Managers in federal executive branch agencies administer public programs and policies in a complex legal environment. To assist managers, each agency has an organization that is responsible for providing them legal advice, typically called an "Office of the General Counsel" (OGC). Existing literature from public administration and administrative law has addressed, to varying degrees, what OGC lawyers do or ought to do, but has primarily focused on providing legal advice, not obtaining it. This discrete literature is disconnected from major streams in public administration. The purpose of this study was to update and extend the literature by exploring managers' and lawyers' perceptions of the role of managers as advisees of OGC. This study made managers the focal point of exploration and used concepts from organizational role theory to clarify the term "role" and highlight the structural and interactional elements of the manager's part in the manager-lawyer relationship. Four research questions guided this study by inquiring about the expectations managers and lawyers have regarding: (1) the organizational arrangement for obtaining legal advice; (2) decision making in the context of obtaining legal advice; (3) the closeness of their working relationship; and (4) being a "client" of OGC in the context of obtaining legal advice. Data were collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 practitioners (14 managers; six lawyers). This study found that managers and lawyers preferred to remain separate from each other in the agency because of the expectation that managers obtain and lawyers provide objective legal advice. Regarding decision making, managers and lawyers expected managers to make decisions in the sense of seeking guidance from OGC rather than permission, being comfortable questioning legal advice, and choosing among options and alternatives; although, lawyers indicated some managers prefer not making decisions. The expectation of making decisions in the sense of choosing whether to follow legal advice remains contested among managers; among lawyers, they expect managers to consider legal advice and decide whether to follow it. Managers and lawyers expected to have a close working relationship marked by assistance with formulating legal questions and full disclosure of information. As for expectations associated with being a "client" of OGC, managers' and lawyers' expectations diverged on what being a "client" of OGC entails. Managers viewed themselves as clients, but associated the term "client" with customer service; lawyers, on the other hand, viewed managers as clients provided their interests are aligned with the agency's interests. Beyond exploring the role of managers when obtaining legal advice, this study's focus on the interaction between managers and lawyers within a federal agency suggests a way connecting public law more directly to public management, as well as extending insights from governance to activities inside an agency. / Ph. D.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é contribuir para a prática da(o) jurista e militante em ocupações urbanas brasileiras com chaves interpretativas teórico-metodológicas, a partir de análises emergentes da assessoria jurídica popular com moradoras e moradores de favelas em Ribeirão Preto. Enquanto um processo permanente de sistematização de experiências, a finalidade desta pesquisa foi de extrair aprendizados, de modo a refinar algumas hipóteses e análises sobre a realidade vivenciada. Busca-se intercambiar saberes, os quais têm sido úteis para compreender a realidade em suas múltiplas determinações, e para aprimorar a prática profissional-militante. A partir de uma abordagem materialista histórico dialética e do pensamento crítico latino-americano, problematiza-se a tradição jurídica brasileira diante dos conflitos fundiários brasileiros. Por alternativas, e com fundamento nas teorias críticas do direito e das discussões do campo da pedagogia social, discute-se uma atuação jurídica em defesa de um projeto de sociedade mais justo, aqui entendido como aquele que parte das contradições da prática social e que assume posição ao lado dos sujeitos oprimidos. Indissociável de uma prática militante, situamos esta investigação científica e investigadora, e a construção dos conhecimentos decorrentes, a partir de uma epistemologia feminista e anti-racista, enfatizando a importância da dialética nas relações totalidade/particularidade, subjetividade/coletividade, em favor de uma honestidade científica e das humanidades historicamente negadas. Adota-se como marco teórico-filosófico o pensamento de Walter Benjamin, e através de uma lógica narrativa, espera-se fomentar reflexões sobre as potencialidades das práticas de educação popular diante do empobrecimento da experiência na modernidade. Ao destacarmos a função memória, em sua espacialidade e temporalidade, a intenção é contribuir para ações que interrompam o curso da história em direção às ruínas do progresso, para que os mortos do passado sejam redimidos, e os vencidos do presente, libertos. / The main objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the practice of jurists and activists in Brazilian urban occupations with theoretical and methodological interpretative keys, based on emerging analyzes of popular legal advice with residents of favelas in Ribeirão Preto. As a permanent process of systematization of experiences, the purpose of this research was to extract learning, in order to refine some hypotheses and analyzes about the reality experienced. It seeks an exchanging of knowledge, which has been useful to understand reality in its multiple determinations, and to enhance professional-militant activities. From a historical-dialetical materialist approach and from a critical Latin American perspective, confronting the Brazilian juridical tradition on dealing with Brazilian land conflicts. For alternatives, and based on the critical theories of law and discussions in the field of social pedagogy, a legal action is argued in defense of a more just society project, here understood as one that emerges from the contradictions of social practice and which assumes position with oppressed subjects. Indissociable from a militant practice, we situate this scientific and investigative research, and the construction of the resulting knowledge, from a feminist and anti-racist epistemology view, emphasizing the importance of the dialectic in the relations totality / particularity, subjectivity / collectivity, in favor of scientific honesty and historically denied humanities. It is adopted as a theoretical-philosophical framework the thought of Walter Benjamin, and through a narrative logic, it is hoped to foster reflections on the potentialities of popular education practices facing the impoverishment of the experience in modernity. As we remark the function of memory, in its spatiality and temporality, the intention is to contribute to actions that interrupt the course of history toward the ruins of progress, so that the dead of the past are redeemed, and the vanquished of the present, freed.

O presente estudo analisa as práticas em assessoria jurídica universitária, problematizando a experiência d@s trabalhadoræs do grupo G8-Generalizando (G8-G) do Serviço de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SAJU-UFRGS) que trabalha com direitos de gênero. O estudo investiga como a prática de assessoria jurídica universitária se coloca enquanto uma ética que potencializa a produção de uma estética de amizade entre @s trabalhadoræs do G8-G. A estratégia metodológica utilizada é a intervenção fotográfica, inserida no âmbito da psicologia social e da pesquisa-intervenção, tendo por base o acompanhamento do grupo e utilizando-se de ferramentas oriundas da Análise Institucional. A intervenção fotográfica possibilita a análise das dizibilidades e visibilidades presentes no G8-G utilizando-se das ferramentas de análise de implicação, diário de pesquisa, restituição e oficinas de fotografia. A intervenção fotográfica baseia-se no conceito de ato fotográfico onde não só as imagens são importantes, mas todo o processo envolvido no produzir, olhar, contemplar, pensar e lidar com as fotografias. As discussões provocadas pela intervenção, analisadas à luz das noções de sujeito, ética e estética em Michel Foucault e que embasam o conceito de estética da amizade, indicam o G8-G enquanto um coletivo em fluxo composto por movimentos produtores de subjetividade, sendo estes movimentos a assessoria, o gênero e as disciplinas. As experiências do G8-G se configuram como práticas de si onde um trabalho de si sobre si mesmo se coloca enquanto um trabalho ético que aponta na direção de uma estética da amizade que convoca outras maneiras de operar em assessoria jurídica universitária, através da horizontalização, descentralização, parceria, lidando com a complexidade e instabilidade na direção de uma singularização do trabalho e de uma composição da vida como uma obra de arte. / This study examines the practices in university legal counsel, questioning the experience of Generalizing Group-G8 (G8-G) workers of the Office of Legal Counsel of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS-SAJU) working with gender rights. The study investigates how the practice of university legal counsel arises as an ethic that enhances the production of an aesthetic of friendship between G8-G workers. The methodological approach is photographic intervention, embedded within social psychology and research intervention, based on monitoring the group and using tools derived from the institutional analysis. The photographic intervention allows the analysis of what is utterable and visibilities present in G8-G using the tools of analysis of implication, research diary, restoration and photography workshops. The photographic intervention is based on the concept of the photographic act where not only the images are important, but the entire process involved in producing, looking, contemplating, thinking and dealing with the photographs. Discussions provoked by the intervention, analyzed in the light of the notions of self, ethics and aesthetics in Foucault and which embody the concept of aesthetics of friendship, indicate G8-G as a collective in flow composed of movements that produce subjectivity, being these movements advice, gender and disciplines. G8-G experiences are configured as a practice where a work by itself on itself stands as a work ethic that points towards an aesthetic of friendship that summons other ways to operate in university legal counsel, by flattening, decentralization, partnership, dealing with the complexity and instability towards a singularity of the paper and a composition of life as a work of art.

O presente estudo analisa as práticas em assessoria jurídica universitária, problematizando a experiência d@s trabalhadoræs do grupo G8-Generalizando (G8-G) do Serviço de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SAJU-UFRGS) que trabalha com direitos de gênero. O estudo investiga como a prática de assessoria jurídica universitária se coloca enquanto uma ética que potencializa a produção de uma estética de amizade entre @s trabalhadoræs do G8-G. A estratégia metodológica utilizada é a intervenção fotográfica, inserida no âmbito da psicologia social e da pesquisa-intervenção, tendo por base o acompanhamento do grupo e utilizando-se de ferramentas oriundas da Análise Institucional. A intervenção fotográfica possibilita a análise das dizibilidades e visibilidades presentes no G8-G utilizando-se das ferramentas de análise de implicação, diário de pesquisa, restituição e oficinas de fotografia. A intervenção fotográfica baseia-se no conceito de ato fotográfico onde não só as imagens são importantes, mas todo o processo envolvido no produzir, olhar, contemplar, pensar e lidar com as fotografias. As discussões provocadas pela intervenção, analisadas à luz das noções de sujeito, ética e estética em Michel Foucault e que embasam o conceito de estética da amizade, indicam o G8-G enquanto um coletivo em fluxo composto por movimentos produtores de subjetividade, sendo estes movimentos a assessoria, o gênero e as disciplinas. As experiências do G8-G se configuram como práticas de si onde um trabalho de si sobre si mesmo se coloca enquanto um trabalho ético que aponta na direção de uma estética da amizade que convoca outras maneiras de operar em assessoria jurídica universitária, através da horizontalização, descentralização, parceria, lidando com a complexidade e instabilidade na direção de uma singularização do trabalho e de uma composição da vida como uma obra de arte. / This study examines the practices in university legal counsel, questioning the experience of Generalizing Group-G8 (G8-G) workers of the Office of Legal Counsel of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS-SAJU) working with gender rights. The study investigates how the practice of university legal counsel arises as an ethic that enhances the production of an aesthetic of friendship between G8-G workers. The methodological approach is photographic intervention, embedded within social psychology and research intervention, based on monitoring the group and using tools derived from the institutional analysis. The photographic intervention allows the analysis of what is utterable and visibilities present in G8-G using the tools of analysis of implication, research diary, restoration and photography workshops. The photographic intervention is based on the concept of the photographic act where not only the images are important, but the entire process involved in producing, looking, contemplating, thinking and dealing with the photographs. Discussions provoked by the intervention, analyzed in the light of the notions of self, ethics and aesthetics in Foucault and which embody the concept of aesthetics of friendship, indicate G8-G as a collective in flow composed of movements that produce subjectivity, being these movements advice, gender and disciplines. G8-G experiences are configured as a practice where a work by itself on itself stands as a work ethic that points towards an aesthetic of friendship that summons other ways to operate in university legal counsel, by flattening, decentralization, partnership, dealing with the complexity and instability towards a singularity of the paper and a composition of life as a work of art.

O presente estudo analisa as práticas em assessoria jurídica universitária, problematizando a experiência d@s trabalhadoræs do grupo G8-Generalizando (G8-G) do Serviço de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SAJU-UFRGS) que trabalha com direitos de gênero. O estudo investiga como a prática de assessoria jurídica universitária se coloca enquanto uma ética que potencializa a produção de uma estética de amizade entre @s trabalhadoræs do G8-G. A estratégia metodológica utilizada é a intervenção fotográfica, inserida no âmbito da psicologia social e da pesquisa-intervenção, tendo por base o acompanhamento do grupo e utilizando-se de ferramentas oriundas da Análise Institucional. A intervenção fotográfica possibilita a análise das dizibilidades e visibilidades presentes no G8-G utilizando-se das ferramentas de análise de implicação, diário de pesquisa, restituição e oficinas de fotografia. A intervenção fotográfica baseia-se no conceito de ato fotográfico onde não só as imagens são importantes, mas todo o processo envolvido no produzir, olhar, contemplar, pensar e lidar com as fotografias. As discussões provocadas pela intervenção, analisadas à luz das noções de sujeito, ética e estética em Michel Foucault e que embasam o conceito de estética da amizade, indicam o G8-G enquanto um coletivo em fluxo composto por movimentos produtores de subjetividade, sendo estes movimentos a assessoria, o gênero e as disciplinas. As experiências do G8-G se configuram como práticas de si onde um trabalho de si sobre si mesmo se coloca enquanto um trabalho ético que aponta na direção de uma estética da amizade que convoca outras maneiras de operar em assessoria jurídica universitária, através da horizontalização, descentralização, parceria, lidando com a complexidade e instabilidade na direção de uma singularização do trabalho e de uma composição da vida como uma obra de arte. / This study examines the practices in university legal counsel, questioning the experience of Generalizing Group-G8 (G8-G) workers of the Office of Legal Counsel of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University (UFRGS-SAJU) working with gender rights. The study investigates how the practice of university legal counsel arises as an ethic that enhances the production of an aesthetic of friendship between G8-G workers. The methodological approach is photographic intervention, embedded within social psychology and research intervention, based on monitoring the group and using tools derived from the institutional analysis. The photographic intervention allows the analysis of what is utterable and visibilities present in G8-G using the tools of analysis of implication, research diary, restoration and photography workshops. The photographic intervention is based on the concept of the photographic act where not only the images are important, but the entire process involved in producing, looking, contemplating, thinking and dealing with the photographs. Discussions provoked by the intervention, analyzed in the light of the notions of self, ethics and aesthetics in Foucault and which embody the concept of aesthetics of friendship, indicate G8-G as a collective in flow composed of movements that produce subjectivity, being these movements advice, gender and disciplines. G8-G experiences are configured as a practice where a work by itself on itself stands as a work ethic that points towards an aesthetic of friendship that summons other ways to operate in university legal counsel, by flattening, decentralization, partnership, dealing with the complexity and instability towards a singularity of the paper and a composition of life as a work of art.

This Master's thesis deals with the Internet start-up companies' topic, their lifecycle and possible application of the classical business plan theory. The aim of the thesis is to describe the lifecycle of an internet start-up company from its early plan-ning phase, market research, to its business strategy statement. The aim is to provide a brief tutorial on planning and realization of an internet project too. To give advices and provide experiences, which have been gained during writing the thesis. This work brings to the reader a confrontation of a classical business plan with the entire internet project. It also aims to certify viability of the particular internet start-up idea mainly thanks to a wide research on the public's and attorneys' side of the market. Practical part of the thesis brings up an idea of the particular internet start-up company "Free Advice" and its business model, market research on this project, public's and attorneys' interest, initial phase and the beginning of the realisation of the project. Goals were achieved through practical work on the first three phases of the business plan. The author's added value is mainly in application of theoretical premises of the business plan to the concrete business idea. This will allow other entrepreneurs to easily implement the business plan theory to an internet project in order to justify its meaningfulness. The achieved results can be used in order to realise this particular idea and to get necessary funds.

La delincuencia organizada es un problema que afecta a nivel mundial, y se ha convertido en una amenaza para la seguridad de diversos países. En el Perú, en específico, se han visto involucrados abogados, en el asesoramiento jurídico ilegal a organizaciones criminales, debido a la necesidad de estas de contar con asesoría legal para llevar a cabo sus actividades delictivas de manera más efectiva y evitar ser detectados por las autoridades. Aunado a ello, la falta de regulación y control en el ejercicio de la abogacía permite que algunos abogados se involucren en actividades ilegales sin ser detectados. En este contexto, la tesis "¿Cómo incorporar el asesoramiento jurídico ilegal como causal configuradora en el delito de Organización Criminal?" propone una modificación legislativa del artículo 317° del Código Penal, para incorporar el asesoramiento jurídico ilegal como causal configuradora del delito de Organización Criminal. La metodología utilizada en la tesis se basa en la revisión bibliográfica y documental, y en el análisis de casuística nacional de asesoramiento jurídico ilegal a organizaciones criminales. Los resultados más relevantes incluyen la identificación de supuestos de asesoramiento jurídico ilegal en Perú, considerando los elementos requeridos por la Ley N° 30077, y la argumentación sólida para su incorporación como causal configurada del delito de Organización Criminal. Estos hallazgos buscan fortalecer el sistema legal y proteger la integridad de la profesión legal en la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada en el país. / Organized crime is a global issue that has become a threat to the security of various countries. In Peru, specifically, lawyers have been involved in providing illegal legal advice to criminal organizations due to the need for these groups to have legal guidance to carry out their illegal activities more effectively and avoid detection by authorities. Additionally, the lack of regulation and control in the practice of law allows some lawyers to engage in illegal activities without being detected. In this context, the thesis "How to incorporate illegal legal advice as an establishing factor in the crime of Criminal Organization" proposes a legislative amendment to Article 317 of the Penal Code to include illegal legal advice as an establishing factor for the crime of Criminal Organization. The methodology used in the thesis is based on bibliographical and documentary review and the analysis of national cases of illegal legal advice to criminal organizations. The most relevant results include the identification of cases of illegal legal advice in Peru, considering the elements required by Law No. 30077, and a strong argument for its incorporation as an establishing factor for the crime of Criminal Organization. These findings aim to strengthen the legal system and protect the integrity of the legal profession in the fight against organized crime in the country.

En el presente proyecto de tesis se desarrolló una propuesta de software para la “Defensoría del Pueblo” que es un organismo autónomo encargado de defender los derechos fundamentales, supervisar los deberes de la administración estatal y la eficiencia en la prestación de servicios públicos a nivel nacional. En la actualidad, ante la coyuntura de la emergencia sanitaria y la cuarentena obligatoria gran parte de la atención a los ciudadanos se realiza de manera remota con asesoramiento a distancia, la organización se ha planteado aplicar la Transformación Digital en gran parte de sus procesos para facilitar la atención a los ciudadanos de manera automatizada y en tiempo real. Se ha detectado que existe la perdida de información de los plazos de las sentencias, la información de los casos se encuentra descentralizada y existe demora en las consultas en el sistema del Poder Judicial. Este proyecto optimiza el proceso de “Seguimientos de Procesos Jurídicos” automatizando las actividades para que sean eficientes, lo cual permite aumentar la atención de los casos dentro de los plazos mediante una solución web, repositorio de base de datos centralizada y la utilización de notificaciones push para alertar a los asesores de la emisión de sentencias. Con los prototipos presentados a la organización permitirá proyectarse en la navegación del sistema y de interfaz amigable e intuitiva, asimismo, las comunicaciones con sistemas externos se realizarán por medio de API de servicios; esto beneficiará a la organización y estará alineado al objetivo estratégico de “Modernización de la Gestión Institucional”. / In this thesis project, a software proposal was developed for the “Defensoría del Pueblo” which is an autonomous entity in charge of defending fundamental rights, supervising the state administration´s duties, and the efficiency in the provision of public services at the national level. Nowadays, given the situation of the health emergency and the mandatory quarantine, much part of the attention to citizens is carried out remotely with distance advice, the organization has considered applying Digital Transformation most part of its processes to facilitate the attention to the citizens in an automated way and real-time. It has been detected that there is an information loss on the terms of judgments, the information of cases is decentralized, and exists a delay of consultations in the Judicial Power system. This project optimizes the process of "Legal processes follow-up" automating activities to be efficient, which allows increasing the attention of cases within the deadlines through a web solution, centralized database repository, and the use of push notifications. to alert the assessors of judgments issuance. With the prototypes presented to the organization, it will allow to project itself in the navigation of the system and of a friendly and intuitive interface, also, communications with external systems will be carried out through API services; this will benefit the organization also it´ll be aligned with the strategic objective of "Modernization of Institutional Management". / Tesis