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數位國會與電子民主:立法院應用資訊通訊科技與公民互動之研究 / Digital Parliament and E-Democracy: A Study of ICTs Application for the Interaction between Legislative Yuan and Citizens鍾政廷, Chung, Cheng Ting Unknown Date (has links)
數位時代下,政府機關致力推動電子化政策,希望藉由資訊通訊科技(ICTs)的協助提供民眾更好的服務;立法院推動的「數位國會發展規劃案」,如同行政機關「電子化政府」,透過建設網站系統架構,提供完善的議事資訊並將議案資料公開化,創造我國邁向電子民主的有利條件。從文獻和世界民主國會的經驗觀察,數位化具有促進民主發展的潛能,但如何有效應用則是必須思考的課題。據此,本文以電子民主應具備的資訊公開、公眾接觸、公民參與、提升服務效率及效能等各項指標,檢視立法院網站系統在功能設計與應用上的優點與不足。研究架構以網站系統中具有電子民主指標的系統為核心,瞭解立法院對於應用網站與公民互動的構想及規劃,以及現行政策之成果。
研究執行採取網站內容分析法和個別深度訪談法,以議案設定為導向,挑選立法院審議中最受關注的議案為例,尋找與議案相關之公民團體代表為標的,瞭解公民對國會電子民主的看法;並如何透過網站資源,獲取所關注議案的資訊;而立法委員應用ICTs與民眾互動的態度和做法,更是國會數位化之後,影響電子民主發展方向的關鍵因素。
實證結果發現,立法院網站系統當前所提供的議事資訊及議案資料等內容可謂完整且豐富;然而,公民角色的使用人數稀少且使用頻率偏低,立委方面也不常應用做為與民眾互動或提供服務之管道,意謂其功能並未彰顯,應用效果遠不及時下熱門社群網站。究其原因:一、立法院網站資訊雖充足,但部分介面設計過於繁複,應簡化操作或提供指導;二、立法院網站公開的資訊,未符合多數使用者需求;公民團體另以私人管道獲得所需資訊,但一般公民卻無法取得,因而產生資訊落差;三、網站系統缺乏有效宣傳,應擴展民眾知悉程度、提高使用意願和培養使用習慣。
本文結論建議:一、立法院網站是具備發展電子民主潛能的理想雲端空間,擁有豐沛的議事資料可供運用,應持續加以耕耘,建立有特色的網站系統,讓民眾更親近、瞭解立法院;二、資訊處須妥善管理網站系統,培養公民民主素養教育,促進理性對話空間;三、秉持更開放的態度落實公民參與訴求,結合官方與民間力量,推廣國會數位資源,使其效用極大化,朝向全面性、深入性的電子民主為未來發展目標。 / In the digital era, the Taiwanese governments have been advocating its paperless government initiatives by adopting Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to provide better services to the public. The Legislative Yuan is also carrying out the Digital Parliament Development Program, similar with the Paperless Government initiatives, which aims to foster e-democracy in Taiwan by offering comprehensive information of congressional schemes through a strong back-end IT platform. The previous literatures as well as successful applications from other democratic countries have indicated that paperless government can potentially accelerate democracy development; however, how to apply effectively is a practical issue to pay attention to. Thus, this study attempted to utilize the e-democracy index such as openness, citizen interaction, citizen participation, efficiency and effectiveness of services, to assess the functionality of the Legislative Yuan website and to compare with other similar government websites.
The methodologies of the current study were content analysis and individual in-depth interview. Several bills under the legislative review process were selected and some follow-up interviews with key interest group representatives who are familiar with the aforementioned issues were conducted to collect their insights on congressional e-democracy and how they acquire relevant information from the Legislative Yuan website. Moreover, the use of ICTs for interaction with citizens among the Legislators is also a key factor impacting of e-democracy.
Based on the research results, information and document offered by the Legislative website are completed and abundant. Nevertheless, there is less number of users whose identification is general citizen, and the using frequency is still low. Besides, the Legislators seldom use the website as a tool to interact with citizens. It means that the Legislative website functions are yet to be revealed and the effects are inferior to those community websites. The reasons may include: (1) The interface design of the website remains complicated for citizens to use. The officials must simplify operation and offer instructions; (2) The website cannot meet the need of citizen groups, who acquire information by private access, not by the website. But individual citizens could not utilize the same access. This situation would cause information gap; (3) The officials should propagate the Legislative website to the public and promote its popularity and utilization.
According to the previous findings, three points are suggested. Firstly, the website of Legislative Yuan is a potentially wonderful cyberspace for e-democracy which should be maintained to attract the citizens closer to realize e-parliament. Secondly, the Legislative Yuan should properly manage its website, cultivate the citizens’ democratic literacy and engage them to rational dialogue. Thirdly, the public officials should keep an more open attitude, combine those diverse powers around the Parliament to get itself ready heading towards e-democracy.
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國會小黨的行動策略與運作蔡韻竹 Unknown Date (has links)
政黨是我國政治中最重要的行動者,然而多數有關於政黨政治的研究多由大黨的角度出發,忽略了其他中、小規模的政黨在其中所能發揮的影響作用。本文以小黨為主要研究對象,由小黨的觀點解釋其如何在政治運作過程中發揮政治影響力,或是以哪些手段達成更多的政黨目的。本研究選擇的研究對象是民主化以來存續時間較長、規模較大的三個小黨:新黨、親民黨與台灣團結聯盟,研究時間從立法院第3屆起(1995年)至第6屆結束(2008年)為止,共12年的時間。
本文結合國內外國會、政黨研究的相關研究成果,建構一套小黨的行動理論,接著從結構性的制度規則、質性的立委深入訪談資料,以及量化的立法紀錄,檢視與解釋三個小黨在立法院的各種行動及背後的政治動機。在台灣,小黨的出現常常是因大黨在政黨立場上先出現變動,小黨有取代大黨原有的政黨立場與選票支持的企圖而興起。隨後在議事規則的政黨化改革過程中,又給予小黨透過參與選舉、晉身進入立法議事參與者的政治機會。小黨的興起及運作機會既與外在的政黨政治及制度條件密切相關,也即預示小黨在立法院的策略行動及政治結果,也受到現實的政黨政治關係、自身的政黨立場及議事制度等現實條件所限制框架。經由對於三小黨的質化訪談與量化立法紀錄資料的分析後發現,小黨的政黨行動兼具持續與彈性的雙重特徵,在不同的政治條件下,小黨的某些政黨行動並不因為政治條件的改變而轉變,如團結與妥協。但小黨又常隨著不同的大黨對立程度,調整其於政治過程中的議價方式,是其靈活彈性的另一面。
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行政官員與立法委員之政策合法化論述—審議民主觀點的內容分析劉姵吟, Liu, Pei-Yin Unknown Date (has links)
行政官員與立法委員於立法院的政策論述,是代議民主體制中政策合法化過程的核心,論述內容是否具備審議民主精神係影響政策合法性及未來執行過程的關鍵因素,但相關主題過去卻為學界所忽略。本文從審議民主觀點探究行政官員與立法委員的政策合法化論述,透過個案比較研究法,選取大學法與私立學校法的修法過程進行內容分析。研究結果顯示,立法委員的政策合法化論述主要以監督、連任、與政策為目標,其互惠性、多元性、尊重性、與合理性皆有待加強;行政官員的論述則是基於課責、回應、及責任等考量,但大多論述皆過於保守與消極,缺乏合理性之精神。兩者論述內容的差異及審議民主精神之缺乏,應與各自的制度性角色要求相關。基於研究發現,本文主張立法委員的論述應多聚焦於政策方案內容,行政官員則應更為主動、積極,以更符合回應與責任的要求、提升政策論述的審議精神。本文亦建議,立法院應針對政策合法化過程建立完整的公開記錄制度。本文為一初探性嘗試,未來學界可根據實務觀察,設計更完善的評估指標,或輔以制度論角度,裨益於對立法委員與行政官員的政策合法化論述有更完整地解釋。 / Administrators and legislators’ policy discourse in the Legislative Yuan is the core of policy legitimation under the representative democracy. The content of discourse with deliberative democracy spirit, ignored by the academics in the past, will influence policy legitimation and policy implementation. This study investigates administrators and legislators’ policy legitimation discourse from the perspective of deliberative democracy. The author selected the processes of amending the University Act and the Private School Law by comparative study of cases, and used content analysis method. The results show legislators take the supervision, reelection, and policy as their purposes in the discourse of policy legitimation. The attributes such as reciprocity, diversity, respect, and reasonableness in the legislators’ policy legitimation discourse have a great room for improvement. Administrators would mainly consider accountability, responsiveness, and responsibility during the discourse. Administrators are always conservative and passive, and the discourse is a lack of the reasonableness. The difference between legislators and administrators’ discourses may relate to respective institutional roles. Accordingly, this study suggests legislators focus on the content of policy proposal. This study also recommends administrators be more active and enthusiastic to answer to the requirement of responsiveness and responsibility, and to promote the deliberative spirit of the discourse. Besides, the author proposes the Legislative Yuan institutionalize the complete and open records of the policy legitimation. This research is the pilot study. Therefore, in the future, the academics could design more appropriate evaluative indicators, or can be integrated by the perspective of the institutionalism for better explanation of administrators and legislators’ policy legitimation discourse.
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國會功能運作之研究(從法制規範與實務操作談起) / The Research of the Cogress Function洪莎嫚, Hung, Sha-Man Unknown Date (has links)
過去立法院常被譏為行政院的橡皮圖章,但隨著國內民主政治的快速發展,立法院已成為我國當前最重要的政治舞台,不管是各政黨或是政治人物,對於在立法院合議制度下,所形成的權力分享與利益分配,都有莫大的關注與興趣。再者,立法院職權之行使攸關人民生活財產的維護,在民主化的過程裡,代表民意的立法院,更背負著民眾的高度期待。因此,研究立法院之監督功能,對立法與行政之間的互動關係做一明確的界定與釐清,將有助於了解我國民主政治的建立與實踐民主化的進程。
本研究旨在探討立法院之監督功能,也因此擬先介紹民主國家國會監督概念,針對「監督」一詞,加以界定並分析其理論基礎。再針對各國憲政發展之比較,來了解何以要研究我國立法院監督功能,並從我國民主發展過程中,探討立法院扮演監督功能的意義與角色,最後試圖從法制規範層次與實務操作層次上,找尋出我國立法院所具有的監督效果,以達到探究其監督功能之目的。
從萬年國會到國會全面改選,乃至目前歷經六次修憲以來,我國國會體制逐漸落實立法院真正成為全國最高立法機關之制度設計,不過立法權如何有效落實其監督制衡行政權的功能,除了從靜態的憲法條文賦予的職權來分析,還必須透過動態的立法權行使過程加以探討。因此,本文先從民主憲政原理中的監督背景及其概念,假設我國在國會全面改選後,雖然行政部門過去的主導力量甚強,但立法權仍能發揮其監督行政權之功能,以立法院所行使的職權是否具有監督功能來分析,並觀察出立法院非制度面部分,具有的實際監督功能之機制,最後做出結論與提出建議。
本文分成六個部分。第一章緒論,介紹本論文研究背景、研究目的、概念界定、研究架構設定、文獻回顧、研究方法及研究範圍與限制;第二章國會監督功能之理論基礎,從形成國會的民主概念破題,來介紹國會監督功能之背景、意義、基礎、技術,以了解民主國家之國會監督功能;第三章我國立法院監督功能之介紹,從我國立法院形成之背景,來介紹立法院監督功能之背景、意義、基礎、技術,以呼應第二章;第四章法制規範層次之監督功能分析,是以監督對象為基礎來分析立法院的監督功能,文中將監督對象分成對人如同意權、彈劾權等;對機關如預算權的監督;對政策如法案權,再放置到四個重要民主政治概念(權力分立、代議政治、有限政府、權力制衡)中來檢驗,以了解其法源依據、規範作用及實質影響;第五章實務操作層次之監督功能分析,將提出具有實際運作而無法在法制層次探討如議事杯葛、政黨協商等非正式制度面之監督功能,從實務操作層次中,去探討其實質影響。第六章結論,提出研究過程中所得到之發現,及希冀提供後進研究者之建議。
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