There are many children of Spanish-speaking origin in Sweden. However, for many of these bilinguals, Swedish is a dominant language compared to their heritage language (HL) Spanish because of its role in the social environment. The current thesis is a didactic study and the aim is to investigate the attitude of Spanish-speaking adolescents towards the Spanish language. We have evaluated the factors that contribute to conservation or attrition of the Spanish language and the opinions of the participants regarding the attitude of parents in order to understand how the participants develop their proficiency in Spanish as a heritage language. To better understand the phenomenon of Spanish as a heritage language in Sweden, we studied a group of Spanish-speaking adolescents aged 16-18 years. We used a mixed method approach to collect data using ten anonymous surveys and five individual interviews. For ethical reasons, the names of interviewees have been replaced by fictitious names. Using data obtained from anonymous surveys and individual interviews we answered the research questions: What factors are the most important, according to the adolescents, in order to keep the mother tongue? What do adolescents think about the attitude of parents towards their mother tongue? The interview responses match the data obtained from the surveys, noting that the most influential factor in maintaining the Spanish language was speaking the language. We have observed that the attitude of parents affects adolescents in their linguistic choices. Most adolescents felt that parents had a positive attitude towards the mother tongue. In cases when only Spanish was spoken at home (i.e. without mixing both languages) a higher level of Spanish proficiency was observed. Because of the sociocultural environment (dominated by Swedish), adolescents who were born in Sweden or who entered the country at an early age received more language input in the majority language and therefore, Swedish became the dominant language. We also noted that one of the participants had maintained a high level of proficiency in Spanish despite being born in Sweden.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Lingüística / En el presente trabajo, analizamos desde el marco de la glotopolítica los discursos metalingüísticos publicados en el Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Lengua entre los años 1915 y 1931, período correspondiente a la reactivación de la institución. Este período es de especial relevancia por ser un momento en que la Academia Chilena busca reposicionarse en el campo cultural chileno tras un largo receso (1888-1913), y en el que ocurren cambios relevantes en el país (como lo son la emergencia de nuevos actores sociales en la vida nacional, y también el afianzamiento de proyectos modernizadores del Estado-nación chileno), al mismo tiempo que actúa con gran fuerza la corriente cultural hispanista, representada por la Real Academia Española y sus correspondientes americanas. Nuestro marco de referencia es la glotopolítica histórica, que implica estudiar los discursos metalingüísticos contenidos en el corpus identificando las ideas y valoraciones acerca del lenguaje y determinando la relación de estas con su contexto sociocultural y político. Nuestro concepto analítico central es el de ideología lingüística, que desde el punto de vista teórico destaca la materialidad, historicidad e indicialidad de las ideas lingüísticas, y desde el punto de vista metodológico recurre a herramientas tales como las ofrecidas por el análisis crítico del discurso, el análisis argumentativo y el modelo de metáforas conceptuales, entre otras. Desde estas coordenadas, aplicamos un análisis discursivo orientado al contenido de los discursos académicos publicados en la revista oficial de la Academia, el Boletín, durante el período indicado. En síntesis, concluimos que la ideología lingüística del corpus corresponde grosso modo con la ideología de la lengua estándar (ideal de corrección, modelo de lengua culto, literario y castellanizante), pero permeada tanto por el contexto específico local (afán de modernización y vínculo con el objeto discursivo “nación”) y global (ideal del Panhispanismo y unidad de la lengua). / Proyecto FONDECYT Regular 1150127

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La conquista y colonización española dejaron muy encaradas muchas de sus costumbres y formas de vida, incluyendo el idioma que actualmente es el oficial en muchas naciones, as como el de nuestro pais. El castellano llega convertirse en una lengua jerarquizada y superior a las lenguas nativas (de nuestro territorio). Estas por su parte quedaron relegadas y consideradas lenguas inferiores. Toda esta realidad da lugar a lo que llamamos diglosia, que se da en una sociedad donde se habla de una lengua A, considerada superior, y una lengua B considerada inferior / A prospective study was made, for 475 students of different schools participants; whose we could gather the following statistical data: the students of the schools, 75 % were from government schools and 25 % were from private schools; the ages of the students participants were between 8 to 20 years old. These students went to visit different places in Peru during their holidays, where we could find 63.1 % from the coast, 25.3 % from the jungle and 11.5 % from the mountain. Before, during and after the trip, we could not find a culture of prevention in health. The immunizations which have been administrated to the student’s participants were: 9 % against to the yellow fever, 1 % against to the hepatitis B, 8 % against to the hepatitis A and 1 % against to the tetanus’s. The traveling first-aid kits in the school population in study, 10 % did not take the first-aid kit. The group who took the first-aid, the 60 % did not have the drugs for giving solutions to their needs, and only the 40 % had the drugs for giving solutions to their needs. About the drugs used before, during an after the trips: 16.74 % of the drugs were for affections gastrointestinal; 15.78 % of analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory non-steroids; 11.84 % against infections, 14.79 % dermatologist drugs, 13.83 % disinfectants and antiseptics, 7.89 % antiallergenic and medications used in anaphylaxis, 2.94 % drugs for breathing roads, 0.99 % vitamins and minerals, 0.29% anti-convulsiveness, 0.08 % psychological drugs, 14.79 % biomedical materials. The diffusion of lives’ quality in the traveler school population is poor. For that reason the Pharmaceutical Chemist’s participation is vital, should become responsible for the Pharmaceutical Care, offering information, orientation and education in the rational use of drugs, the care and the storage of drugs, and the correct and opportune use of drugs, when each people has a prescription.

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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa / As the influence of language ideologies is notedin a number of social fields involving different aspects of language, these have caught the attention of researches. This study intends to look into the language ideologies underlying the official education programmes of English and Mapudungun in Chile, so as to find the motivations behind these programmes. The analysis consisted in the review and categorization of main language ideologies found in Ministry and interviews with the authorities of the education programmes. The main results showed two different language paradigms regarding each language. On the one hand, English is usually conceived under a rationalist model focusing on its functional value, while Mapudungun on the other hand in commonly conceived under a romantic model focusing on its cultural and historic value. These ideologies help to explain the reasons for the language initiatives currently being carried out in Chile in terms of education programmes.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Lingüística / El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar las representaciones sociales sobre las lenguas y variedades de la ecología lingüística circunscrita al territorio del estado chileno presentes en los discursos de integrantes de la Academia Chilena de la Lengua desde una perspectiva antropolingüística. Para ello se analizaron con un enfoque metodológico cualitativo un corpus compuesto por una selección de discursos pronunciados en actividades oficiales de la institución entre los años 2014 y 2015, difundidos a través del Boletín N°81 de la Academia Chilena de la Lengua, y dos entrevistas realizadas a miembros de número de la misma entidad. Los resultados arrojaron valoraciones y estereotipos sobre la lengua reproducidos en acciones concretas que buscan influir en la ciudadanía a través de la construcción de una norma estándar, asociada a una concepción de la comunidad lingüística panhispánica homogénea y unificada. Analizamos las implicancias políticas, culturales y económicas de dichas representaciones y sus consecuencias en relación a la construcción de una imagen pública del español para concluir que, en la actualidad, la Academia Chilena actúa como una agencia de control cultural promotora de ideologías lingüísticas vinculadas a grupos culturalmente hegemónicos.

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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Española. / La presente investigación tiene como punto de partida la observación de que las formas verbales del tipo canté, he cantado y cantara se usan en Chile, al parecer, con un mismo significado en las oraciones de relativo. Así ocurre en La canción que canté..., La canción que he cantado... y La canción que cantara en el Municipal. Con respecto a la forma cantara, es fácil darse cuenta de que, clasificada en el modelo de la conjugación verbal como pretérita subjuntiva, tiene, sin embargo, en cierto uso al menos, valor de futuro, por ejemplo, en Si yo cantara en el Municipal.... Pero en la oración de relativo toma valor de pasado del indicativo, razón por la cual parece alternar con canté y he cantado. Es nuestra intención en este trabajo de tesis final de magistratura hacernos cargo de este y otros problemas relacionados con este objeto de estudio: las tres formas verbales del tipo canté, he cantado y cantara indicativo.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa / As a part of Second Language Acquisition, vocabulary knowledge plays a fundamental role in the development of skills such as reading comprehension and inferencing skills (Nassaji, 2006; Schmitt, 2010a). Likewise, metacognitive awareness ensures learners to compensate for the lack of knowledge in a given subject, including vocabulary knowledge (Read, 2000). Thus, the present study observes the influence of metacognitive awareness, reading comprehension abilities, inferencing skills and vocabulary knowledge in a second language in the program imparted by ‘Plataforma Uchile’. Factors such as the score obtained on Math and Language Standardized tests (PSU) and average grades from high school (NEM) have also been considered. Possible correlations among the aforementioned factors were taken into account. A mixed, non-experimental and cross-sectional study was carried out using descriptive and correlational analysis of data. Further, in order to analyse the perception of the students towards learning a English as a second language qualitative data obtained by a questionnaire was analyzed. 108 students from “Plataforma Uchile” English program were observed. These students belonged to Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (FACSO) and Instituto de Comunicación e Imagen (ICEI). Major findings indicate the existence of significant correlations among certain factors, namely inferencing skills, reading comprehension, metacognitive awareness, vocabulary knowledge and PSU in this particular sample. Nonetheless, no correlations were found regarding the students’ average grades from high school. Considering the qualitative analysis, many students expressed a positive preference towards learning English, although they regarded this activity mainly as a necessary or useful tool for occupational and academic purposes only.