The purpose of the present study was to determine how college participants view the success of different conflict management strategies: chance, manipulation, compliance, and confrontation. The success of the conflict management strategies was evaluated by how participants rated female satisfaction, male satisfaction, likelihood of marriage and success of marriage. A MANOVA, and a Roy Bargman step-down procedure were conducted on all dependent variables. A Tukey HSD post hoc test was ran to reveal which conflict management strategies differed from one another. Results indicated that participants thought women were less satisfied than men. For male satisfaction and likelihood of marriage, post hoc testing on the conflict management strategies revealed using compliance was the most satisfying. On the success of marriage variable, participants rated men higher than women on the manipulation and confrontation strategies. The results of the study may be useful in understanding conflict management in dating couples.

ABSTRACT THE EXAMINATION OF GUIDANCE AND RESEARCH CENTERS&rsquo / ADMINISTRATORS&rsquo / CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES WITH THE PERCEPTIONS OF SELF AND TEACHERS Cebeci, S&uuml / lbiye M.S., Department of Educational Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hasan SimSek September 2006, 136 pages The purpose of this study is to examine conflict management strategies of administrators who are working in Guidance &amp / Research Centers (GRCs) of Central Anatolia with the perceptions of teachers and administrators themselves. The subjects of this study included 30 administrators and 141 teachers who worked in the 30 GRCs in 13 cities of Central Anatolia of Turkey. Data collection was carried out by using quantitative techniques. A survey technique was used to collect data. A questionnaire which was translated to Turkish by G&uuml / m&uuml / Seli (1994) from The Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II (ROCI II) to identify administrators&rsquo / conflict management strategies was used to collect data. The questionnaire has two parallel forms, one for administrators to rate themselves and the other for teachers to rate administrators. Administrators&rsquo / self-ratings of their own coflict management strategies and teachers&rsquo / ratings of administrators&rsquo / conflict management strategies were measured with a 5-point likert scale. In addition, the data related with demographic characteristics of both teachers and administrators were gathered by demographic inventory. Demographic Inventory (DI) was developed by the researcher to provide basic demographic information about participants. Descriptive statistics and SPSS 14.0 were utilized to analyze data. The results revealed that concerning rank ordering of styles, both administrators and teachers indicated administrators as using the Integrating style of handling conflict first, followed by Compromising, Obliging, Avoiding, and Dominating. The data did not reveal rank order of differences between the perceptions of administrators and teachers. The study also revealed that with the perceptions of self, administrators used integrating style at 5th level (strongly agree), compromising style at 4th level (agree), obliging style at 3rd level (undecided), dominating and avoiding style at 2nd level (disagree). On the other hand, with the perceptions of teachers, administrators used Integrating and Compromising style at 4th level (agree), obliging and avoiding style at 3rd level (undecided), dominating style at 2nd level (disagree). Keywords: Conflict management, conflict management strategies, conflict management strategies of administrators, educational administrators.

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Problemområdet för denna studie behandlar konflikthantering mellan barn i förskolan. Det första syftet med studien är att belysa hur konflikter mellan barn i förskolan kan uppfattas och hanteras. Det andra syftet med studien är att beskriva några barns och pedagogers konflikthanteringsstrategier i konflikter mellan barn. Studiens metod är att utifrån en hermeneutisk forskningstradition genomföra fokusgruppsintervjuer med barn och parintervjuer med pedagoger. Därefter kopplades resultatet från intervjuerna till litteratur och forskning vi funnit inom området. Resultatet visar på att teori och empiri till stor del går att förena med varandra. Barns och pedagogers konflikthanteringsstrategier strävar efter en konstruktiv konflikthantering där ömsesidig respekt står i fokus. Pedagogerna strävar även efter att se det kompetenta barnet och försöka förstå barnperspektivet i konflikthanteringen. Resultatet visar även att det emellanåt kan finnas svårigheter med konflikthantering, men oavsett hur svårt det kan vara menar både pedagogerna och barnen att det är viktigt att bemöta konflikten, och hantera den på ett konstruktivt sätt.

Bakgrund: Konflikter är ett fenomen som förekommer i alla kontexter där individer integrerar med varandra. Konflikter har alltid funnits men synen på konflikter samt hur det hanteras har förändrats genom tiden. Konflikthantering är en viktig del i ledarskapet och är en av de viktigaste och centrala uppgifterna för en ledare. De flesta ledare ser konflikthantering som problematiskt eftersom de tycker att det är jobbigt och obehagligt att hantera konflikter på grund av rädslan för individernas reaktioner. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett samband mellan ledarskap och konflikthanteringsstrategier men det finns fortfarande en kunskapsbrist inom området. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara om det finns ett samband mellan det situationsanpassade ledarskapet och konflikthanteringsstrategierna samt om sambandet kan ge ledare större möjlighet att hantera konflikter framgångsrikt. Metod: Denna studie har en kvalitativansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med två organisationer, där en butikschef och tre medarbetare i respektive organisation intervjuades. Resultat: Denna studie har kommit fram till att det finns ett samband mellan det situationsanpassande ledarskapet och konflikthanteringsstrategier. Genom att kombinera stilarna i det situationsanpassade ledarskapet med konflikthanteringsstrategier och med hänsyn till både medarbetares och ledares åsikter kan rätt konflikthanteringsstrategi väljas, vilket också kan främja individernas utveckling. / Background: The phenomenon conflict occurs in every context where individuals integrate with each other. Conflicts have always existed but the way we see and manage them have changed through time. Conflict management is an important part of leadership. Most leaders believe conflicts are a problematic issue that is difficult to manage, because of the fear of the consequence that may appear. Previous research has shown that there is a correlation between leadership and conflict management but there is still a lack of knowledge in the field. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a correlation between the situational leadership and conflict management strategies and if it can provide leaders with greater possibilities to handle conflicts successfully. Method: This study has a qualitative approach where semi structured interviews with two organizations were made, with both of the store manager and three employees in each organization. Results: The results of this study have shown that there is a correlation between the situational leadership and conflict management strategies. Through combining the styles of the situational leadership with conflict management strategies and with regard to both employees and managers opinion and behavior can a suitable strategy be adopted, which can encourage individual growth.

With the end of Cold War international order entered into a period that is characterized by continuous crises and instability. Within this order European Union, like the rest of the world, felt the necessity of re-evaluating its policies since they realized that the current policies were not sufficient to meet the challenges of the new world order. As a consequence of this EU has been trying to develop its capabilities to conduct crisis management and conflict resolution. Besides, the EU intends to strengthen its influence in international relations. This thesis analyzes the EU&rsquo / s maturing capacities in managing the international security challenges and the impacts of those capabilities on the resolution of the complicated conflict in Cyprus. Within this framework this study begins with examining the basics of conflict study. Then it explores the role EU intends to play in international politics, the progress of the EU structure in conflict management and the related defence and security issues and the future prospects including the formation of European military capacities. Strategies and instruments of the EU for conflict management are analyzed. Finally it assesses the mediator role of EU in Cyprus. Possible strategies that the EU may apply in Cyprus are evaluated. Furthermore, thinking past experiences of crisis resolution within the EU framework, the study argues about application of the Aland and Belgium models in Cyprus case. The thesis concludes that with its capabilities and the determination for strengthening its role in conflict management, EU has a high chance for resolving Cyprus conflict &ndash / especially in the long-run- by using its creativity and flexibility against conflicted issues.

Background: Today, the construction industry faces heightened expectations in terms of environmental and economic requirements. Consequently, goal conflicts have become a persistent challenge in construction projects, necessitating efficient conflict strategies. It is therefore important to understand goal conflicts to be able to solve them before they escalate and become an issue that affects the project’s outcome. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore goal conflicts and their prioritization, as well as the factors influencing the choice of conflict management strategies, regarding environmental and economic goal conflicts. In addition, the study aims to identify the perceived hindrances to achieve more efficient conflict management.  Method: Relevant literature was analyzed to establish a theoretical foundation for the researchconducted in this report. Additionally, a methodological approach incorporating ten semistructured interviews was implemented, where thirteen respondents from private developers, public developers, and municipalities were interviewed as part of the data collection process.  Conclusion: Goal conflicts that arise tend to revolve around the challenges of implementing environmental solutions while staying within budgetary constraints, as well as deciding whose goals should be prioritized. Among the conflict management strategies, avoiding was the least mentioned approach, while compromising emerged as the most popular choice. The selection of an approach was mostly influenced by goal prioritization, hierarchical position, and resource availability. The study also identified three key barriers to effective goal conflict management: knowledge gaps, varying levels of ambition, and industry conservatism. / Bakgrund: Idag står byggbranschen inför förhöjda förväntningar när det gäller miljömässiga och ekonomiska krav. Följaktligen har målkonflikter blivit en ständig utmaning i byggprojekt, vilket kräver effektiv konflikthantering. Det är därför viktigt att förstå vilka målkonflikter som finns i byggprojekt för att hitta lösningar som förhindrar att de eskalerar och skapar problem som påverkar projektets resultat negativt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska målkonflikter och deras prioritering, samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av konflikthanteringsstrategier, avseende miljömässiga och ekonomiska målkonflikter. Dessutom syftar studien till att identifiera vilka barriärer som aktörer upplever för att uppnå effektivare konflikthantering. Metod: För att etablera en teoretisk grund för den aktuella studien analyserades relevant litteratur. Därefter tillämpades ett metodiskt tillvägagångssätt för att samla in data, vilket gjordes genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med 13 respondenter. Dessa aktörer representerade privata och kommunalt ägda fastighetsbolag, samt kommuner. Slutsats: Målkonflikter som uppstår tenderar att kretsa kring utmaningarna att implementera miljövänliga lösningar samtidigt som man håller sig inom budgetramarna, samt att besluta vilka mål som bör prioriteras. Utav konflikthanteringsstrategierna var avoiding den minst nämnda medan compromising var den mest använda. Valet av strategi påverkades mest av prioriteringar av mål, hierarkiska positioner, och tillgängliga resurser. Studien identifierade även tre primära hinder för effektiv hantering av målkonflikter: brist på kunskap, varierande ambitionsnivåer och konservatism i branschen.

I tidigare forskning beskrivs konflikthanteringsstrategierna, medlande, demokratisk och upphörande. Pedagoger anses gå för snabbt in i barns konflikter och hinner inte tänka efter hur de ska ingripa. Barnen kan då gå miste om andra kunskaper som uppkommer i olika hanteringar av konflikter. Syftet är att via intervjuer med pedagoger belysa olika strategier som används vid olika konfliktsituationer och sedan koppla dem till konflikthanteringsstrategierna. Frågeställningarna är, vad berättar pedagogerna om hur deras inställning är till barns konflikter med andra barn? Samt Hur kopplas pedagogernas hantering av barns konflikter i förskolan till medlande, demokratisk och upphörande konflikthanteringsstrategi? Teoretiska utgångspunkten är socialkonstruktionism där språket ses som en social handling och att verkligheten är socialt konstruerad samt det sociokulturella perspektivet som fokuserar på kommunikation och samspel mellan individer. Resultatet av analysen är uppdelat i tre teman, Stopp, verbal stöttning och fysisk stöttning. Slutsatsen är att när pedagogerna använder sig av upphörande strategi, får inte barnen uttrycka sina tankar och känslor. När pedagogerna använder sig av medlande och demokratisk strategi lyssnar pedagogerna på vad barnen har att säga och lyfter fram barnens tankar och känslor. Detta kan leda till att barnen får en förståelse för andras perspektiv och annan kunskap som kan konstrueras vid konflikthanteringssituationer. / This study describes conflict management strategies, mediation, democracy and cessation. Educators are considered to go too quickly into children's conflicts and do not have time to think about how to intervene. The children can then lose other knowledge that arises in different handling of conflicts. The purpose is through interviews with educators shed light on different strategies used in different conflict situations and then link them to the conflict management strategies. The questions are, what does the educators say about how their approach towards children's conflicts with other children? and how does educators ́ management of children ́s conflicts in preschool connect with mediation, democracy and cessation conflict management strategies?. The theoretical starting point is social constructionism where language is seen as a social act and that reality is socially constructed as well as the sociocultural perspective that focuses on communication and interaction between individuals. The results of the analysis are divided into three themes, stop, verbal support and physical support. The conclusion is that when educators use discontinuing strategy, children are not allowed to express their thoughts and feelings. When educators used mediation and democratic strategy, educators listen to what the children have to say and highlight the children's thoughts and feelings. This can lead to gaining and understanding of other ́s perspectives and other knowledge that can be constructed in conflict management situations.

The purpose of this study is to see the factors that shape and create the desirable child in the teachers' speech regarding conflict and conflict management. We have chosen to use discourse analysis based on social constructionism and poststructuralistic language theory to see the discourses that had an active part in the teachers' approach.  We have chosen to use Foucault's power theory to investigate what power structures and power relationships are shown in the pedagogues' speech about conflicts. We have also chosen to use Eva Johansson's study (2013) on children's perspective to investigate whose perspective is expressed in conflict management situations. To collect the empirical data, we have chosen to use qualitative interviews that we analyzed from a discourse analysis perspective. What we have found in the study is that the desirable child is created in conflicts through interconnected discourses that reacts and interacts. These discourses are based on the educators' views on conflicts, rules and the environment, and form the corners of our model which can be seen in the discussion where we highlighted this. The pursuit of the desirable and democratic child as an ideal is conveyed by the curriculum and followed by the educators. The study's results show that the educators assume a traditional view of conflicts and their management, despite attempting to approach an alternative view.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore similarities and differences between preschools in Sweden and Switzerland by focussing on how infants use nonverbal expressions in conflict situations. The target group of 1-2 year old children does not yet have an adequate verbal language and therefore has to communicate nonverbally. Watzlawick's communication theory states that a person cannot not communicate; in my study I have mainly employed the five axioms of his theory and observed the so called mirror neurons, which play a key role when humans interact. Conflict theories and conflict resolution strategies are also considered.   The methodological approach employed in this study combines a qualitative fieldwork with a quantitative systematization of data in order to construct a full representation of the differences and similarities that the observations have revealed.   The study shows that there are significant differences in the way children get into conflict situations and how they try to overcome them. In order to clarify why these differences appear, the discussion of the study includes the Swedish pre-school system with its relatively large nursery schools, and also the Swiss education system, where the reference to discipline is more pronounced than in the Swedish education system. / Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur barn använder det icke-verbala språket vid konfliktsituationer samt att göra en jämförelse mellan förskolor i Sverige och Schweiz. Detta för att utforska skillnader och likheter mellan dessa två länder. I centrum för min observation står barn i åldern 1-2 år, då denna grupp ännu inte har utvecklat ett adekvat verbalt språk och därmed behöver kommunicera på ett icke-verbalt sätt. Watzlawicks kommunikationsteori fastslår att en människa inte inte kan kommunicera och denna grundsats har störst utrymme i min studie där fokus ligger på hans fem axiom inom kommunikation. Ytterligare tas hänsyn till spegelneuroner vilka spelar en nyckelroll när människor interagerar med varandra, likaså teorier inom konflikthantering.   Den metodologiska ansatsen är en kombination av en kvalitativ fältforskning och kvantitativ systematisering av data.     Studien visar att det föreligger signifikanta skillnader mellan hur barn hamnar i och hanterar konfliktsituationer i dessa två länderna. För att förklara dessa skillnader riktas blicken mot den svenska förskoleverksamheten med relativt stora barngrupper och mot den schweiziska pedagogiken som kan konstateras vara hårdare när det gäller disciplin.