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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Ecologie des légionelles dans l'eau des circuits de refroidissement des centrales nucléaires en bord de Loire

Jakubek, Delphine 20 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Les circuits de refroidissement des centrales nucléaires en bord de rivière sélectionnent par leur mode de fonctionnement des micro-organismes à caractère thermophile, parmi lesquels le micro-organisme pathogène, Legionella pneumophila. Pour lutter contre le développement de ce genre bactérien, un traitement de désinfection de l'eau des circuits de refroidissement à la monochloramine peut être employé. Pour participer à la maitrise des risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés à la modification physico-chimique et microbiologique de l'eau naturelle prélevée, EDF s'est engagé dans une démarche d'amélioration des connaissances sur l'écologie des légionelles dans les circuits de refroidissement et des liens que ce genre bactérien entretient avec son environnement (physico-chimique et microbiologique) favorisant ou non leur prolifération. Ainsi, la diversité et la dynamique des Legionella pneumophila cultivables ont été déterminées dans les quatre centrales nucléaires en bord de Loire pendant un an et leurs liens avec leur environnement physico-chimique et microbiologique ont été étudiés. Cette étude a mis en évidence une forte diversité des sous-populations de Legionella pneumophila et une apparente dynamique qui semble être liée à l'évolution d'un nombre restreint de sous-populations. Les sous-populations de légionelles semblent entretenir des relations souche-spécifiques avec les paramètres biotiques et présenter des sensibilités différentes aux variations physico-chimiques du milieu. La conception des circuits de refroidissement pourrait impacter la communauté de légionelles. L'utilisation de la monochloramine perturbe fortement l'écosystème mais ne sélectionne pas de populations tolérantes au biocide.
152

Identification of a novel TetR-family transcription regulator, PsrA, and its involvement in Legionella pneumophila virulence

Patel, Palak 18 August 2014 (has links)
Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen of protozoa, is well known for its dimorphic life cycle that alternates between the vegetative replicative form (RF) and highly infectious cyst-like form (CLF). To this date several virulence factors including LpRpoS, LpIHF, and the Dot/Icm secretion system have been found to be required for the survival of L. pneumophila in macrophage and protozoa. Here we have identified and characterised Lpg1967, an orthologue of Pseudomonas PsrA in L. pneumophila. PsrA (Lpg1967) was found to regulate the expression of previously known virulence factors such non-coding RNAs, RsmY/Z, RpoS, LpIHF, flagella and Dot/Icm Type IV secretion system. In addition, the ΔpsrA mutant strain was unable to establish Legionella-containing vacuole and thus displayed a severe growth defect in the U937 derived macrophage cell line. Thus, PsrA was found to play an important role in controlling the regulatory cascade governing virulence in L. pneumophila. / October 2014
153

Eukaryotické proteiny v patogenní bakterii Legionella pneumophila. / Eukaryotic proteins in the pathogenic bacterium Legionella pneumophila.

Petrů, Markéta January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
154

Jämförelse mellan ImmuView och BinaxNow antigentest för detektion av Streptococcus pneumoniae och Legionella pneumophila i urin

Sjöström, Ebba January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
155

Seasonality, local weather and infectious disease: effects of heat and humidity on local risk for urinary tract infections and Legionella pneumonia

Simmering, Jacob Edward 01 July 2016 (has links)
Seasonality, or a cycling of high and low incidence, of infectious diseases has long been recognized but remains little understood. For many diseases, even major ones such as influenza, our knowledge of the seasonal drivers is very limited. One proposed driver of seasonality for many diseases is weather, especially temperature and humidity. I studied how likely an admission to a hospital was to be diagnosed with a UTI or pneumonia caused by Legionella across the US under various climates and weather conditions. I found that patients were 10–20% more likely to have a UTI when the monthly mean temperature was between 65–85°F compared to under 40°F. This may be due to slightly lower levels of hydration at warm temperatures reducing protection against UTIs. Pneumonia caused by Legionella was more common in warm (60–80°F) months than in cool or hot months. Within warm months, when humidity was above 60% there was a doubling in the odds of Legionella pneumonia. When the humidity was above 65%, the odds were quadrupled. Understanding why some diseases are seasonal and what role weather plays in this seasonality is important for both daily practice (e.g., recent weather can help diagnosis Legionella versus a more typical cause of pneumonia) and for larger policy adapting to changing weather and climate.
156

The Modulation by Anthrax Toxins of Dendritic Cell Activation

Chou, Ping-Jen 17 October 2008 (has links)
Bacillus anthracis produces lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) and they suppress the function of LPS-stimulated dendritic cells (DC). Because DCs respond differently to various microbial stimuli, we compared toxin effects in bone marrow DCs stimulated with either LPS or Legionella pneumophila (Lp). DCs were enriched with GM-CSF for 9 days, purified by positive selection, and treated with toxins for 6h; cells were then stimulated with either LPS or Lp-infection for 24h. DC cytokine production and maturation marker expression varied depending upon cell stimulus and the mouse strain used. LT but not ET was more toxic for cells from BALB/c than from C57BL/6 (B6) as measured by 7-AAD uptake; however, ET suppressed CD11c expression. LT suppressed IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-a in cells from BALB/c and B6 mice but increased IL-1ß in LPS-stimulated cultures. ET also suppressed IL-12 and TNF-a but increased IL-6 and IL-1ß in Lp-stimulated cells from B6. Regarding maturation marker expression, LT increased MHCII and CD86 while suppressing CD40 and CD80; ET, on the other hand, generally decreased marker expression across all groups. We conclude that the modulation of cytokine production by anthrax toxins is dependent on variables including the source of the DCs, the type of stimulus and cytokine measured, and the individual toxin tested. However, LT and ET enhancement or suppression of maturation marker expression is more related to the marker studied than the cell stimulus or cell source. Anthrax toxins are not uniformly suppressive of DC function but instead can increase function under defined conditions.
157

Expansion of circulatory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in tularemia and Pontiac fever, two intracellular bacterial diseases with widely different clinical expression

Kroca, Michal January 2003 (has links)
<p>Although well established that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may expand in circulation during intracellular bacterial infections, most underlying studies included only a few cases and only some diseases had been studied so far. In tularemia, a severe invasive disease, only one patient had been described. Legionellosis, including the mild flue-like Pontiac disease caused by Legionella micdadei, had not been studied at all. The aim of the present thesis was to study the circulatory Vγ9Vδ2-T cell response in these two intracellular bacterial diseases. The number of cases included was large enough to draw general conclusions. At various intervals, Vγ9Vδ2-T-cell counts and the capability of the cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines were assayed. Finally, the nature of the stimulating antigens was determined.</p><p>In the acute phase of tularemia, we showed a marked increase of circulatory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. When 181 samples from 108 patients with ulceroglandular tularemia were assayed, the percentage of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was found to increase from ~5 to > 20% after the first week of disease. During the ensuing 24 months, levels were normalized. Vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine strain Francisella tularensis LVS, on the other hand, did not cause an increase in numbers of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.</p><p>Within an outbreak of Pontiac fever, 14 cases were well defined with regard to incubation time and onset of disease. In samples obtained 4 to 6 days after onset of disease, the mean percentage of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was ~ 1%, i.e., 20% of normal values. Thereafter, a pronounced increase occurred and at 2 to 7 weeks after onset of disease, values were ~ 15%. Later, values slowly decreased. In both tularemia and Pontiac fever, the capacity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to produce TNF-α in response to phorbol myristate acetate in vitro was transiently decreased, in tularemia up to 6 weeks after onset of disease and in Pontiac fever in samples obtained 5-7 weeks after onset of disease.</p><p>Nonpeptidic pyrophosphorylated molecules, referred to as phosphoantigens, are powerful stimuli for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Various strains of F. tularensis, including LVS, and a strain of L. micdadei were shown to produce Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell stimulating phosphoantigen. Notably, stimulation with an extract from each agent caused a similar degree of expansion of cells from subjects infected with the homologous and heterologous agent and also of cells from healthy subjects. Thus no immunospecific memory was detected in the Vγ9Vδ2-T cell response.</p><p>Since it had been suggested that homologs of the conserved heat shock protein, chaperon-60, may be recognized by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we determined the subpopulation of T cells responding to this protein as well as to DnaK, another heat-shock protein. Under in vitro conditions allowing a vigorous expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T in response to a phosphoantigen, no expansion of γδ T cells in response to Cpn60 or DnaK of F. tularensis occurred. αβ T cells of tularemia-primed subjects, on the other hand, responded vigorously to the heat-shock proteins.</p><p>In conclusion, two intracellular bacterial diseases with widely varying clinical expression were both associated with expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The expansion was prominent, long-lasting, and consistent within large numbers of individuals tested. In Pontiac fever, the expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was preceded by a depletion of the cells in circulation, implicating a possible extravasal migration into an infected site before the occurrence of rapid expansion and reentrance to blood. Both in tularemia and Pontiac fever, a modulation of the cytokine expression of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was demonstrated in vitro, suggesting the presence of modulation of the inflammatory response. In extracts from in vitro culture of F. tularensis and L. micdadei, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell stimulating phosphoantigens were identified and according to cross stimulation experiments, they induced expansion in vitro of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells without regard to immunospecific memory.</p>
158

Expansion of circulatory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in tularemia and Pontiac fever, two intracellular bacterial diseases with widely different clinical expression

Kroca, Michal January 2003 (has links)
Although well established that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells may expand in circulation during intracellular bacterial infections, most underlying studies included only a few cases and only some diseases had been studied so far. In tularemia, a severe invasive disease, only one patient had been described. Legionellosis, including the mild flue-like Pontiac disease caused by Legionella micdadei, had not been studied at all. The aim of the present thesis was to study the circulatory Vγ9Vδ2-T cell response in these two intracellular bacterial diseases. The number of cases included was large enough to draw general conclusions. At various intervals, Vγ9Vδ2-T-cell counts and the capability of the cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines were assayed. Finally, the nature of the stimulating antigens was determined. In the acute phase of tularemia, we showed a marked increase of circulatory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. When 181 samples from 108 patients with ulceroglandular tularemia were assayed, the percentage of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was found to increase from ~5 to &gt; 20% after the first week of disease. During the ensuing 24 months, levels were normalized. Vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine strain Francisella tularensis LVS, on the other hand, did not cause an increase in numbers of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Within an outbreak of Pontiac fever, 14 cases were well defined with regard to incubation time and onset of disease. In samples obtained 4 to 6 days after onset of disease, the mean percentage of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was ~ 1%, i.e., 20% of normal values. Thereafter, a pronounced increase occurred and at 2 to 7 weeks after onset of disease, values were ~ 15%. Later, values slowly decreased. In both tularemia and Pontiac fever, the capacity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to produce TNF-α in response to phorbol myristate acetate in vitro was transiently decreased, in tularemia up to 6 weeks after onset of disease and in Pontiac fever in samples obtained 5-7 weeks after onset of disease. Nonpeptidic pyrophosphorylated molecules, referred to as phosphoantigens, are powerful stimuli for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Various strains of F. tularensis, including LVS, and a strain of L. micdadei were shown to produce Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell stimulating phosphoantigen. Notably, stimulation with an extract from each agent caused a similar degree of expansion of cells from subjects infected with the homologous and heterologous agent and also of cells from healthy subjects. Thus no immunospecific memory was detected in the Vγ9Vδ2-T cell response. Since it had been suggested that homologs of the conserved heat shock protein, chaperon-60, may be recognized by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we determined the subpopulation of T cells responding to this protein as well as to DnaK, another heat-shock protein. Under in vitro conditions allowing a vigorous expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T in response to a phosphoantigen, no expansion of γδ T cells in response to Cpn60 or DnaK of F. tularensis occurred. αβ T cells of tularemia-primed subjects, on the other hand, responded vigorously to the heat-shock proteins. In conclusion, two intracellular bacterial diseases with widely varying clinical expression were both associated with expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The expansion was prominent, long-lasting, and consistent within large numbers of individuals tested. In Pontiac fever, the expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was preceded by a depletion of the cells in circulation, implicating a possible extravasal migration into an infected site before the occurrence of rapid expansion and reentrance to blood. Both in tularemia and Pontiac fever, a modulation of the cytokine expression of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was demonstrated in vitro, suggesting the presence of modulation of the inflammatory response. In extracts from in vitro culture of F. tularensis and L. micdadei, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell stimulating phosphoantigens were identified and according to cross stimulation experiments, they induced expansion in vitro of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells without regard to immunospecific memory.
159

Rôle des pompes à efflux de legionella pneumophila dans la résistance aux biocides et à l'hôte

Ferhat, Mourad 20 May 2010 (has links) (PDF)
La multi-résistance aux drogues des bactéries est un problème majeur en clinique. L'un des mécanismes de résistance consiste à effluer les composés toxiques hors de la cellule grâce à des protéines de la membrane interne nommées pompes d'efflux. Ces protéines appartiennent à cinq familles (MFS, RND, MATE, SMR et ABC) et peuvent fonctionner en association avec deux autres types de protéines (protéine du périplasme et protéine de la membrane externe) pour former un canal. Dans le cadre d'une thématique de recherche basée sur l'étude des mécanismes de résistance auxdrogues de la bactérie pathogène Legionella pneumophila, une approche bioinformatique menée sur lesgénomes de trois souches séquencés (souches Lens, Paris et Philadelphia) a permis d'identifier des protéinespouvant participer à l'efflux. Notre but a été de vérifier l'implication de ces protéines dans la résistance auxdrogues et dans la virulence de Legionella en ciblant un ou plusieurs gènes codant pour des composants desystèmes d'efflux. Pour inactiver les gènes, nous avons choisi une stratégie de recombinaison homologue. Lesrecombinants ont été testés pour leur sensibilité à des composés toxiques afin de voir si les gènes ciblés jouentun rôle dans l'efflux d'E. coli. Un de ces mutants, le mutant MF201, altéré pour le gène codant pour une protéinehomologue à TolC chez E. coli s'est avéré être 2 à 16 fois plus sensible aux drogues testées comparé à lasouche sauvage. De plus, ce mutant présente un défaut important de virulence dans Acanthamoeba castellanii,Dictyostelium discoideum et les macrophages U937. Ce premier résultat implique que la protéine TolC-like deLegionella aurait un rôle clef dans la relation hôte pathogène et sous-tend un lien entre multi-résistance auxdrogues et virulence. Par ailleurs une étude de l'expression des gènes codant pour des pompes à efflux a étéinitiée afin de comprendre leur rôle au cours du cycle infectieux de Legionella.
160

Funktionale und molekulare Charakterisierung des Pad-Proteins von Legionella pneumophila

Igel, Liane 21 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Pad-Protein von Legionella pneumophila mit zell- bzw. molekularbiologischen sowie immunochemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Mittels Einbau des mutierten Pad-Locus, kodiert auf dem Plasmid pCS-25, in das Genom der L. pneumophila Stämme WH88 (Serogruppen 6) bzw. WH89 (Serogruppe 10) wurden je drei Pad-negative Mutanten gewonnen. Mit Hilfe der PCR, des Southernblot bzw. ELISA wurde der korrekte Austausch der Wildtypsequenz gegen den mutierten Bereich des Proteins nachgewiesen. Die Infektionsversuche mit den Mutanten bestätigten die Vermutung, dass das Protein eine Rolle an der initialen Kontaktaufnahme von L. pneumophila in den natürlichen Wirt, A. castellanii, hat. Dabei wurden signifikant niedrigere Aufnahmeraten der Mutanten im Vergleich zu den beiden Wildtypen beobachtet. Durch Kultivierung und Infektion des Ursprungstammes L. pneumophila Corby, der pad-negativen Mutante CP7 und der Pad-komplementierten Mutante bei 25°C, 30°C bzw. 37°C wurde der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Funktion des Proteins untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten dabei einen signifikanten Anstieg der Aufnahmeraten bei Vergleich von 25°C und 30°C bzw. 25°C und 37°C. Keine Signifikanz trat zwischen 30°C und 37°C auf. Ein zweiter Aspekt dieses Versuchs war die Prüfung der Infektionsrate in Abhängigkeit von der Proteinexpression unter dem Einfluss der Wachstumsphase. Dabei wurden durch vergleichende Infektion von A. castellanii mit exponentiellen (EP) bzw. stationäre Phase-Kulturen (SP) in diesem Versuch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen dem Wildtyp Corby und der Mutante CP7 bzw. zwischen der Mutante CP7 und der Pad+-Komplementante bei den jeweils untersuchten Temperaturen beobachtet. Keine signifikanten Unterschiede waren zwischen Wildtyp und Pad-Komplementante feststellbar. Zur Speziesübergreifenden Charakterisierung des Proteins Pad wurde das Wildtyplocus-kodierende Plasmid (pCS31) in die fünf non-pneumophila Stämme L. parisiensis (H962); L. bozemanii (L99-343); L. bozemanii (Frankreich5); L. longbeachae (A46) und L. tauriniensis (Koper11) durch Elektroporation übertragen. Im anschließenden ELISA wurde die Expression des Proteins Pad in den komplementierten Transformanten nachgewiesen. Die Infektionsversuche ergaben überwiegend signifikant höhere Aufnahmeraten der Pad-komplementierten Klone im Vergleich zu den Pad-negativen Wildtypen. Die Infektionsversuche zeigen, dass Pad nicht an der intrazellulären Replikation beteiligt ist. Die Ergebnisse der Infektionsversuche wurden parallel dazu durch mikroskopische Untersuchung intrazellulärer Bakterien bestätigt. Die Vermutung, dass die Expression von Pad als infektionsbeteiligtes Protein beim Übergang in die virulente Phase induziert wird, wurde durch die Kultivierung über 6 Tage bis in die späte stationäre Phase bestätigt. Die Kulturen des L. pneumophila Stammes JR32 zeigen im ELISA mit dem Pad-spezifischen Antikörper 61-1 ab der spätexponentiellen Phase (nach 24 Stunden) eine ansteigende Extinktion. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde für die GacA (LetA)-negative Mutante JR32gac- eine gleichbleibend hohe Expression des Proteins Pad über den gesamten Versuchszeitraum gemessen, was erste Hinweise liefert, dass Pad gacA bzw. letA-reguliert ist. Ein zellschädigender Einfluss der Bakterien auf die Atmungskette der Amöbenzelle zu frühen Zeitpunkten der Infektion (5, 30, 120 min) wurde mittels des Cell Titer Blue Cell Viability Assays festgestellt. Die Infektion mit hitzeabgetöteten Legionellen ergab dabei eine Toxizität unter 10 % bei allen drei untersuchten Zeitpunkten. Nach Infektion mit EP- als auch mit SP-Kulturen des Wildtyps Corby wurde eine maximale Toxizität zwischen 30 % und 40 % (120 min) gemessen. Bei der Mutante wurde eine Toxizität von ca. 28% der SP-Kultur nach 120 min Infektion beobachtet. Für die weiterführende Charakterisierung des Pad-Proteins wurde eine Maus mit dem rekombinanten Protein immunisiert. Dabei wurden zusätzlich zum vorhandenen Antikörper 61-1 die Antikörper 83-1 und 83-2 gewonnen. Bei diesen handelt es sich um IgG-Antikörper. Die durchgeführten Tests lassen vermuten, dass es sich um, in der Reaktion von Mak 61-1, ähnliche Antikörper handelt. Zur strukturellen Analyse des Pad-Proteins wurde mit zwei unterschiedlichen Phagenbibliotheken nach möglichen Epitopen für den Pad-spezifischen Antikörper 61-1 gesucht. Dabei wurde unabhängig voneinander mit beiden Phagen-Bibliotheken ein Epitop (L2) im C-terminalen Bereich ermittelt. Das Einfügen von Zufallsmutationen ließ keine Eingrenzung des Epitops zu. Da es jedoch dem, mit Mak 61-7 im Peptidspotting von C. Steudel (2001) ermittelten, Epitop C3 entspricht, ist davon auszugehen, dass es sich tatsächlich um das zweite putative Epitop für den Antikörper handelt. Des Weiteren wurde mit beiden Phagen-Bibliotheken das Epitop (L1) lokalisiert. Eine Eingrenzung dieses Epitops mittels Einfügen von Zufallsmutanten war nicht möglich. Durch site-spezifische Mutation wurden alle Aminosäuren des Epitops C1 (STEUDEL, 2001) in der putativen Signalsequenz ausgetauscht. Bei Testung der Mutanten auf ihre Bindungsfähigkeit an den Antikörper 61-1 im ELISA konnte eine Beteiligung der Aminosäuren Leucin11, Phenylalanin15, Glycin18 und Prolin20 beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass Pad an frühen Phasen der Infektion von A.castellanii durch L.pneumophila beteiligt ist. Es ist zu vermuten, dass dieses Pad-Protein einen Selektionsvorteil für den am häufigsten nachweisbaren Vertreter dieser Familie darstellt.

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