This Master´s thesis was primarily focused on examining the role of authentic and transformational leadership styles in enhancing the psychological capital (PsyCap) of employees in the international hospitality industry. We aimed to deepen our understanding of the relationship between these leadership styles and employee PsyCap, and to explore how this relationship is moderated by contextual factors within the industry. The study adopted a qualitative approach, which is less commonly used compared to previous research, by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with leaders and employees in International Hospitality Organizations. The findings of our study align well with previous and existing research, suggesting that authentic and transformational leadership styles play a role in enhancing employee PsyCap. Thus, the authors further suggest that the findings provide implications that the relationship between the leadership styles and employee PsyCap is influenced by contextual factors such as cultural context. A crucial insight from this study is that the characteristics of these two leadership styles can be expressed in a variety of ways which are dependent on the contextual factors, requiring leaders to adapt how they demonstrate their characteristics due to the moderating role of contextual factors. This study adds to the existing body of knowledge on leadership, employee well-being, HR-management, and psychology, and provides practical managerial implications for leaders primarily working in the international hospitality industry. For future research, a more comprehensive examination of the moderating role of contextual factors is suggested, with a focus on elements such as organizational culture, national culture, and a deeper exploration of how these factors support the study's assertion that there is variability in the relationship between leadership style and employee PsyCap. Essentially, contextual factors may have a moderating role in this relationship, requiring leaders to adapt their actions associated with authentic and transformational leadership traits. This highlights the multidimensional nature of how authentic and transformational leadership characteristics can be expressed dependent on context and underlines that further investigation is needed.

Human resource is an important resource to achieve organizational mission (McGregor, 1960). The impact of strong competition, dramatic changes in the external environment, the business enterprise has a certain degree of impact and influence. How to operate with sustainability in this changeable environment of intense competition would be the prior goal that a firm is pursuing. Under the context of rapidly-changing industrial paradigm, leaders face the critical issue of how to attract excellent employees and keep them dramatically influences the competitiveness of the company. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among leadership style, work motivation, and job involvement, and also use the oranizational justice as a moderator. This research tries to find out the moderating effect of organizational justice on work motivation and job involvement. This research targeted the top 1000 companies in manufacturing industry and top 500 companies in service industry which were according to the year 2008 ranking of the Common Wealth Magazine, of that, 417 valid samples were returned. The study adopts the following statistical analysis techniques: The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the reliability analysis, the descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, the one-way ANOVA, the correlation analysis, and the hierarchical regression analysis. The finding were as follows. 1. Both transformational and transactional leaderships show significant positive effects on the extrinsic motivation. 2. Both transformational and transactional leaderships show significant positive effects on the intrinsic motivation. 3. The extrinsic motivation shows significant positive effects on the job involvement; but the intrinsic motivation shows no effect on the job involvement. 4. Both transformational and transactional leaderships show positive effects on the job involvement. 5. The extrinsic motivation has mediated effect between leadership style and job involvement. 6. The procedure justice has moderated effect between intrinsic motivation and job involvement. This study concludes by discussing for the implications of major findings, which would be a reference to the academy and industries, and make suggestions for further studies.

This essay deals with the influence of leadership on student use of Smart phones as an ICT tool at after school care. I use a qualitative, hermeneutical method that departs from two stories. I also use qualitative interviews with both structured and unstructured questions. My reflections and interpretations are, through the interviews, complemented by my colleagues’ views of the use of Smart phones and how that is affected by how the activities are managed. I have faced a dilemma in my stories where I have to choose between following the school’s rules or help the students that need help with the use of Smart phones. Reflecting on the stories leads me to view my own leadership and style of leadership in a critical light and to view myself in a wider context within a problematic organization with a hierarchical leadership. This leads to other dilemmas that occur in a school organization, where helpful factors to a change can be seen in different perspectives with the open dialogue as an advantage.

Tese de Doutoramento. Engenharia Industrial e Gestão. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

International expatriate schools require educational leaders to guide culturally diverse stakeholders as they prepare students to address world problems. In the United States, effective educational leadership has been demonstrated as necessary to implement research-based practices. However, researchers have not yet established the leadership needed from expatriate kindergarten through Grade 12 school leaders seeking to develop global citizens. This gap leads to the question of how international expatriate educational leaders demonstrate empathetic, emotionally self-managed, or interculturally sensitive skills when meeting a school's global-minded strategic plan. The purpose of this case study was to describe expatriate school leaders' perceptions of how they and their peers demonstrate these skills. The conceptual framework included distributed leadership, emotional intelligence, and intercultural sensitivity in the context of global citizenship. Data from an expatriate middle school in China included interviews with school leaders, documents, and researcher notes. The results indicated that expatriate leaders demonstrated empathy through social responsibility, emotional self-management through personal and professional competence, and intercultural sensitivity through active civic engagement. International expatriate schools may benefit if educational leaders demonstrate support and concern and provide examples of the global-mindedness expected of students. These results can guide faculty members' professional competencies toward implementing instructional programs that target the development of global citizens. Social change could result from international expatriate schools applying described models of distributed leadership toward a unified and socially just purpose.

Esta dissertação se centra na descrição de uma associação política indígena, a Federação das Organizações Indígenas do Rio Negro (FOIRN). A partir de documentos da própria associação, de entrevistas realizadas com pessoas ligadas a ela e da observação de algumas de suas atividades nos anos 2010-11, pretende apresentar elementos para o conhecimento de uma das mais antigas e maiores associações indígenas no Brasil. Em considerações feitas sobre esse material à luz da etnologia do Noroeste Amazônico, da etnologia americanista e nesta, mais especialmente de obras dedicadas à política, esta dissertação procura também contribuir para a reflexão acerca das políticas ameríndias num sentido mais amplo. / This dissertation is centered in the description of an indigenous political association, the Federação das Organizações Indígenas do Rio Negro (FOIRN). From documents elaborated by the association, interviews with people directly involved and the observation of some of its activities during 2010-11, the dissertation intends to present elements in the understanding of one of the oldest and biggest indigenous association in Brazil. Through considerations on this material embodied by works from the ethnology of the Northwest Amazon, by americanist ethnology, more specifically its works dedicated to politics, this dissertation expects also to contribute to the reflection of Amerindian politics in a broader sense.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-11T16:44:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilma Maria de Oliveira Silva_.pdf: 11864879 bytes, checksum: 24fb3855e2654b36cbea8372a1917b1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-11T16:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilma Maria de Oliveira Silva_.pdf: 11864879 bytes, checksum: 24fb3855e2654b36cbea8372a1917b1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / UEMA – Universidade Estadual do Maranhão / A tese analisa a história e trajetória de vida de duas lideranças Krikati, levando em consideração as implicações da escola não indígena na sua formação. A pesquisa é perpassada pela compreensão de que a organização social, política, cultural, econômica e linguística de cada povo indígena é dinâmica, sendo, portanto, a apropriação de conhecimentos e valores de outras culturas parte das relações humanas e da própria história do contato. Nesse sentido, defendemos que no processo de formação das lideranças indígenas krikati as escolas não indígenas contribuíram em suas trajetórias e histórias de vida sem diluir a sua cultura e identidade indígena. A investigação apontou que as diferenças socioculturais nas escolas se configuram como elementos fundamentais para as relações sociais e um caminho que se abre para a construção de um currículo intercultural, embora ainda prevaleça a dificuldade de ele ser reconhecido e institucionalizado nas práticas pedagógicas das escolas. Buscou-se entender o contexto social e político – 1980 a 1990 – em que, pela primeira vez na história brasileira, é garantido constitucionalmente o direito à educação escolar aos povos indígenas, fortalecimento as práticas socioculturais, o respeito às línguas maternas e aos seus processos próprios de aprendizagens. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir das histórias de vida de Silvia Cristina Puxcwyj e Krikati e Lourenço Borges Milhomem Acỳxit Krikati e, particularmente, de suas trajetórias em escolas não indígenas na região do Oeste do Maranhão. A determinação desses para se apropriarem de conhecimentos ocidentais, vem contribuindo para o fortalecimento de suas lideranças e, em consequência, para a realização de projetos no Território Indígena Krikati, especialmente na educação, saúde, meio ambiente e, sobretudo, na participação em movimentos e organizações indígenas. Assim sendo, abrigamos neste trabalho a base teórico-metodológica da história do tempo presente e da história com fontes orais. No tempo presente tivemos a oportunidade de analisar as singularidades de cada sujeito como testemunhos vivos de suas próprias histórias de vida. Quanto à metodologia da história oral, não nos preocupamos com verdades absolutas, mas, com as experiências vividas pelas fontes, bem como pelos interlocutores. Portanto, a pesquisa revelou que independentemente de onde se localizam geograficamente e do currículo que dispõe nas escolas, elas contribuíram na formação das lideranças krikati, pois proporcionaram a aquisição do domínio dos códigos básicos estruturantes da sociedade não indígena, em especial, o da língua portuguesa, bem como os conhecimentos úteis e necessários para a melhoria das condições de vida tanto individualmente quanto de suas comunidades. / This thesis examines the story and life journeys of two Krikati leaders, taking into consideration the implications of non-indigenous school in their education. The research is conducted by understanding that social, political, cultural, economic and linguistic organization of each indigenous people is dynamic and, therefore, the appropriation of knowledge and values of other cultures comes from human relations and the history of contact itself. In the sense, we defend that in the processo f formation of indigenous schools contributed in their trajectories and life histories without dissolving their culture and indigenous identity. The research pointed out that the sociocultural differences in schools are configured as fundamental elements for the social relations and as a path that opens up for the construction of an intercultural curriculum, even though the difficulty of it to be recognized and institutionalized within the pedagogical practices of schools still prevails. It has been sought out to understanding the social and political context - 1980 to 1990 - in which, for the first time in Brazilian history, the right to education for indigenous peoples is constitutionally guaranteed, strengthening the socio-cultural practices, respect for their native languages and their own learning processes. The research was developed considering the life stories of Silvia Cristina Puxcwyj Krikati and Lourenço Borges Milhomem Acỳxit Krikati and, particularly, from their journeys in non-indigenous schools in the west region of the state of Maranhão. The determination of these for appropriating western knowledge has contributed to the strengthening of their leadership skills and, consequently, to the implementation of projects in the Indigenous Territory Krikati, especially in relation to education, health, the environment and, above all, in the participation in indigenous movements and organizations. Thus, we embrace in this study the theoretical-methodological basis of the history of the present time and history with oral sources. At the present time we had the opportunity to examine the peculiarities of each subject as living witnesses of their own life stories. As for the methodology of oral history, we do not concern with absolute truths, but with the experiences lived by the sources, as well as by the interlocutors themselves. Therefore, the survey revealed that regardless of where you are geographically located and the curriculum that the schools offer, they have contributed to the formation of krikati leaders, because it resulted in the acquisition of mastery of structuring basic codes of non-indigenous society, specially, the one of Portuguese language, as well as the useful and necessary knowledge for the improvement of life conditions both individually and within their communities.

<p>Vad det är som händer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn är ett frågetecken, då vissa chefer blir ut- och inrullade i landstingens verksamheter. En vårdcentral har fått anlita konsultbolag för att kunna rekrytera en ny chef till sin verksamhet, då de misslyckat med rekryteringen själva. Idéer om New public management har börjat implementeras i landstingen, vilket betecknar den offentliga sektorns omvandling till att arbeta med företagiserade metoder gällande dess organisering och styrsätt. De nya arbetsmetoderna inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn har setts orsaka attitydproblem. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur ledningsarbetet inom offentliga hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer har kommit att påverkas av idéer om New public management. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en inriktning av hermeneutik. Studien är gjord på ett deduktivt vis, då teori har styrt forskningen. Studien innehåller material från fem kvalitativa intervjuer med olika chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Studien behandlar ledarskapsteorier beträffande det pedagogiska ledarskapet samt förklaringar på begreppet New public management. Det resulterar vidare i en förståelse för hur idéer om New public management kan förklara de ledningsproblem som kan ses inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. De slutliga reflektionerna av studien påpekar att det bland medarbetarna saknas förståelse för varför man har börjat förändra och effektivisera i hälso- och sjukvårdssektorns organisationer. Dock arbetar chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn för att lägga mycket tid till att ständigt påminna sina medarbetare om syftet med utveckling och förändringar i verksamheternas organisationer. Troligen kommer chefer alltid att ha problem gällande förändringsarbeten, då det sitter i väggarna hur man alltid arbetat inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Möjligen när poster byts ut i framtiden och unga medarbetare tillkommer kanske de kan hjälpa till i utvecklingen och förändringen i verksamheterna.</p> / <p>What is happening in the medical care organizations is a question, as managers are frequently removed and replaced in the county councils. A care centre has been forced to hire a consulting-firm to be able to recruit a new manager to the care centre, because they failed in recruiting a new manager on their own. Ideas about New public management have started to be applied in the country councils, which signify the transformation to more business-like methods in the organizations. In the medical cares centres attitude problems can be seen from the personnel against the new work methods being employed. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding about how leadership work in the medical centres has been by ideas of the New public management. The study is carried out with a qualitative research method directed to the hermeneutics researcher’s way. A deductive way of work is followed, where the theory has control over the research. The study includes five interviews with five managers in different care centres. The study also deals with leadership theories  regarding the pedagogical leadership and explanations about New public management. It results in an understanding, if leadership problems in the health care sector can explain true ideas from New public management. The finial reflections of the study point out that it does not exist an understanding in why the organizations in the health care have started to change the organizations to make them more effective. However the managers are working or constantly reminding the personnel of the aim of working with organization changes. Managers will probably be compelled to deal with the leaderships problems in the medical health centres. Possibly in the future when posts are changed and young people, with other thoughts about how to work, arrive, the development and changes in the organizations may be assisted.</p>

Vad det är som händer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn är ett frågetecken, då vissa chefer blir ut- och inrullade i landstingens verksamheter. En vårdcentral har fått anlita konsultbolag för att kunna rekrytera en ny chef till sin verksamhet, då de misslyckat med rekryteringen själva. Idéer om New public management har börjat implementeras i landstingen, vilket betecknar den offentliga sektorns omvandling till att arbeta med företagiserade metoder gällande dess organisering och styrsätt. De nya arbetsmetoderna inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn har setts orsaka attitydproblem. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur ledningsarbetet inom offentliga hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer har kommit att påverkas av idéer om New public management. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en inriktning av hermeneutik. Studien är gjord på ett deduktivt vis, då teori har styrt forskningen. Studien innehåller material från fem kvalitativa intervjuer med olika chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Studien behandlar ledarskapsteorier beträffande det pedagogiska ledarskapet samt förklaringar på begreppet New public management. Det resulterar vidare i en förståelse för hur idéer om New public management kan förklara de ledningsproblem som kan ses inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. De slutliga reflektionerna av studien påpekar att det bland medarbetarna saknas förståelse för varför man har börjat förändra och effektivisera i hälso- och sjukvårdssektorns organisationer. Dock arbetar chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn för att lägga mycket tid till att ständigt påminna sina medarbetare om syftet med utveckling och förändringar i verksamheternas organisationer. Troligen kommer chefer alltid att ha problem gällande förändringsarbeten, då det sitter i väggarna hur man alltid arbetat inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Möjligen när poster byts ut i framtiden och unga medarbetare tillkommer kanske de kan hjälpa till i utvecklingen och förändringen i verksamheterna. / What is happening in the medical care organizations is a question, as managers are frequently removed and replaced in the county councils. A care centre has been forced to hire a consulting-firm to be able to recruit a new manager to the care centre, because they failed in recruiting a new manager on their own. Ideas about New public management have started to be applied in the country councils, which signify the transformation to more business-like methods in the organizations. In the medical cares centres attitude problems can be seen from the personnel against the new work methods being employed. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding about how leadership work in the medical centres has been by ideas of the New public management. The study is carried out with a qualitative research method directed to the hermeneutics researcher’s way. A deductive way of work is followed, where the theory has control over the research. The study includes five interviews with five managers in different care centres. The study also deals with leadership theories  regarding the pedagogical leadership and explanations about New public management. It results in an understanding, if leadership problems in the health care sector can explain true ideas from New public management. The finial reflections of the study point out that it does not exist an understanding in why the organizations in the health care have started to change the organizations to make them more effective. However the managers are working or constantly reminding the personnel of the aim of working with organization changes. Managers will probably be compelled to deal with the leaderships problems in the medical health centres. Possibly in the future when posts are changed and young people, with other thoughts about how to work, arrive, the development and changes in the organizations may be assisted.

Bakgrund: Konflikter är ett fenomen som förekommer i alla kontexter där individer integrerar med varandra. Konflikter har alltid funnits men synen på konflikter samt hur det hanteras har förändrats genom tiden. Konflikthantering är en viktig del i ledarskapet och är en av de viktigaste och centrala uppgifterna för en ledare. De flesta ledare ser konflikthantering som problematiskt eftersom de tycker att det är jobbigt och obehagligt att hantera konflikter på grund av rädslan för individernas reaktioner. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett samband mellan ledarskap och konflikthanteringsstrategier men det finns fortfarande en kunskapsbrist inom området. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara om det finns ett samband mellan det situationsanpassade ledarskapet och konflikthanteringsstrategierna samt om sambandet kan ge ledare större möjlighet att hantera konflikter framgångsrikt. Metod: Denna studie har en kvalitativansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med två organisationer, där en butikschef och tre medarbetare i respektive organisation intervjuades. Resultat: Denna studie har kommit fram till att det finns ett samband mellan det situationsanpassande ledarskapet och konflikthanteringsstrategier. Genom att kombinera stilarna i det situationsanpassade ledarskapet med konflikthanteringsstrategier och med hänsyn till både medarbetares och ledares åsikter kan rätt konflikthanteringsstrategi väljas, vilket också kan främja individernas utveckling. / Background: The phenomenon conflict occurs in every context where individuals integrate with each other. Conflicts have always existed but the way we see and manage them have changed through time. Conflict management is an important part of leadership. Most leaders believe conflicts are a problematic issue that is difficult to manage, because of the fear of the consequence that may appear. Previous research has shown that there is a correlation between leadership and conflict management but there is still a lack of knowledge in the field. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a correlation between the situational leadership and conflict management strategies and if it can provide leaders with greater possibilities to handle conflicts successfully. Method: This study has a qualitative approach where semi structured interviews with two organizations were made, with both of the store manager and three employees in each organization. Results: The results of this study have shown that there is a correlation between the situational leadership and conflict management strategies. Through combining the styles of the situational leadership with conflict management strategies and with regard to both employees and managers opinion and behavior can a suitable strategy be adopted, which can encourage individual growth.