La disponibilité en eau exerce un contrôle majeur sur les cycles des nutriments terrestres, à travers ses impacts sur le fonctionnement des plantes et des microorganismes du sol. Les changements de magnitude et de fréquence des épisodes de pluie (c’est-à-dire les régimes de précipitations) prédits par les modèles et associés au changement climatique vont ainsi avoir des conséquences importantes sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Les écosystèmes arides et semi-arides sont particulièrement vulnérables à des changements de régime de précipitations, car ils sont déjà contraints par la disponibilité en eau. Cependant, des systèmes plus tempérés peuvent aussi être soumis à des périodes sèches qui peuvent affecter le fonctionnement plante-sol. Dans la présente thèse, les effets d’un historique de régimes de précipitations contrastés ont été étudiés dans des systèmes sol seul et plante-sol, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure plusieurs semaines de régime hydrique peuvent moduler la réponse des écosystèmes à une réhumectation lors d’un événement pluvieux important. Premièrement, nous avons évalué les effets de régimes de précipitations contrastés dans des mésocosmes de sol seul, sur les communautés bactériennes et fongiques actives et inactives dans le sol, 2 et 5 jours après réhumectation. Nous avons employé une approche de 18O-SIP (stable isotope probing), en réhumectant le sol avec H218O puis en utilisant la métagénomique ciblée sur les bactéries et champignons du sol. Deuxièmement, nous avons mis en place deux expériences séparées en mésocosmes plante-sol avec couvert de blé. La première expérience sol-plante s’est intéressée à la profondeur de sol. Nous avons évalué les effets de régimes de précipitations contrastés sur le flux de C depuis les plantes vers les microorganismes du sol ainsi que la la réponse des microorganismes à différentes profondeurs de sol (de 0 à 35 cm) en utilisant des approches de traceur isotopiques stables (13C-CO2) et 18O-SIP, respectivement. La deuxième expérience plante-sol a évalué les effets de régimes de précipitations contrastés sur la dynamique temporelle (durant 29h) de la réponse du système plante-sol à la réhumectation. En outre, deux niveaux de fertilisation azotée ont permis de déterminer l’éventuelle modulation de la réponse par la disponibilité en N dans le sol. La réponse des communautés bactériennes et fongiques potentiellement actives dans le sol a été évaluée par métagénomique ciblée. La réponse de cycles biogéochimiques a été évaluée à l’aide de traceurs isotopiques stables (13C-CO2 et 15N- NO3-) pour quantifier le flux de C des plantes vers les microorganismes du sol et déterminer la compétition plantes-microorganismes du sol au cours du temps après réhumectation.Nos résultats ont montré un contrôle du régime de précipitation sur la morphologie et physiologie des plantes, les communautés microbiennes du sol ainsi que sur le cycle de l’azote du sol dans nos systèmes. En particulier, des régimes de précipitations peu fréquentes (cycles de périodes sèches longues suivies de périodes de pluie plus importantes) se sont traduits par une augmentation des potentiels de transformation de l’azote dans le sol et une réduction des stocks d’azote minéral dans le sol. Ceci a façonné l’environnement de la réponse de nos systèmes à la réhumectation, que nous avons évaluée en déterminant les dynamiques du C (couplage plantes-microbes et émissions de CO2 du sol), de l’azote du sol (compétition plantes-microorganismes du sol pour le N et émissions de N2O) et de la composition des communautés microbiennes du sol (bactéries et champignons actifs et potentiellement actifs) après réhumectation (...). / Water availability governs terrestrial nutrient cycles by impacting the functioning of both plants and of soil microorganisms. The predicted changes in precipitation patterns (i.e. the magnitude and frequency of precipitation events) associated with climate change, will thus likely have important consequences on ecosystem functioning. Dry and seasonally dry ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to changes in precipitation patterns, as they are already constrained to a large extent by water availability. However, more mesic systems may also experience dry periods that may impact plant-soil functions. In this thesis, experiments in soil-only systems and plant-soil systems were used to gain insight into how the legacy effects of several weeks of exposure to contrasted precipitation patterns set the scene for the rewetting response of the system. First, in an experiment using soil-only mesocosms, we evaluated the effects of contrasting precipitation regimes on the actively growing as well as the inactive bacterial and fungal communities 2 and 5 days after rewetting, using an 18O-SIP (stable isotope probing) approach by applying H218O followed by metagenomics targeting soil bacteria and fungi. Second, we performed two separate and complementary experiments using plant-soil mesocosms with wheat plant cover. The first plant-soil experiment focused on soil depth. It determined the effects of contrasting precipitation patterns on the flux of C from plants to microbes and the microbial response to rewetting at different soil depths, using a heavy isotope tracer approach (13C-CO2) and 18O-SIP with metagenomics respectively. The second plant-soil experiment evaluated the effects of a history of contrasting precipitation patterns on the dynamics of the rewetting response of the plant-soil system over time (over 29 hours post-rewetting). In addition, two levels of N inputs allowed to determine how N availability modulated plant-soil responses. The response of the potentially active soil bacterial and fungal communities to rewetting was assessed using targeted metagenomics. The responses of biogeochemical cycles were evaluated using heavy isotope tracers (13C-CO2 and 15N-NO3-) to quantify C flux from plants to soil microorganisms and plant-microbial competition for N over time post-rewetting.We found that precipitation patterns shaped plant morphology and physiology, microbial community composition as well as soil N cycling in our systems, which set contrasting scenes for the rewetting responses in our systems. In particular, infrequent precipitation patterns (cycles of longer dry periods followed by larger magnitude rain events) resulted in increased microbial N transformation potentials and smaller inorganic N pools. The rewetting responses were determined by evaluating C dynamics (plant-microbial coupling and soil CO2 efflux rate), N dynamics (plant-microbial competition for N and soil N2O efflux rate) and microbial dynamics (composition of active and potentially active bacterial and fungal communities after rewetting). First, we found that plant-microbial coupling (i.e the microbial assimilation of C from fresh photosynthate) may be reduced under more infrequent precipitation patterns, especially near the soil surface, and under conditions of low N availability. Our findings also suggest that whilst in soil-only systems, dead microbial cells appear to be a major source fuelling soil CO2 efflux pulse upon rewetting, in plant-soil systems root respiration plays an important role in the magnitude of the CO2 efflux upon rewetting. Second, concerning soil N dynamics, we found, in concurrence with previous studies, that soil microorganisms were the stronger competitor for N over short time scales, likely due to their overall fast response rates and high affinity for substrate, whilst plants outcompeted soil microbes for soil N assimilation, over longer time scales likely taking advantage of the fast microbial turnover (...).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22630号 / 理博第4619号 / 新制||理||1664(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中野 伸一, 教授 酒井 章子, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Orientador: José Carlos Marques / Resumo: Em 2016 os Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos foram realizados no Brasil, o primeiro país da América do Sul a receber essas competições, as quais contaram com a participação de aproximadamente 15 mil atletas de mais de 200 países. O conceito de sustentabilidade foi muito utilizado na divulgação das Olimpíadas de 2016 como uma das maneiras de justificar o investimento que foi realizado, principalmente, ao afirmar que as benfeitorias ficariam como legado para a população, contribuindo para a inclusão social, o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida dos moradores da capital carioca e de todo o Brasil. Mesmo antes do início das competições já era possível notar que algumas das promessas ficariam apenas no papel, pois não puderam ser concluídas para a realização dos Jogos no país. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como a sustentabilidade foi utilizada pelo Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro, especificamente nos Jogos Olímpicos, em sua estratégia de comunicação, para transmitir a ideia de que os jogos seriam sustentáveis e deixariam um legado positivo para a população. Como metodologia foi utilizada uma pesquisa de campo nos locais onde ocorreram as competições e a Análise de Conteúdo das matérias publicadas no site oficial dos Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 por meio do Portal Abraça Sustentabilidade e da transmissão televisiva da Cerimônia de Abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos realizada pela emissora Rede Globo. / Abstract: In 2016, the Olympic and Paralympic Games were held in Brazil, the first country in South Amer-ica to host these competitions, which were attended by approximately 15,000 athletes from more than 200 countries. The concept of sustainability was widely used in the disclosure of the 2016 Olympics as one of the ways to justify the investment that was made, mainly, by stating that the improvements would remain a legacy for the population, contributing to social inclusion, well-being and the quality of life of residents of the capital of Rio de Janeiro and of all of Brazil. Even before the start of the competitions, it was already possible to notice that some of the promises would remain only on paper, as they could not be concluded for the Games in the country. The objective of the research is to analyze how sustainability was used by the Brazilian Olympic Committee, specifically at the Olympic Games, in its communication strategy, to convey the idea that the games would be sustainable and leave a positive legacy for the population. As a method-ology, a field research was used in the places where the competitions took place and the Content Analysis of the articles published on the official website of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games through the Abraça Sustentabilidade Portal and the television broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games held by the broadcaster Rede Globo. / Doutor

The documented legacy of South African architect Norman Musgrave Eaton (1902– 1966), as preserved at the University of Pretoria, provides the material for a contemporary analysis and extrapolation of his domestic oeuvre through the construction of a biographical-disciplinary context and chronology. Why and how Eaton’s domestic architecture expresses its lineage of forms, space, material, and detail are explored in this study. Eaton’s architectural oeuvre demonstrates a rare encounter between the Modern Movement and Africa. The residential architecture of Eaton, he being based in Pretoria, draws strongly on the African monumental past, while denoting both a regional and universal consciousness. Local influences are drawn from diverse sources: Cape Dutch architecture, Great Zimbabwe, Eastern Africa and the unselfconscious architectural endeavours of the Ndebele. Through the systematization of his records, the researcher is able to set up a biography within context in order to capture the critical moments in Eaton’s development and his designer’s mind. The chronological study of his domestic drawings further allows for the tracing of African and other influences in relation to his travels and their translation into architectural expression. Typological plan compositions and motifs emerge with clarity to aid in providing a critical appraisal of his domestic work. / Dissertation (MArch)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Architecture / Unrestricted

This dissertation grapples with the making of identity in contemporary Tshwane, South Africa. Through this discourse, a number of issues, informants & responses are identified & developed as means of extracting identity from a cosmopolitan society. This extrapolation is undertaken as a means of reinvigorating the chosen study area as active public space, playing a role in informing both public & cultural discourse. At this dissertation's conclusion, a unique architectural response will be presented, dealing with issues such as identity, memory, globalisation, & context. In grappling with these issues, this dissertation will add to a contextual architectural discourse concerning the public realm, & cultural interactions in South Africa. / Die skripsie probeer die kwessie rondom die skepping van identiteit in kontemporêre Tshwane, Suid Afrika, behandel. Deur die ondersoek van die bogenoemde kwessie, word veeltallige probleme, insigte en reaksies geidentifiseer en ontwikkel,om deur sulke wyse identiteit vanuit die kosmopolitaanse gemeenskap te identifiseer. Deur wyse van hierdie ekstrapolasie word die heraktivering van die verkose studie area as n aktiewe publieke ruimte ondersoek, asook die rol wat dit speel daarin om publike en kulturele ruimtes te beinvloed deur verhandeling. Die slot van hierdie skripsie sal n unieke argitektoniese reaksie uitbeeld, wat die kwessies van identiteit, nagedagtenis, globalisering en kontektualiteit aanspreek. Deur die verhandeling van die bogenoemde kwessies, sal die skripsie n bydrae lewer tot die kontektuele argitektoniese gesprek rondom die publieke ryk en kulturele wisselwerking en interaksie in hedendaagse Suid Afrika. / Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Identitäts ndung im zeitgenössischen Tshwane, Südafrika. Durch diesen Diskurs werden eine Reihe von emen, Informanten und Antworten identi ziert und als Mittel entwickelt, um Identität aus einer kosmopolitischen Gesellschaft herauszuholen. Diese Extrapolation dient der Wiederbelebung des gewählten Untersuchungsgebietes als aktiver ö¨entlicher Raum und spielt in dem Sinne eine Rolle den ö¨entlichen und kulturellen Diskurs zu informieren. Am Ende dieser Dissertation wird eine einzigartige architektonische Antwort präsentiert, die sich mit emen wie Identität, Gedächtnis, Globalisierung und Kontext befasst. Diese Dissertation wird zu einem kontextuellen architektonischen Diskurs über den ö¨entlichen Bereich und kulturelle Interaktionen in Südafrika beitragen. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Mamelodi still remains captive in the spatial legacy of Apartheid. With long travel times and virtually no employment opportunities in Mamelodi, the status quo is difficult for inhabitants to deal with. Economic theory suggests that industrial programmes employ the largest number of people, and are the most effective ways to grow the economy. Additionally, workers for industrial jobs rarely require intricate training or education, creating the ideal platform for entry level jobs. A theoretical investigation looked at the validity of functionalism for an industrial programme, but found it lacking. Critics charged functionalism with not considering all the functions a building serves unintentionally, which led to an additional layer of theory being added to the process. This was critical regionalism, selected for being contextually sensitive and appropriate whilst remaining grounded and practical about modernity. Precedents looked at the spaces Industries in Mamelodi used and the spaces international industries use, taking lessons from that. A site was chosen and analysed, and all the research was distilled into four drivers: Industry, Railway link, Level Change, and Modularity. This is quickly developed into a concept of creating an energy conduit, as a means to transfer the vigourous energy of Mamelodi to the outside world. And this finally led to a design. Located on a steep hillside, the design negotiates some steep conditions and staggers a bunch of separate buildings over the site. Breaking the monolith, these buildings also create intimate public spaces in-between, that become populated with the happenings of everyday life. Four chimney towers serve as beacons, and create small thermally comfortable spots in the public spaces. Shading devices extend indoor programs into the public realm, trying to blur the threshold between them. The building is adaptable, allowing materials to be re-used on a new location, and follows a strict grid and modular. This allows for the easy expansion and changing of spaces, as businesses should require. Further, pooling resources together allows the industries far greater access to services, systems and resources than they would be capable of acquiring on their own. And lastly, the central location with the railway and road links the industries not only with their employees but also to potential markets, allowing for greater profit and more sustainable economic empowerment. This dissertation shows a method for bringing economic empowerment to Mamelodi, using industrial programmes that share resources. It is possible to do this in a contextually sensitive way, without compromising on the quality of the spaces. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

How does the organizational legacy of a rebel group affect its ability to survive within a conflict? I theorize that adopting the institutional structure from a parent organization can strengthen the rebel group’s ability to resist the government. By drawing upon literature that identifies how such a pre-established structure is complementary to, or serves as a substitute for an informal system of social control, I posit that rebel groups emerging from a pre-existing organization are less likely to get militarily defeated by the government than rebel groups without a parent organization. I test this hypothesis empirically by using the FORGE dataset that identifies not only whether rebel groups emerge from pre-existing organizations, but also from which type of parent organization. I find that only rebel groups with a pre-existing parent organization that has an institutional base pre-designed to resist repression from the government in order to avoid their militarily defeat have positive implications on rebel groups’ durability. In contrast, rebel groups that emerged from the military and non-military faction of the government are found to be more prone to a militarily defeat by its parent.

The thesis focuses on mother tongue education in The Gambia, attempting to analyse factors affecting its implementation in public lower basic schools across the country. The work is based on a field study investigating the strategies and the controversies behind multilingual education, with reference to a project launched in 2015 and aimed at the introduction of the seven Gambian national languages beside English

Background. Archiving of legacy information systems is challenging. When no options exist for extracting the information in a structured way, the last resort is to save the database. Optimally only the information that is relevant should be saved and the rest of the information could be removed. Objectives. The goal is to develop a method for assisting the archivist in the process of culling a database before archiving. The method should be described as rules defining how the tables can be identified.Methods. To get an overview of how the process works today and what archivists think can be improved, a number of interviews with experts in database archiving is done. The results from the interviews are then analysed, together with test databases to define rules that can be used in a general case. The rules are then implemented in a prototype that is tested and evaluated to verify if the method works. Results. The results point to the algorithm being both faster and able to exclude more irrelevant tables than a person could do with the manual method. An algorithm for finding candidate keys has also been improved to decrease the number of tests and execution time in the worst case. Conclusions. The evaluation shows results that point to the method working as intended while resulting in less work for the archivist. More work should be done on this method to improve it further.

This research developed a novel workflow for combining different types and scales of data to understand the development of small, steep, and sheltered glacial forefields across space and time using the Avalanche glacier of the Selkirk Range, BC as a case study. As glaciers recede, symbiotic geomorphological and ecological feedback loops determine the ecological succession in recently deglaciated terrain, which can in turn effect landform stability and water quality downstream. In order to describe emergent land cover patterns in the forefield, this research uses Corenbilt’s (2007) fluvial biogeomorphic succession (FBS) framework to interpret a century of land cover changes. To do so, an experimental protocol was developed that combined remotely sensed data – repeat photographs, historic air photographs, satellite imagery, and digital elevation models – and data collected in-situ using a photo transect method. Analysis of more than a century of photographs determined that the Avalanche glacier is receding at a slower rate than has been observed in the region’s larger glaciers, subsequently leading to a slower rate of forefield habitat expansion. Still, all four stages of fluvial biogeomorphological succession were found across the Avalanche glacier’s forefield. It was found that in the Avalanche forefield, terrain age seems to place a limit on which successional stage is possible at any given location within the forefield, but topographic features like slope angle seemed to influence succession patterns within areas that had the same terrain age. Further research is needed to see whether these findings are consistent for similar steep, small, and sheltered glaciers in the region. / Graduate