In 1998, it was proved by Ben-David and Litman that a concept space has a sample compression scheme of size $d$ if and only if every finite subspace has a sample compression scheme of size $d$. In the compactness theorem, measurability of the hypotheses of the created sample compression scheme is not guaranteed; at the same time measurability of the hypotheses is a necessary condition for learnability. In this thesis we discuss when a sample compression scheme, created from compression schemes on finite subspaces via the compactness theorem, have measurable hypotheses. We show that if $X$ is a standard Borel space with a $d$-maximum and universally separable concept class $\m{C}$, then $(X,\CC)$ has a sample compression scheme of size $d$ with universally Borel measurable hypotheses. Additionally we introduce a new variant of compression scheme called a copy sample compression scheme.

Learnability of ethics: is it possible to acquire a virtue? Key words: ethics, virtue, learning, learnability, knowledge, practice This diploma thesis is focused on the field of virtue ethics as one of the main branches of the practical philosophy and on the theme of the possibility to learn or acquire a virtue. In the introduction part, it presents the context and the basis of the theme and besides that also the fundamental criteria, by which the outcome of the thesis and the main question will be assessed. Then a general description of the main principles of the virtue ethics is introduced. The next two main chapters are devoted to the description of the approach to this kind of moral philosophy in the works of it's two most significant representatives, Plato and Aristotle. This description is held with the idea to stress those aspects of virtue, that are in connection with the possibility and forms of learning it. The next chapter brings several more examples of the opinion about both introduces conceptions from the viewpoint of the learnability of virtue. The conclusion then summarizes the described features of the virtue, in what way they connect with the idea of learnability and if they meet the criteria set at the beginning of the thesis.

The purpose of this case study is to examine how the employees perceive the usability of RISEintranet, Medarbetarportalen, and their attitude toward using it. Semi-structured interviews were used as a method to gather empirical data. A theoretical framework was made based on the selected usability components Relevance, Efficiency, and Learnability in combination with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The theoretical framework was then used to analyse the empirical findings. The study shows an overall average, with a tendency towards low attitude against the usability of the intranet.

Beside all the technical challenges concerning sensor quality and control algorithms one of the main issues related to the introduction of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) constitutes the human-machine interaction. This covers not only the physical interface between the driver and the system but also the understanding and cognitive model the driver needs to operate the system. The explorative analysis of a long-term field study of the use of ACC, was aimed at identifying characteristics of the learning process and their potential implications for conceptualising novel displays to increase, particularly in the early phases, usability and safety of the system through the adaptation of information to the drivers. The analysis of the learning aspects derived from drivers’ interaction with the system enabled the identification of learning aims for the usage of an ACC system and an objective classification of observable behaviours from which different levels of skill can be interpreted. It was concluded that by responding to the difficulties met by users in the actual situation and by adapting the information to the drivers’ experience, drivers’ learning progress could be accelerated through better comprehensibility and predictability of the system. To this aim, two innovative help-systems were conceived, implemented and evaluated in terms of drivers driving behaviour and interactions with the ACC system, in the BMW fixed-base driving simulator. A learn-adaptive, multi-modal, on-line tutor system that covered interactions with the system at every level of the driving task (Reichart, 2001) for which learning must be effectuated, was tested with 11 participants. A personalised learning model of the driver was used to relate the drivers’ prior usage of the system and his situational experience, to give the driver additional advice and explanation in order to shorten the learning period. A main effect was found between the experimental groups’ understanding of the system and in participants’ ability to predict when to reclaim control of the system, as measured by the reduction in unnecessary interventions and reduced number of panic reactions. The use of cognitive apprenticeship methods (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1993) on an online adaptation of feedback showed a positive influence on the learning process, increasing the speed of the learning process towards the acquisition of skill. The second experiment’s objective was to develop an interface that most effectively helped drivers learn to predict the need to reclaim control and the appropriate sensitivity of response in take-over situations. Drivers interactions with a didactic, two-step warning display, based on a time algorithm that was personalised to drivers maximum preferred deceleration level, was tested with 24 participants. Display effects were observed in time-to-collision, reaction times, the number of false alarms (unnecessary driver interventions) and misses (collision or near collisions). Significant differences were also found in distance error, adequate deceleration rates, panic braking and reaction times on the peripheral detection task. These results were also largely supported by the subjective measures. The proposed concepts have shown methods of reducing the ADAS learning phase and accelerating drivers behaviour to a skill level. The theoretical and empirical work described in this thesis plays an important role in deriving recommendations for systems that reduce the amount of learning demand on the driver and eliminates learnability issues that can lead to safety-critical traffic situations.

3D JavaScript frameworks are used for creating interactive 3D in web applications. There are two prominent frameworks: Babylon.js and Three.js. They are often compared to one another where performance and ease of use are mentioned as important factors.  A web developer could face choosing a 3D framework. This thesis aims to aid in that process. It investigates how Babylon.js compares to Three.js when it comes to performance such as memory use and frames per second for the end-user consuming a web app. It also investigates how they compare when it comes to ease of use for the developer in terms of initial learnability.  For the performance part, a web app with a minimalistic one box animation was created with each framework and deployed on Netlify. The web app was accessed with a browser’s developer tools to record memory and frames per second. For the ease of use part, observation sessions were made with nine developers who were tasked with getting a basic 3D model up and running locally with each framework with the official documentation as a starting point, one hour limit respectively.  Results showed that both frameworks performed equally when it came to frames per second, and Babylon.js used 2,2 MB, 46 %,  more memory. Only five out of eight or 63 % of the participants managed to implement a 3D model in Babylon.js and five out of nine or 56 %  in Three.js. Three.js scored slightly higher on ease of use than Babylon.js, but neither framework scored high on the overall scale. Participants favoured Babylon.js when asked to choose. However, almost all had a frustrating experience with both during the sessions. Performance is similar except for memory use when it comes to lightweight implementations in these frameworks. Initial learnability could be a gatekeeper. If users do not get past the first hurdle fast with quick feedback that a framework works in the most basic sense, a conceivable risk is they could give up and never use it.

This report investigates how a telecommunication company might reduce its resource usage in terms of execution time by using Rust for the decompilation of ASN.1 messages. To contrast these results and to offer insights into other factors for choosing a language, the developer experience of Rust was also studied. Interviews were conducted to get developers' input on aspects such as the learnability and ergonomics of Rust, and these were analyzed through a thematic analysis. This revealed that developers appreciated working with Rust, mainly due to its ease of use, its enforcement of good development standards, the helpfulness of the compiler, and the well-structured and understandable documentation. Two ASN.1 decompiler implementations were made, one in C++ and one in Rust. Both decompilers invoked third-party C++ functions: in Rust, this was done by first wrapping them in C. The performance of both decompilers was measured during two benchmarking sessions, between which additional optimization was performed on both. The results were then compared statistically using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test method. The first benchmarking session showed similar performance for both decompilers, despite the Rust implementation performing additional tasks by first wrapping the C++ functions in C. However, both decompilers contained unintentional copies of values in the C++ code, with the C++ decompiler containing the majority. In the second benchmarking session, the Mann-Whitney test showed that the Rust decompiler performed worse, with a mean difference of 85.19-91.36%. In practice, however, it is seldom efficient for most applications to try to optimize code to the point of being perfect. Therefore, the decompilers of the first benchmarking session are considered more representative of software in general as they had gone through a code check more like what is often performed in practice. The interview and benchmarking results together show that in practice, Rust would likely be more resource-efficient, safer and more maintainable. This is because it prevents many bugs and likely leads to more well-structured applications of higher long-term quality, that perform at a level similar to C++ implementations for applications not put under exceptional scrutiny. Still, organizations integrating Rust into their code base would need to further evaluate factors such as Rust's toolchain support and scalability as well as the potential risks of it being a newer language.

Transformers have emerged as a powerful architecture for various tasks in natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal domains. Despite their success, understanding the computational capabilities and limitations of transformers remains a challenge. This work focuses on relating transformers to deterministic finite automata (DFAs) and empirically investigates the architecture's ability to simulate DFAs of varying complexities. We empirically explore the simulation of DFAs by transformers, specifically focusing on the solvable A4-DFA and the non-solvable A5-DFA. We conduct experiments to evaluate the in-distribution and out-of-distribution accuracy of sub-linear depth transformers with positive results on both accounts. Additionally, we examine the impact of widening the transformer to find even shallower transformers for the  A4-DFA. While no significant improvements are observed compared to the sub-linear depth transformers, further exploration of hyperparameters is needed for more reliable results.

User onboarding är ett grundläggande element för SaaS-företag och onlinetjänster som vill öka sin kundkrets och att sedermera bibehålla den, då detta påvisar en plattforms värde på ett omedelbart sätt samt bevarar nya kunders engagemang. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad user onboarding i form av en interaktiv produktguide har för påverkan på en SaaS-produkts användbarhet och learnability, med en förhoppning om att bidra till en ökning i dessa. I studien har användartester och enkäter använts för att undersöka eventuella skillnader innan respektive efter implementering av onboarding-aktiviteten. Resultatet pekar mot en oförändrad grad av användbarhet och learnability rent kvantitativt, samtidigt som en positiv inställning till produktguiden och en självupplevd känsla av ökad learnability även kan ses hos användarna ur ett kvalitativt perspektiv.

Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T06:36:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_Pablo_M.pdf: 1248984 bytes, checksum: 9609dfcb9ddec33250dfdefdb367fb5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação de mestrado, o objetivo principal é refletir sobre algumas propriedades da linguagem e do processo de aquisição, tomando como ponto de partida questões que surgiram durante o processo de implementação do modelo proposto em Berwick (1985). O quadro teórico geral em que esta pesquisa se situa é o da Gramática Gerativa - na linha chomskiana - e, em particular, o modelo implementado aqui tem como principal base teórica a Gramática Transformacional (Cf. CHOMSKY, 1965). Entre as propriedades da linguagem que discutimos estão: os traços distintivos dos itens lexicais, a assimetria entre especificadores e complementos, categorias vazias e o papel da informação temática na sintaxe. A idéia subjacente que permeia as reflexões é a busca por um olhar mais abstrato sobre o conhecimento gramatical, procurando rever ou até eliminar dispositivos que, em primeiro lugar, aparecem como obstáculos significativos para o analisador e, em segundo lugar, resistem à identificação de evidências para sua aquisição, do ponto de vista do aprendiz da língua. Para atingir estes objetivos, a primeira metade do trabalho faz uma breve discussão teórica, para em seguida trazer uma apresentação razoavelmente detalhada do modelo de Berwick, incluindo exemplos de funcionamento. A segunda metade inclui a discussão dos resultados juntamente com as reflexões sobre a linguagem, procurando apontar caminhos que não apenas possam tornar o modelo de aquisição mais robusto, mas que levantem questões para investigação em teoria gramatical. Neste sentido, este trabalho - por se situar numa área multidisciplinar, a saber, a lingüística computacional - procura tornar explícitas as contribuições que esse tipo de investigação pode fazer à teoria lingüística. / Abstract: The main goal of this MA thesis is to discuss some properties of language and its acquisition process, taking as a starting point some issues that emerged during the implementation of the acquisition model proposed by Berwick (1985). Our general theoretical framework is the Generative Grammar - as proposed in Chomsky's works - and, in particular, the Transformational Grammar model (Cf. CHOMSKY, 1965). Some of the language properties discussed here involve: the set of distinctive features for lexical items, the asymmetry between specifiers and complements, empty categories and the role of thematic information in syntax. The subjacent idea surrounding the reections on language is the search for a more abstract view of the grammatical knowledge such that some of the theoretical devices can be revised or even abandoned. Two main goals drive this effort: first, the elimination of some significant obstacles in the parser's task to analyze sentences. Second, the elimination of those devices for which we cannot find proper evidence for their acquisition, considering the learner's perspective. In order to pursue these goals, in the first part of this work we set out the theoretical background for the whole discussion and give a somewhat detailed presentation of Berwick's acquisition model and examples of its functioning. In the second part we include a discussion of the results upon which the reection is built, whereby we point out some ways not only to increase the robustness of the acquisition model, but also to raise questions for further research in grammatical theory. In this sense, this work - which pertains to an interdisciplinary field, i.e, computational linguistics - tries to make explicit the contributions that this kind of investigation can offer to linguistic theory. / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Syftet med rapporten är att belysa lärbarhetsaspekten som en del av användbarhet. Diskussionen grundar sig i ett större projektarbete om BG Faktura, en produkt från Bankgirocentralen. Bankgirocentralen gav i uppdrag att ta fram metoder, testanvändare och att samordna en användbarhetsanalys på BG Faktura. För att få fram användbarhetsproblemen genomfördes ett flertal utvärderingar; en heuristisk utvärdering, en kontextanalys och empiriska användartester. Då utvärderingsmetoderna resulterade i många användbarhetsproblem skapades en prototyp med modifieringar av BG Faktura enligt de rekommendationer och förslag som kommit fram i testerna. Prototypen användartestades för att kunna göra jämförelser med tidigare resultat. Då prototypen testades bekräftades att några av de delar som modifierats fungerade bättre och ett mönster av vad som är viktigast för lärbarheten påvisades. Resultatet från examensarbetet visade att den viktigaste delen i gränssnittet som underlättar lärbarheten mest är ett bra navigationsverktyg. Konsekvens i systemet och att man använder sig av tillvägagångssätt och ikoner som användaren känner igen ger också bättre lärbarhet. Slutligen är ett väl fungerande hjälpsystem något som snabbare lär användaren hur systemet fungerar.