In a sport like professional boxing where the infliction of bodily harm on one’s opponent is the primary objective of both the participants, it is therefore not surprising that the risk of serious bodily injury (and even death) is omnipresent within the square ring that these modern-day gladiators ply their fistic trade. At the same time, those who control, organise and officiate these contests, as well as those who prepare the combatants for battle, often do so oblivious of the daunting legal risks that stalk them whilst they do so. This research study explores these legal risks in the context of the applicable laws and the respective roles performed by each of these role players. Whilst the research study has a South African focus, it also briefly examines the corresponding laws in the State of New York and the United Kingdom, with a view to using same as a comparative basis for making recommendations on how these legal risks can be averted and/or mitigated in South Africa. Although this research study reveals that few of these role players escape the net of potential liability posed by these legal risks, the recommendations that are made in this research study should hopefully provide some comfort to them, if those recommendations were to be adopted and implemented. / Dissertation (LLM (Research))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Procedural Law / LLM (Research) / Unrestricted

Consacrée à la fin du 19ème siècle, la perte de chance n'est autre qu'un préjudice visant à réparer 1 disparition de la probabilité de constater la réalisation d'un évènement favorable. Synonyme du hasard quand elle est employée au singulier mais synonyme de probabilité lorsqu'elle est plurielle la chance est encadrée par le droit. La perte de chance constitue un préjudice réparable dès lors que la victime du comportement dommageable démontre la réunion de certaines conditions de fond. A cet effet, la question de la causalité semble retenir une attention toute particulière. Le lien de causalité doit s'établir entre le comportement répréhensible et la perte de chance. Ainsi, le préjudice de perte de chance dispose d'une causalité autonome et ne saurait se confondre avec le dommage intégral. Par ailleurs, la chance doit être « réelle et sérieuse » pour être réparable, excluant ainsi toutes les chances faibles de la réparation. La victime obtiendra alors une réparation à hauteur de la chance perdue. Disposant d'une valeur juridique, la chance doit être irrémédiablement perdue pour être réparable. En effet, si la victime se prévaut d'une chance encore susceptible d'être atteinte, la réparation de la chance sera exclue. Bien que rigoureusement définie, la perte de chance s'est quelque peu dévoyée afin d'apparaître comme une notion « fourre-tout », comme un réflexe juridique, comme la solution de la dernière chance pour obtenir une réparation. Dans cet objectif, la perte de chance a notamment contourné la relation causale, pourtant indispensable, afin d'attribuer ce préjudice une vocation plus morale que juridique. La perte de chance subit les conséquences de l'évolution du concept de responsabilité civile et l'influence du principe de précaution. Remettant en cause la définition de la perte de chance, cette conception a même permis de poser la question de l'existence de cette théorie juridique qui ne rencontre qu'un succès plus que relatif dans le systèmes juridiques européens. Coincée dans un tourbillon juridique, la perte de chance est devenue un réflexe indemnitaire mettant toutes les chances au même niveau. Par un revirement de jurisprudence, assez inattendu, la Cour de Cassation est venue insérer la référence à la notion de « chance raisonnable ». Ainsi, la perte de chance retrouve la place qui lui avait été consacrée en ne réparant que les chances substantielles. Ce travail consistera à démontrer l'intérêt que cette révolution juridique apporte au préjudice de perte de chance. Qu'il s'agisse de l'efficacité de son régime juridique ou de stabilité de son application, la perte de chance aura tout intérêt à épouser un renouveau juridique au gré de propositions, certes rigoureuses, mais ô combien pragmatiques. / Acknowledged by the end of the 19th century, the loss of chance is nothing else than the prejudice recognizing the Joss of the probability of a positive event occurring. Synonymous of coincidence when used in its singular form but synonymous of probabilities when plural, the chance is in framed by law. The loss of a chance is a repairable prejudice as long as the victim of the harmful attitude shows the gathering of a few substantive conditions. To this effect, the notion of causality ought to be given a particular consideration. The chain of causation must be established between the objectionable behavior and the loss of chance. Hence, the loss of chance prejudice has its own autonomous causation and shall not be mistaken with the entire damage. Furthermore, the chance must be « real and serious » in order to be repairable, thus excluding the low chances on reparation. The victim will then obtain a compensation equal to the loss of chance. Having a legal value, the chance must be lost forever in order to be compensated. Indeed, if the victim claims chance that might still be reached, its compensation will be excluded. Even though it has been rigorously defined, the loss of chance has been brought down to the holdall status, as a legal reaction as if it were the last possibility to obtain compensation. In this perspective, the loss of chance has bypassed the causality, yet essential, in order to award to this prejudice a moral connotation whether than a legal one. The loss of chance undergoes the consequences of the evolution of the civil liability concept and the influence of the precautionary principle. Taking perspective on the loss of chance's definition, this concept has even enable the question of the existence of this legal theory, which encounters a relative success in the European legal systems. Trapped in a legal swirl, the loss of chance has become a compensation reflex, putting all the chances on the same level. By an unexpected revision of the jurisprudence, the Cour de Cassation (Supreme Court), has integrated the reference the "reasonable chance" notion. Thus, the loss of chance finds its original place back, compensating only the substantive chances. This work will aim at demonstrating the impact of the legal revolution on the loss of chance. Whether it is the effectiveness of its legal regime or the stability of its enforcement, the loss of chance has an interest in embracing the legal renewal through strict and pragmatic propositions.

Liability for environmental administrative offenses Abstract The subject of this diploma thesis is the institute of liability for environmental administrative offenses, which consists of two separate legal branches, namely environmental law and administrative law, which intertwine and form a comprehensive system of environmental protection and its components. The mechanisms of this protection include, in particular, prohibitions and orders for certain conduct, various forms of preventive action and, in particular, instruments of a sanction character. The concept of legal liability, which occurs in several types, is associated with sanction instruments, while in the protection of the environment the most widespread legal liability is tort legal liability, specifically administrative offence liability. This issue is still very topical, as on 1. July 2017 there was a new legal regulation of this type of liability and the anchoring of important institutes, which have so far been inferred only by analogy of law and court case law. The diploma thesis elaborates the theoretical basis of environmental protection and provides a comprehensive view of the fragmented legal regulation of legal liability in relation to environmental administrative offenses. Due to the considerable scope of the topic, the substantive...

The text discusses the concept of 'internal investigations' in legal contexts, emphasizing the lack of a specific legal definition in the USA, Germany, and Austria. It explains that internal investigations, often triggered by suspicions of legal violations by company employees, aim to systematically process and resolve such cases. The distinction between compliance (prevention) and internal investigations (response to suspected violations) is highlighted. The article explores the role of external investigators, often lawyers or auditors, in conducting internal investigations, emphasizing the need for coordination between auditing and legal aspects. It discusses the historical development of internal investigations in the German-speaking countries and their increasing importance in recent years. The second part of the text delves into the importance of company behavior in response to suspected violations. If the offense benefits the company, the focus is on exoneration, with potential benefits such as penalty suspension through active repentance or self-disclosure. The article also discusses legal conditions for penalty annulment, emphasizing timely actions in internal investigations. The text addresses the role of the public prosecutor's office and legal considerations in refraining from prosecuting a company based on its behavior during internal investigations. It stresses that a positive impression, compliance measures, and transparent cooperation can influence the decision to refrain from prosecution. The final section outlines criminal liability risks for internal investigators, citing potential offenses such as coercion, violation of correspondence secrecy, unlawful use of a computer system, violation of telecommunications secrecy, and abuse of audio recording or listening devices. The discussion includes legal considerations and justifications for certain actions, emphasizing the importance of balancing interests and goods, especially in legal proceedings.

The Casual Connection as an Element of the Legal Liability Abstract of Dissertation The concept of the casual connection is not understood in a uniform manner, although it represents the principal legal institute that enables functioning of the law. However, the nature and purpose of the legal liability in the Czech jurisprudence remains the object of discussions, and this is supported by the fact that the positive legal regulation uses the concept of liability at random. Within the vindicative concept of the legal liability as the secondary legal liability arising as the result of the violation of the primary legal liability, we can discern several basic elements. It is particularly the violation of the legal liability, the negative consequence consisting in the violation of or a threat to the legal values, as well as the casual connection between the wrongful act and the negative consequence. The causal connection is the principal element of the legal liability which represents the objective element whereby a wrongful act may be attributed to a certain subject. Thus, the causal connection transmits the penal liability to the subject concerned. Mostly, it is not difficult to find the element of violation of the legal liability and the negative consequence. However, the situation is more complicated in the...

Introdução: Os Processos ético-disciplinares (PEDs) em enfermagem são procedimentos desenvolvidos pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Estado de São Paulo (Coren-SP), com o intuito de elucidar fatos ou denúncias contra profissionais de enfermagem. Observa-se uma escassez de estudos relacionados às características dos PEDs e dos profissionais envolvidos nesse procedimento, o que suscita a necessidade da realização da presente investigação. Objetivos: Identificar, descrever e analisar as características dos PEDs e dos profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos nesse procedimento, junto ao Coren-SP, no período de 2012 a 2013. Método: Estudo retrospectivo e exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, cujos dados foram obtidos a partir da análise dos PEDs julgados pelo Coren-SP, de 01 de janeiro de 2012 a 31 de dezembro de 2013, envolvendo a população de 399 profissionais. Após os trâmites éticos e legais, obteve-se a autorização do Coren-SP para a realização da coleta dos dados, utilizando-se instrumento previamente elaborado pelo pesquisador. Resultados e Discussão: A categoria dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem foi a mais envolvida nos PEDs (46,1%), seguida de Enfermeiros (35,59%) e Técnicos de Enfermagem (18,3%), prevalecendo entre os inscritos no Coren-SP o profissional Enfermeiro (0,14%), seguido dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem (0,09%) e Técnicos de Enfermagem (0,05%). Detectou-se maior prevalência de profissionais do sexo feminino (77,9%) dentre os julgados, sendo que entre os inscritos houve maior prevalência no sexo masculino (0,14%), bem como iniciantes no exercício profissional formados no máximo há 5 anos (42,6%), na faixa etaria de 31 a 40 anos (35,3%). As ocorrências mais evidenciadas nos PEDs foram: Iatrogenias por omissão (22,6 %), Iatrogenias por erro na administração de medicamentos (22,1%) e crimes ou contravenções penais (18,0 %). Dos julgamentos dos PEDs, 53,1% dos profissionais envolvidos foram considerados culpados, ocorrendo maior percentual em Instituição de Longa Permanência de Idosos (ILPI), (87,1%). Ao analisar as características dos PEDs e dos profissionais neles envolvidos,observa-se que esse procedimento transcende o aspecto meramente punitivo, assegurando-se aos profissionais a ampla defesa, desde o momento da abertura do PED até o julgamento do profissional pelo Coren-SP. Das denúncias com existência de danos ou prejuízos ao usuário, 59,9% dos profissionais foram inocentados ao final do processo, considerando-se a responsabilidade compartilhada entre os profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos nos PEDs e as instituições onde os fatos ocorreram. Os PEDs com incidência de crimes ou contravenções penais carecem de estudo mais aprofundado, sendo que a maior incidência ocorreu com Auxiliares de Enfermagem (22,3%). A análise dos dados possibilita, ainda, perceber a necessidade de investimento na formação profissional e no investimento de educação em serviço, tanto para a realização de procedimentos como, também, no tocante ao comportamento ou a atitude ética por parte do profissional. Conclusão: Os resultados possibilitaram não só identificar e descrever os tipos de PEDs, como também as características dos profissionais envolvidos nessas ocorrências. Além disso, os dados apontaram para a necessidade de maior aprofundamento das questões éticas e legais relacionadas às práticas cotidianas do trabalho em enfermagem e a responsabilização envolvendo os profissionais dessa área no que tange aos processos ético-disciplinares / Introduction: The ethical and disciplinary processes (EDPs) in nursing procedures are developed by the Regional Council of São Paulo Nursing (Coren-SP), in order to clarify facts or complaints against nursing professionals. There has been a lack of studies related to the characteristics of EDPs and to the professionals involved in this procedure, which raises the need to conduct this research. Objectives: Identify, describe and analyze the characteristics of developing countries and of nursing professionals involved in this procedure, with the Coren-SP in the 2012-2013 period. Methodology: Retrospective, exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach, with data obtained from the analysis of developing countries judged by Coren-SP, from 01 January 2012 to 31 December 2013, involving the population of 399 professionals. After the ethical and legal procedures, a permission from Coren-SP was obtained to perform the data collection, using an instrument previously developed by the researcher. Results and Discussion: The category of nursing auxiliaries was the most involved in the developing countries (46.1%), followed by nurses (35.59%) and nursing technicians (18.3%). prevailing among those registered in Coren-SP the professional nurse (0.14%), followed by Nursing Assistants (0.09%) and Nursing Technicians (0.05%). A higher prevalence of female sex workers (77.9%) has been detected, from the trial, and among those registered there was a higher prevalence in males (0.14%) as well as beginners in the practice, already graduated in no more than five years (42.6%), in the age range of 31-40 years old (35.3%). The most prevalent occurrence in developing countries were: Iatrogenic by omission (22.6%), Iatrogenic for error in medication administration (22.1%) and crimes or misdemeanors (18.0%). From the EDPs judgments, 53.1% of the professionals involved were found guilty, with the highest percentage occurring in Long Term Elderly Institution (LTEI) (87.1%). By analyzing the EDPs and the characteristics of the professionals involved, it has been observed that this procedure transcends the merely punitive aspect, ensuring professionals to present their defense, from the startint point of the EDP until the judgment of the professional by Coren-SP. Referring to the complaints for damage or injury to the user, 59.9% of the professionals were cleared at the end of the process, considering the shared responsibility of nursing professionals involved in the EDPs and the institutions where the events actually occurred. The EDPs with an incidence of crimes or misdemeanors require further study, with the highest incidence occurring with Auxiliary Nursing (22.3%). Data analysis allows, also, to realize the need for the investment in professional training and the education investment, both for carrying out procedures as, also, regarding the behavior or the professional ethical attitude. Conclusion: The results made it possible not only to identify and describe the types of EDPs, but also the characteristics of the professionals involved in these occurrences. In addition, the data pointed to the need for further deepening of the ethical and legal issues related to the daily work and responsability of nursing practices involving professionals in this area with respect to ethical and disciplinary procedures

Introdução: Os Processos ético-disciplinares (PEDs) em enfermagem são procedimentos desenvolvidos pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Estado de São Paulo (Coren-SP), com o intuito de elucidar fatos ou denúncias contra profissionais de enfermagem. Observa-se uma escassez de estudos relacionados às características dos PEDs e dos profissionais envolvidos nesse procedimento, o que suscita a necessidade da realização da presente investigação. Objetivos: Identificar, descrever e analisar as características dos PEDs e dos profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos nesse procedimento, junto ao Coren-SP, no período de 2012 a 2013. Método: Estudo retrospectivo e exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, cujos dados foram obtidos a partir da análise dos PEDs julgados pelo Coren-SP, de 01 de janeiro de 2012 a 31 de dezembro de 2013, envolvendo a população de 399 profissionais. Após os trâmites éticos e legais, obteve-se a autorização do Coren-SP para a realização da coleta dos dados, utilizando-se instrumento previamente elaborado pelo pesquisador. Resultados e Discussão: A categoria dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem foi a mais envolvida nos PEDs (46,1%), seguida de Enfermeiros (35,59%) e Técnicos de Enfermagem (18,3%), prevalecendo entre os inscritos no Coren-SP o profissional Enfermeiro (0,14%), seguido dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem (0,09%) e Técnicos de Enfermagem (0,05%). Detectou-se maior prevalência de profissionais do sexo feminino (77,9%) dentre os julgados, sendo que entre os inscritos houve maior prevalência no sexo masculino (0,14%), bem como iniciantes no exercício profissional formados no máximo há 5 anos (42,6%), na faixa etaria de 31 a 40 anos (35,3%). As ocorrências mais evidenciadas nos PEDs foram: Iatrogenias por omissão (22,6 %), Iatrogenias por erro na administração de medicamentos (22,1%) e crimes ou contravenções penais (18,0 %). Dos julgamentos dos PEDs, 53,1% dos profissionais envolvidos foram considerados culpados, ocorrendo maior percentual em Instituição de Longa Permanência de Idosos (ILPI), (87,1%). Ao analisar as características dos PEDs e dos profissionais neles envolvidos,observa-se que esse procedimento transcende o aspecto meramente punitivo, assegurando-se aos profissionais a ampla defesa, desde o momento da abertura do PED até o julgamento do profissional pelo Coren-SP. Das denúncias com existência de danos ou prejuízos ao usuário, 59,9% dos profissionais foram inocentados ao final do processo, considerando-se a responsabilidade compartilhada entre os profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos nos PEDs e as instituições onde os fatos ocorreram. Os PEDs com incidência de crimes ou contravenções penais carecem de estudo mais aprofundado, sendo que a maior incidência ocorreu com Auxiliares de Enfermagem (22,3%). A análise dos dados possibilita, ainda, perceber a necessidade de investimento na formação profissional e no investimento de educação em serviço, tanto para a realização de procedimentos como, também, no tocante ao comportamento ou a atitude ética por parte do profissional. Conclusão: Os resultados possibilitaram não só identificar e descrever os tipos de PEDs, como também as características dos profissionais envolvidos nessas ocorrências. Além disso, os dados apontaram para a necessidade de maior aprofundamento das questões éticas e legais relacionadas às práticas cotidianas do trabalho em enfermagem e a responsabilização envolvendo os profissionais dessa área no que tange aos processos ético-disciplinares / Introduction: The ethical and disciplinary processes (EDPs) in nursing procedures are developed by the Regional Council of São Paulo Nursing (Coren-SP), in order to clarify facts or complaints against nursing professionals. There has been a lack of studies related to the characteristics of EDPs and to the professionals involved in this procedure, which raises the need to conduct this research. Objectives: Identify, describe and analyze the characteristics of developing countries and of nursing professionals involved in this procedure, with the Coren-SP in the 2012-2013 period. Methodology: Retrospective, exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach, with data obtained from the analysis of developing countries judged by Coren-SP, from 01 January 2012 to 31 December 2013, involving the population of 399 professionals. After the ethical and legal procedures, a permission from Coren-SP was obtained to perform the data collection, using an instrument previously developed by the researcher. Results and Discussion: The category of nursing auxiliaries was the most involved in the developing countries (46.1%), followed by nurses (35.59%) and nursing technicians (18.3%). prevailing among those registered in Coren-SP the professional nurse (0.14%), followed by Nursing Assistants (0.09%) and Nursing Technicians (0.05%). A higher prevalence of female sex workers (77.9%) has been detected, from the trial, and among those registered there was a higher prevalence in males (0.14%) as well as beginners in the practice, already graduated in no more than five years (42.6%), in the age range of 31-40 years old (35.3%). The most prevalent occurrence in developing countries were: Iatrogenic by omission (22.6%), Iatrogenic for error in medication administration (22.1%) and crimes or misdemeanors (18.0%). From the EDPs judgments, 53.1% of the professionals involved were found guilty, with the highest percentage occurring in Long Term Elderly Institution (LTEI) (87.1%). By analyzing the EDPs and the characteristics of the professionals involved, it has been observed that this procedure transcends the merely punitive aspect, ensuring professionals to present their defense, from the startint point of the EDP until the judgment of the professional by Coren-SP. Referring to the complaints for damage or injury to the user, 59.9% of the professionals were cleared at the end of the process, considering the shared responsibility of nursing professionals involved in the EDPs and the institutions where the events actually occurred. The EDPs with an incidence of crimes or misdemeanors require further study, with the highest incidence occurring with Auxiliary Nursing (22.3%). Data analysis allows, also, to realize the need for the investment in professional training and the education investment, both for carrying out procedures as, also, regarding the behavior or the professional ethical attitude. Conclusion: The results made it possible not only to identify and describe the types of EDPs, but also the characteristics of the professionals involved in these occurrences. In addition, the data pointed to the need for further deepening of the ethical and legal issues related to the daily work and responsability of nursing practices involving professionals in this area with respect to ethical and disciplinary procedures

Abstract The only observable outcome of the audit process is normally the issued audit report, which, at least in its standard form, does not contain much information about audit quality (Balsam et al. 2003). Auditor quality is multidimensional and inherently unobservable, and there is no single auditor characteristic that can be used as a proxy for it. In the absence of direct measures for quality, audit consumers must assess the quality by using quality surrogates, or the overall reputation of an auditor (e.g. Shapiro 1983, Riley 2001). The purpose of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of the determinants and implications of quality-differentiated audits through four inter-related essays. The findings of the essays shed light on the various ways in which client firms strive to signal high audit and consequent earnings quality. From the supply-side perspective, the essays of this dissertation provide evidence how some (individual) auditors have been able to establish a reputation higher than the generic reputation. Importantly, this dissertation adds to the ongoing debate about the regulator changes and initiatives in the European Union and the U.S.A. requiring disclosure of engagement partner identity. The rationale behind such a requirement is that it could bring within investors’ reach greater transparency and accountability in the auditing process thereby helping to restore investor confidence in the capital markets. Consistent with this rationale, the results of this dissertation support the view that audit markets (and/or firm insiders) infer audit quality, at least to some extent, from the characteristics of the individual audit partner in charge.

In the paper Legal Liability from the Point of View of Normativist and Democratic Law Concepts concept of liability is briefly described. Social liability and its kinds are analysed. Legal liability is distinguished like a separate kind from the social liability, featuring a unique obligatory legal definition sign. Its application is assured by the state. Kinds of legal liability analysed: positive and tortious (negative) legal liability. Basis for occurrence of legal liability are described. Dependence of the legal liability upon the legal system of a state is described in the paper. In the non-democratic states, where the laws become a tool for the rulers to give law to the masses, other kinds of social liability, e.g. moral liability, contradict with the legal liability. All kinds of the social liability, except the legal liability, feature no forced measures applicable upon the violator. It is stressed that the non-democratic legal systems fail to accept the positive legal liability. Unsuccessful efforts of the Soviet law theoreticians to introduce the concept of positive legal liability into the law science are mentioned. Tortious legal liability is a sequel and guarantee of the positive liability. Therefore it is the secondary and the positive liability is the primary (main) form of the legal liability. It becomes especially vivid in the democratic society, when its right ceases being repressive and implementation of the positive law is first of all assured by the... [to full text]

The final thesis is focused on the criminal liability in protection of Environment, meaning on environmental protection using criminal law in the Czech republic. Introductory chapters are focused on explanation of the basic terms, principles, concepts and relations for better understanding of the issue of environmental protection in criminal law. In next chapters the thesis focuses on evolution of the legislation on three levels. First level focuses on international legislation, next level on legislation of the European Union and the third level is focused on national legislation. Closer attention is paid to analysis of the national legislation, specifically the current criminal code no. 40/2009. Follows the interpretation regarding individual crimes against Environment and analysis of the elements of the crime. In conclusion the thesis focuses on reflections, thoughts and possible changes of the legislation in the future.