levels of lead in the can materials: surface lead levels in the interior tin-plate was 0.1% by mass on average (max=0.60%) and 7.5% by mass on average (max=29%) in the interior seam, which is up to 146 times the 0.2% value advised in FDA guidelines for lead in food-contact surfaces. Follow-up testing with three brands of canned pears confirmed lead levels in the syrup were also associated with higher levels of ammonia in the juice—ammonia is a reaction product of nitrate corrosion of tin in the can. To confirm that the can material was the source of the lead contamination, the pear cans were emptied and then refilled with a variety of synthetic solutions containing up to 50 mg/L NO3-N. The higher nitrate levels always formed ammonia and were associated with higher lead release in some cases. The use of lead-tin alloys (either lead-bearing tin-plate or solder) in unlined canned goods with solutions known to contain nitrates can create unnecessary lead exposure for consumers. This dissertation provides novel insights into lead-tin solder corrosion with profound implications for water lead contamination, the integrity of potable water infrastructure, and corrosion control strategies in potable water. Rising concerns about nitrate contamination of source waters underscore the importance of understanding these effects on lead and public health. As illustrated by the application of these principles to lead contamination of tin-lined fruit cans, the results may also enhance understanding of corrosion of tin-based materials in electronics, museum artifacts, electrochemical water treatment, and in the automotive and aerospace industries. / Doctor of Philosophy / Given rising concern over elevated lead in drinking water in the aftermath of the Flint Water Crisis, forthcoming revisions to the U.S. EPA Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), and federal funding designated for replacing lead service lines, the issue of lead-tin solder corrosion control will become increasingly important. Lead-tin solder is often a dominant source of lead in drinking water for homes built before 1986 and has been the source of several recent high-profile water lead contamination events. This dissertation advances the fundamental understanding of lead-tin solder corrosion by demonstrating that 1) high source water nitrate levels can trigger severe solder corrosion associated with elevated lead release in drinking water, 2) detachment (i.e., spallation) of metallic solder to water is a source of lead contamination, 3) zinc orthophosphate offers superior corrosion control to mitigate nitrate attack, and 4) free chlorine disinfectant can inhibit solder corrosion by electrochemical reversal. These principles were also applied to an exemplary related problem of lead contamination of food stored in tin cans. It is understood that lead-tin solder corrosion can be affected by water chemistry, but a utility that recently switched to a new source water previously classified as non-corrosive was surprised to discover severe water lead contamination from solder. The contamination was characterized by the detachment of large chunks of lead-bearing solder particles from copper pipe joints that sometimes clogged aerators of consumers' faucets. It also caused a 90th percentile lead level of 131 ppb, a level much higher than reported for the 2001-2004 Washington D.C. lead crisis (79 ppb) or the 2014-2016 Flint, MI water lead crisis (29 ppb). The presence of such large chunks of lead-bearing solder is contrary to the belief that water lead contamination occurs by the dissolution of lead rust from solder. An exhaustive investigation of possible causes eventually revealed that lead release in this community was strongly related to seasonal fluctuations in surface water nitrate levels. The association of high lead with nitrate was unambiguously proven in experiments using both copper coupons with new 50:50 lead-tin solder and harvested pipes with aged solder that had been extracted from a home with ongoing lead release issues, which replicated the characteristic spallation of solder particles (up to 7-mm in length) to water. Lead levels were occasionally >1,000 ppb in homes and >100,000 ppb in the bench experiments with harvested pipe after exposure to high nitrate above 8 mg/L. These levels of water lead contamination are amongst the highest ever recorded. This discovery is especially concerning given that nitrate is not currently identified as a factor affecting solder corrosion in EPA corrosion control guidance and source water contamination by nitrate is increasingly problematic. It was critically important to better understand the mechanism by which nitrate caused solder spallation. Analysis of lead-tin solder surfaces in the bench-scale tests and harvested pipes indicated that nitrate preferentially attacked tin in the solder alloy. Nitrate is reduced to a combination of ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds while contributing to lead-tin solder corrosion at the anode. Nitrate severely degraded solder alloys with >40% tin by weight, causing cracking and detachment of metallic chunks of lead-tin solder from copper surfaces in a matter of weeks. Pure lead and alloys with less than 30% tin corroded more uniformly in the presence of nitrate and were not subject to spallation. Nitrate corrosion also caused 1.3 times more water contamination than predicted by conventional chemical reactions that do not consider spallation, even in short-term 32-hour experiments. This severe solder spallation mechanism has never been reported previously in drinking water environments and at present seems to be unique to nitrate for solder alloys with high tin content. This discovery also raises concerns about the possibility of pipe joint failures, and associated pipe bursting and water damage, when using lead-free tin-based solders that became more commonplace after the federal ban on lead solder in 1986. Common corrosion control strategies, including the use phosphate corrosion inhibitors, failed to adequately reduce 90th percentile lead levels at the utility affected by runoff water with high nitrate after 6 months of application. Studies using new lead-tin solder and harvested pipes with aged solder demonstrated that zinc orthophosphate outperformed orthophosphate in controlling corrosion in high nitrate water, reducing lead release by 82-90% compared to phosphate alone or no inhibitor. The benefits of zinc orthophosphate improved with time and the dose of zinc delivered to the pipes. When zinc orthophosphate was applied at the water treatment plant, the 90th percentile lead levels in the affected community fell below the action level within 6 months. Analysis of the pipe scale demonstrated that zinc orthophosphate works by coating the interface usually subject to the most intense galvanic corrosion between copper and solder. Disinfectants used to kill bacteria in drinking water may also play a role in controlling lead contamination from solder. Two water utilities in the Pacific Northwest experienced lead action level exceedances for decades due to solder corrosion while using the same source water with chloramine disinfectant. After one utility switched to a similar water source using free chlorine disinfectant, lead release dropped to low levels within months. This was consistent with results from a laboratory study conducted more than three decades ago at the second utility that indicated much lower lead release using free chlorine versus chloramine using this water utility's source water. There was previously no explanation for the benefits from free chlorine, but it was recently demonstrated that chlorine can control lead pipe corrosion by reversing normal electrochemical reactions which dramatically reduced lead release to water. It was hypothesized that chlorine could have a similar effect for lead-tin solder as well. That hypothesis was confirmed when lead-tin solder and copper connections exposed to 4 mg/L free chlorine in circulating rigs experienced electrochemical reversal in a synthesized version of this water within weeks. The electrochemical reversal was accompanied by dramatic decreases in lead release, along with the formation of protective lead (IV) oxide pipe scale. These unexpected benefits of free chlorine may help explain why some water utilities with water normally considered corrosive have not been experiencing lead solder corrosion problems or lead action level exceedances. This new understanding of nitrate's ability to exacerbate lead contamination from lead-tin alloys in drinking water was then applied to concerns about lead contamination of food stored in tin-plated cans. Fruits and their juices can contain nitrate, and if lead is present in the tin plating, the resulting corrosion is predicted to cause significant contamination. Twenty-one brands of canned pears from across the U.S. were assessed for lead content, and one brand was found to contain 2-3 times higher lead in the fruit (average=14 ppb, max=38 ppb) and syrup (average=7 ppb, max=15 ppb) than other brands. The brand of cans with higher lead in the fruit also had higher levels of lead in the can materials: surface lead levels in the interior tin-plate was 0.1% by mass on average (max= 0.60%) and 7.5% by mass on average (max=29%) in the interior seam, which is up to 146 times the 0.2% value advised in FDA guidelines for lead in surfaces that contact food. Follow-up testing with three brands of canned pears confirmed lead levels in the syrup were also associated with higher levels of ammonia (a reaction product formed by nitrate corrosion of tin in the can) in the juice. To confirm that the can material and high levels of nitrate in the original food contributed to the lead contamination, the pear cans were emptied and then refilled with a variety of synthetic solutions containing up to 50 mg/L nitrate. The higher levels of nitrate always formed ammonia and were associated with higher lead release in some cases. The use of tin alloys (either lead-bearing tin-plate or solder) to package acidic food containing nitrate can create unnecessary lead exposure for consumers. This dissertation provides novel insights into lead-tin solder corrosion with profound implications for water lead contamination, the integrity of potable water infrastructure, and corrosion control strategies in potable water. Rising concerns about nitrate contamination of source waters underscore the importance of better understanding these effects on lead and public health. As illustrated by the application of these principles to lead contamination of tin-lined fruit cans, these results may also enhance understanding of corrosion of tin-based materials in electronics, museum artifacts, electrochemical water treatment, and in the automotive and aerospace industries.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_tm_me_bauru.pdf: 1152444 bytes, checksum: dac608c19dca09704c5e3c318b86a345 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O chumbo, utilizado em larga escala em processos industriais, é um dos principais poluentes ambientais do planeta. Os efeitos de sua exposição vem ser tornando problema de saúde pública, com descobertas sobre danos cognitivos em níveis de contaminação cada vez mais baixos. Em Bauru, em 2002, uma fábrica de baterias automotivas provocou um acidente ambiental em que foram contaminadas 314 crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade, o que uniu profissionais de diversos segmentos para diagnósticos e tratamentos multiprofissionais específicos. O setor de psicologia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) formou um grupo de pesquisa, cujo projeto inicial denominado Atendimento emergencial à crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade contaminadas por chumbo, vem gerando sub-projetos e pesquisas, dentre as quais a presente. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, que compara quantitativa, qualitativa e estatisticamente, resultados de avaliação intelectual de crianças contaminadas por chumbo, com plumbemia entre 15.40'mü'g/dl e 30'mü'g/dl na avaliação e entre 10.30'mü'g/dl a 21.90'mü'g/dl, na reavaliação. O instrumento utilizado foi o WISC-III, adaptado e padronizado para a população brasileira. Foram reavaliados 10 participantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7a 5 m a 9a 9m na avaliação e 11a 8m a 13a 8m na reavaliação; com escolaridade entre 1ª e 3ª série na avaliação e 5ª e 7ª série na reavaliação, cujo critério de seleção era ter sido avaliado... / Lead, which is broadly used in industrial processes, is one of the main environmental pollutants of the planet. The effects of being exposed to lead, is becoming a public health problem, considering that it was found some cognitive damage even in levels of contamination relatively low. In Bauru, in 2002, an automotive battery plant caused an environmental accident in which 314 children, from 0 to 12 years of age were contaminated. This fact reunited professionals of several areas for specific treatment. The psychology department of São Paulo State University (UNESP), formed a research team denominted Emergy attendance for children from 0 to 12 years, contaminated by lead, which has been arising sub-projects and researches, including the present one. This is a longitudinal study, which compares quantitative, qualitative and statistical outcomes of the intellectual assessment of Bpb children, ranging from 15.40'mü'g/dl and 30'mü'g/dl on the evaluation and ranging from 10.30'mü'g/dl to 21.90'mü'g/dl on the reevaluation. The instrument applied was WISC-III, which was adapted and standardized for the Brazilian people. Ten subjects from both sexes were evaluated; their ages ranged from 7 years and 5 months to 9 years and 9 months; when they were revaluated their ages ranged from 11 years and months to 13 years and 8 months. During the evaluation period these children were attending from first to third grades and on the reevaluation they were attending from 5th to 7th grades, in which the selection criteria was the assessment applying WISC - III in 2002 remaining with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

There is emerging concern about the potential for elevated lead in water after water utilities conduct EPA mandated (or voluntary) partial replacements of existing lead service lines. Connections between dissimilar metals results in the accelerated corrosion of the less noble metal via galvanic attack, increasing metal concentrations in water and posing potential public health risks. Many practical problems associated with stopping galvanic attack between copper:galvanized iron and copper:lead via use of dielectrics have also been raised. Galvanic corrosion can be effectively stopped by isolating the dissimilar metals; however, completely eliminating electrical continuity may not always be practical or allowed by code. Instead, increasing separation distance between the two metals was hypothesized to considerably reduce galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion and lead leaching were evaluated for lead:copper connections with varying separation distances while maintaining electrical continuity. Increased distance between lead and copper pipe dramatically reduced the galvanic current and the magnitude of lead release. Galvanized iron and copper connections were also investigated using various commercial fittings, and results verified that a controlling factor was separation distance between the two dissimilar metals. When considering the long-term behavior of partially replaced lead service lines, detrimental effects from galvanic corrosion worsened with time. Even when water was sampled consistently at moderate flow rate, the condition representing traditional partial service line replacement was 40% worse than a full lead service line. At elevated flowrates, lead concentrations and variability increased for partly replaced lead pipe versus full lead pipe due to reservoirs of lead rust formed via galvanic corrosion. At low flowrates, these negative impacts were not observed. Finally, crevices formed by the use of commercial couplings increased lead release. Overall, the results enhance practical understanding of galvanic corrosion impacts and use of dielectrics in water service lines and premise plumbing. / Master of Science

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Orientador: Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Patrícia de Abreu Pinheiro Crenitte / Banca: Tania Gracy Martins do Valle / Resumo: A contaminação por chumbo é uma variável ambiental prejudicial que pode gerar problemas de saúde e afetar o desenvolvimento adequado de crianças em todas as suas nuances, por ser mais vulnerável aos seus efeitos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) considera aceitável a concentração de chumbo no sangue inferior a 10 'mü'/dl para crianças. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da contaminação por chumbo e a frequência à escola no desenvolvimento geral e áreas específicas, em crianças com plumbemia acima de 10 'mü'/dl, comparando-o com crianças com nível de chumbo abaixo de 5 'mü'/dl, frequentando escola, oriundas de condições socioeconômicas semelhantes. Participaram 49 crianças na faixa etária de quatro a cinco anos, divididas em contaminadas (GCC) e não contaminadas (GCNC) e, com relação à frequência a escola (GCC1), crianças contaminadas com escola e, (GCC2), contaminadas sem escola. Seu desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelo Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) geral e nas áreas específicas (Desenvolvimento Motor, Linguagem, Autocuidado, Socialização e Cognição). Os resultados mostraram que o desenvolvimento geral do GCC e do GCNC está próximo do esperado, tanto para os meninos quanto para as meninas. Todavia, considerando as áreas específicas do desenvolvimento, observou-se que, em Cognição, o desempenho foi abaixo do esperado para os dois grupos, porém, significativamente mais baixo para as crianças do GCC. Quanto à escolaridade, comparando as crianças do GCC (GCC1 e GCC2) observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lead contamination is a harmful environmental variable which might cause health problems and affect the proper development of children at all levels, since they are more vulnerable to its effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers as acceptable a blood concentration below 10 'mü'/dL for children. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects of lead and school attendance on general development and in specific areas, in children with lead levels above 10 'mü'/dL compared to children with lead levels below 5 'mü'/dL who attend school, with similar socioeconomic conditions. The study analyzed 49 subjects, ages ranging from four to five years old, divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNN), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNC), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated at school (GCC1) and contaminated, not at school (GCC2). Their development was evaluated by the Operationalized Portage Inventory (OPI) in general and specific areas (Motor Development, Language, Self-care, Socialization, and Cognition). The results showed that the general development of GCC and GCNC is close to what was expected, for both boys and girls. However, considering the specific areas, we observed that when it comes to Cognition, the performance was below the expectations for both groups, and significantly lower for the GCC group. As for the educational level, comparing children from the GCC group (GCC1 and GCC2), we observed statistically significant differences... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 troijo_maf_me_bauru.pdf: 598244 bytes, checksum: 4202f31b5a0345df7783371c9ff3c052 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A contaminação por chumbo é uma variável ambiental prejudicial que pode gerar problemas de saúde e afetar o desenvolvimento adequado de crianças em todas as suas nuances, por ser mais vulnerável aos seus efeitos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) considera aceitável a concentração de chumbo no sangue inferior a 10 'mü'/dl para crianças. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da contaminação por chumbo e a frequência à escola no desenvolvimento geral e áreas específicas, em crianças com plumbemia acima de 10 'mü'/dl, comparando-o com crianças com nível de chumbo abaixo de 5 'mü'/dl, frequentando escola, oriundas de condições socioeconômicas semelhantes. Participaram 49 crianças na faixa etária de quatro a cinco anos, divididas em contaminadas (GCC) e não contaminadas (GCNC) e, com relação à frequência a escola (GCC1), crianças contaminadas com escola e, (GCC2), contaminadas sem escola. Seu desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelo Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) geral e nas áreas específicas (Desenvolvimento Motor, Linguagem, Autocuidado, Socialização e Cognição). Os resultados mostraram que o desenvolvimento geral do GCC e do GCNC está próximo do esperado, tanto para os meninos quanto para as meninas. Todavia, considerando as áreas específicas do desenvolvimento, observou-se que, em Cognição, o desempenho foi abaixo do esperado para os dois grupos, porém, significativamente mais baixo para as crianças do GCC. Quanto à escolaridade, comparando as crianças do GCC (GCC1 e GCC2) observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas... / Lead contamination is a harmful environmental variable which might cause health problems and affect the proper development of children at all levels, since they are more vulnerable to its effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers as acceptable a blood concentration below 10 'mü'/dL for children. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects of lead and school attendance on general development and in specific areas, in children with lead levels above 10 'mü'/dL compared to children with lead levels below 5 'mü'/dL who attend school, with similar socioeconomic conditions. The study analyzed 49 subjects, ages ranging from four to five years old, divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNN), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNC), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated at school (GCC1) and contaminated, not at school (GCC2). Their development was evaluated by the Operationalized Portage Inventory (OPI) in general and specific areas (Motor Development, Language, Self-care, Socialization, and Cognition). The results showed that the general development of GCC and GCNC is close to what was expected, for both boys and girls. However, considering the specific areas, we observed that when it comes to Cognition, the performance was below the expectations for both groups, and significantly lower for the GCC group. As for the educational level, comparing children from the GCC group (GCC1 and GCC2), we observed statistically significant differences... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-18T12:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-22T18:16:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Com base na linha de pesquisa, analisa-se a contaminação por chumbo em Santo Amaro da Purificação na Bahia, decorrente da poluição causada pela indústria COBRAC – Companhia Brasileira de Chumbo e as conseqüências para a saúde dos trabalhadores e da população residente no entorno desta. Enfoca-se, ainda, o passivo ambiental representado por cerca de quinhentas toneladas de escória de chumbo deixadas para trás, após o fechamento da fábrica, em 1993. Aborda-se a questão da responsabilidade da empresa poluidora no sentido de reparar os danos causados ao meio ambiente, aos trabalhadores e à população, bem como, procurase demonstrar a responsabilidade subsidiária do Estado, para responder pelos prejuízos, em caso de negligência no uso dos meios legais para punir os poluidores forçando-os a repararem os danos causados. Em seguida, demonstra-se as formas de responsabilidade civil e a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos nos casos em que atuou condenando o estado brasileiro quando este foi negligente ao deixar de punir os infratores dos direitos ínsitos à personalidade humana. Posteriormente se faz, uma análise dos processos ajuizados pelas vítimas e da resposta dada pelo Poder Judiciário e pelo Estado. Em síntese, busca-se mostrar as formas de solução postas pelo direito pátrio e internacional, no sentido de reparar os sofrimentos das vítimas pela contaminação por chumbo. / It intends to analyze cases of victims of lead contamination in Santo Amaro, Bahia, caused by the company pollution COBRAC – Brazilian Company Lead and the effects to the health of workers and living population around the Industry. Also shows the environmental damages caused by five hundred tons of lead slag, left behind after the shutdown of the industry in 1993 and its consequences for the environment and the health of the population. It addresses the responsibility of polluting company to repair the damage caused to the environment, to workers and to the population, and, at the same time, tries to demonstrate the State subsidiary responsibility to respond for those damages, in case of negligence in the use of legal means to punish polluters for the damage, forcing them to repair it. Next, shows the kinds of liability and participation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the cases that condemned the Brazilian State, when it was negligent to punish the infractors of the human personality rights. Finally, analyzes the lawsuits brought by the lead contamination victims and what response was given by the Judiciary and the State. In synthesis, it is intended to show the ways of solutions in national and international law, in the direction to repair the sufferings of the victims of lead contamination

The newly planned lead recycling zone in Dong Mai village has been operating with primary treatment systems using lime to neutralize acid in wastewater is a good sign for the local environment, yet the real problem that needs further attention and proper solutions is the accumulation of heavy metals typically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural land near the old Pb recycling area. In this context, 27 soil samples were collected and analyzed by AAS method to assess the situation and the quality of the agricultural soil. The results showed that the levels of Cd in the soil were still in acceptable level according to National Regulation. However, the lead contents in all of the soil samples exceeded National Regulation. The level of Pb pollution in soil was inversely proportional to the distance with old lead melting zone. The lead content in the soil sample collected at the distance of 50 m radius to the old melting zone reached 7070 ppm, which was 100 times higher than the allowable value of National Regulation. / Khu tái chế chì mới tại thôn Đông Mai đã được quy hoạch và đi vào hoạt động cùng hệ thống xử lý sơ bộ với vôi bột là một tín hiệu đáng mừng cho môi trường nơi đây, nhưng vấn đề cần quan tâm và giải quyết triệt để là sự tích lũy một lượng lớn kim loại nặng điển hình là chì (Pb) và cađimi (Cd) trong đất nông nghiệp gần những khu tái chế chì cũ. 27 mẫu đất đã được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp AAS để đánh giá tình trạng, chất lượng đất nông nghiệp tại đây. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng Cd trong đất vẫn trong mức độ cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, 100% các mẫu đất đều có hàm lượng chì vượt quá mức cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Mức độ ô nhiễm Pb trong đất tỷ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách tới khu lò nấu chì cũ. Mẫu đất cách 50 m so với khu vực lò cũ có hàm lượng chì lên tới 7070 ppm, gấp hơn 100 lần so với Quy chuẩn quốc gia.

Human activities such as mining and smelting of lead (Pb) ores and combustion of alkyllead additives in gasoline have resulted in extensive global Pb pollution. Since the late 1960's studies of polar ice and snow have been undertaken to evaluate the extent of anthropogenic Pb emissions in recent times as well as to investigate changes in anthropogenic Pb emissions in the more distant past. The polar ice sheets have been used to investigate Pb pollution as they offer a long-term record of human activity located far from pollution sources and sample aerosol emissions on a hemispheric scale. Lead isotopes have been previously used to identify sources of Pb in polar snow and ice, while new evaluations of Pb isotopic compositions in aerosols and Pb ore bodies allow more thorough evaluations of anthropogenic Pb emissions. Lead isotopic compositions and Pb and Barium (Ba) concentrations have been measured in snow and ice core samples from Law Dome, East Antarctica, to produce a detailed pollution history between 1530 AD and 1989 AD. Such a record has been produced to evaluate changes in anthropogenic Pb emission levels and sources over the past 500 years, to determine when industrial (anthropogenic) activities first began to influence Antarctica and also to investigate natural Pb fluxes to Antarctica. Additional samples were also collected from Law Dome snow and ice cores to respectively investigate seasonal variations in Pb and Ba deposition, and the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. All samples were measured by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, for which techniques were developed to reliably analyse Pb isotopic compositions in Antarctic samples containing sub-picogram per gram concentrations of Pb. / Particular attention was given to the quantity of Pb added to the samples during the decontamination and sample storage stages of the sample preparation process. These stages, including the use of a stainless steel chisel for the decontamination, contributed ~5.2 pg to the total sample analysed, amounting to a concentration increase of ~13 fg g-1. In comparison, the mass spectrometer ion source contributed typically 89 +/- 19 fg to the blank, however its influence depended upon the amount of Pb available for analysis and so had the greatest impact when small volumes of samples with a very low concentration were analysed. As a consequence of these careful investigations of the Pb blank contributions to the samples, the corrections made to the Pb isotopic ratios and concentrations measured are smaller than previously reported evaluations of Pb in Antarctica by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The data indicate that East Antarctica was relatively pristine until -1884 AD, after which the first influence of anthropogenic Pb in Law Dome is observed. "Natural", pre-industrial, background concentrations of Pb and Ba were - 0.4 pg/g and - 1.3 pg/g, respectively, with Pb isotopic compositions within the range 206Pb/207Pb = 1.20 - 1.25 and 208Pb/207Pb = 2.46 - 2.50 and an average rock and soil dust Pb contribution of 8-12%. A major pollution event was observed at Law Dome between 1884 and 1908 AD, elevating the Pb concentration fourfold and changing 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the ice to ~1.12. Based on Pb isotopic systematics and Pb emissions statistics, this was attributed to Pb mined at Broken Hill and smelted at Broken Hill and Port Pirie, Australia. / Anthropogenic Pb inputs to Law Dome were most significant from ~1900 to 1910 and from ~1960 to 1980. During the 20th century, Ba concentrations were consistently higher than "natural" levels. This was attributed to increased dust production, suggesting the influence of climate change and/or changes in land coverage with vegetation. Law Dome ice dated from 1814 AD to 1819 AD was analysed for Pb isotopes and Pb, Ba and Bismuth (Bi) concentrations to investigate the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. The presence of volcanic debris in the core samples was observed from late-1816 AD to 1818 AD as an increase in sulphate concentrations and electrical conductivity of the ice. Barium concentrations were approximately three times higher than background levels from mid-1816 to mid1818, consistent with increased atmospheric loading of rock and soil dust, while enhanced Pb/Ba and Bi/Ba ratios, associated with deposition of volcanic debris, were observed at mid-1814 and from early-1817 to mid-1818. From the results, it appeared likely that Pb emitted from Tambora was removed from the atmosphere within the 1.6 year period required to transport aerosols to Antarctica. Increased Pb and Bi concentrations observed in Law Dome ice ~1818 AD were attributed to either increased heavy metal emissions from Mount Erebus, or increased fluxes of heavy metals to the Antarctic ice sheet resulting from climate and meteorological modifications following the Tambora eruption. / A non-continuous series of Law Dome snow core samples dating from 1980 to 9185 AD were analysed to investigate seasonal variations in the deposition of Pb and Ba. It was found that Pb and Ba at Law Dome do exhibit seasonal variations in deposition, with higher concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during Summer and lower concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during the Autumn and Spring seasons. At Law Dome, broad patterns of seasonal Pb and Ba deposition are evident however these appear to be punctuated by short-term deposition events or may even be composed of a continuum of short-term deposition events. This variability suggests that complex meteorological systems are responsible for the transport of Pb and Ba to Law Dome, and probably Antarctica in general.