The present dissertation presents an examination of the Carrollian logic through the reconstruction of its syllogistic theory. Lewis Carroll was one of the main responsible for the dissemination of logic during the nineteenth century, but most of his logical writings remained unknown until a posthumous publication of 1977. The reconstruction of the Carrollian syllogistic theory was based on the comparison of the two books on author's logic, "The Game of Logic" and "Symbolic Logic". The analysis of the Carrollian syllogistics starts from a study of the historical context of development of the logic and the developments of syllogistics previous to the contribution of the author. Situated in the historical period of algebraical logic, Carrollian syllogistics is characterized as a conservative extension of the Aristotelian syllogistics, the main innovation is the use of negative terms and the introduction of a diagrammatic method suitable for the representation of negative terms. The diagrammatic method of the Carrollian syllogistics presents advances in relation to the methods of Euler and Venn. The use of negative terms also requires a redefinition of the notion of syllogism, simplifying and expanding the amount of arguments amenable to logical treatment. Carroll does not use four, but only three categorical propositions in his syllogistic, with interpretation of existential presuppositions congruent with a syntactic-existential reading. Carrollian syllogistics uses some techniques found in the work of algebraists of logic and also made the same confusions between notions of "class" and "member" that were common in the period. Convinced of the social utility of logic and dedicated to popularize it, Carroll priorized a creation of new didactics for the teaching of logic in his works, where he can include his diagrammatic method of solving syllogisms. Carroll made only scant considerations of his conception of logic. Based on the small considerations found throughout the study and on the constant claim of the social utility of logic, it is suggested that Carroll is close to the so-called pragmatic position, which considers a logic as an instrument of regulation of discourse. / A presente dissertação apresenta um exame da lógica carrolliana através da reconstrução de sua teoria silogística. Lewis Carroll foi um dos principais responsáveis pela divulgação da lógica durante o século XIX, mas grande parte de seus escritos lógicos permaneceram desconhecidos até uma publicação póstuma de 1977 e ainda são objeto de poucos estudos. A reconstrução da teoria silogística carrolliana se deu pelo cotejamento dos dois livros sobre lógica do autor, a saber, “The Game of Logic” e “Symbolic Logic”. A análise da silogistica carrolliana parte de um estudo do contexto histórico de desenvolvimento da lógica no qual as obras se situam e dos desenvolvimentos da silogística anteriores ao aporte do autor. Situado no período histórico da álgebra da lógica, a silogística carrolliana caracteriza-se como uma extensão conservativa da silogística aristotélica, cuja principal inovação consiste no uso de termos negativos e na introdução de um método diagramático de resolução de silogismos adequado à representação destes termos. O método diagramático da silogística carrolliana apresenta avanços em relação aos métodos de Euler e Venn. O uso de termos negativos também exigiu do autor uma redefinição da noção de silogismo, simplificando-a e expandido a quantidade de argumentos passíveis de tratamento lógico. Carroll não utiliza quatro, mas apenas três proposições categóricas em sua silogística; com uma interpretação dos pressupostos existenciais congruente com a leitura sintático-existencial. A silogística carrolliana utiliza algumas técnicas similares àquelas encontradas no trabalho de algebristas da lógica que lhe foram contemporâneos e, enquanto um lógico de seu tempo, também cometeu as mesmas confusões entre as noções de “classe” e “membro” que eram comuns no período. Convicto da utilidade social da lógica e dedicado a popularizá-la, Carroll priorizou a criação de novas didáticas para o ensino da lógica em seus trabalhos, onde pode-se incluir o seu método diagramático de resolução de silogismos, originalmente apresentado como um jogo de peças. Carroll fez apenas escassas considerações acerca de sua concepção de lógica. Baseado nas pequenas considerações encontradas ao longo do estudo e na constante reivindicação da utilidade social da lógica, sugere-se que Carroll estaria próximo da posição atualmente chamada de pragmática, que considera a lógica como um instrumento de regulamentação do discurso.

Ph.D. / The work described in this thesis was directed at advancing the applications of Al(OTf)3, a metal triflate, in organic synthesis. Lewis acids play an important role in catalysis and catalyse reactions with high selectivities, unique reactivities under mild conditions. Metal triflates have become the Lewis acids of choice for acid catalysed organic transformations. A detailed literature study of metal triflates provided numerous examples of their use in organic transformations. Al(OTf)3 has been widely neglected as a Lewis acid which is contrasting to the attention the other metal triflates have received. Previous work in our laboratories had established Al(OTf)3 as an effective Lewis acid catalyst for the ring-opening of epoxides with simple alcohols and amines. The alcoholysis of epoxides provides a ready access to β-alkoxy alcohols. Whilst this reaction has been shown to occur with Al(OTf)3 as a catalyst, the established protocol calls for the use of the nucleophilic alcohol in an excess amount. Whilst this proves no problem when simple alcohols are employed as nucleophiles in the ring-opening reaction, it is a problem when more complex and expensive alcoholic nucleophiles are utilised. A modified procedure utilising Al(OTf)3 as a catalyst was developed which tolerates the use of only 1 equivalent of the nucleophilic alcohol for the ring opening reaction. The desymmetrisation of a meso-epoxide with chiral alcoholic nucleophiles was also investigated and the outcome of the diastereoselectivity of the reaction reported. The aminolysis of epoxides has been established utilising Al(OTf)3 as the Lewis acid catalyst. However, this has only been demonstrated for the ring opening of simple epoxides with simple amines. Piperazine derived β-amino alcohols with known biological activity were chosen as substrates with which to test the Al(OTf)3 catalysed aminolysis of epoxides in the synthesis of more complex β-amino alcohols. The various starting epoxides and amine nucleophiles were synthesised. During which a new approach towards the synthesis of - glycidyl amines was developed utilising a two step approach with the first step being catalysed by Al(OTf)3. It was also found that the optimal method for forming the β-amino alcohol bond was one in which the glycidyl motif was placed on the less basic heteroatom and ring opened by the more nucleophilic piperazine amine.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary C. Kingery-Page / Chester I. Lewis Reflection Square Park is an urban park located on Douglas Avenue within the downtown area of Wichita, Kansas. The Chester I. Lewis Park is a site the city is interested in improving, but no current plans or budget are available. The park has faced issues including a stigma regarding use by the homeless population, vandalism, lack of use by the broader public, and deterioration. Chester I. Lewis was a civil rights lawyer in Wichita, Kansas. One of his cases dealt with the Dockum Drugstore Sit-in, the first successful sit-in of the civil rights movement, which will soon have a new sculpture memorial dedicated a block away from the park. The overall project goal for the downtown park commemorating Lewis’s legacy is to develop a site that will address the current issues with the park and create a connection with the newly developed memorial, all while strengthening the expression of Lewis’s significance as a civil rights leader who championed social integration. The project should develop a sense of place within the community and connect visitors to Wichita’s legacy in the civil rights movement. Methods used by the researcher to build a framework for design consist of archival research into the history of civil rights in Wichita, precedent studies focused on memorials and designing for the homeless, participant observation, a public exhibit with community feedback, and lastly interviews with advocates for the homeless, and living members of the Sit-In. The proposed design for Chester I. Lewis Park demonstrates that it is possible to provide a variety of uses within the park that benefit everyone, including unhoused people who use the park. This site can provide a new outlook for designing inclusively and seeking to remove the stigma that faces the homeless population in Wichita and provide a replicable example of how cities should plan for the homeless in park design.

It is near-consensus among those currently working on the semantics of counterfactuals that the correct treatment of counterfactuals (whatever it is) must invoke causal independence in order to rule a particular set of seemingly true counterfactuals – including a famous one called Morgenbesser's Coin (MC) – true. But if we must analyze counterfactuals in terms of causation, this rules out giving a reductive account of causation in terms of counterfactuals, and is, as such, a serious blow to the Humean hope of reducing causation to counterfactual dependence. This dissertation is composed of three self-standing articles. In the first article I argue that counterfactuals like MC are false contrary to appearances; as is the thesis that the correct semantics of counterfactuals must appeal to causal independence. In the second article I argue that there are important, widely-held assumptions about difference-making and its relationship to causation which are false, and which may underlie some of the remaining, most threatening objections to the counterfactual analysis of causation. In the final article I discuss the puzzle of reverse Sobel sequences – an alleged problem for the classic Lewis-Stalnaker semantics for counterfactuals. I argue that none of the extant approaches to the problem are right, and defend a novel solution to the puzzle. If I am correct, reverse Sobel sequences do not threaten the classic analysis. They do, however, give additional evidence for the thesis, forcefully defended by Alan Hájek, that most non-probabilistic 'would'-counterfactuals are false. This motivates placing a stronger emphasis on trying to understand probabilistic counterfactuals first and foremost.

Ph.D. (Chemistry) / The bridged chiral benzopyrans were strategically ring opened via acetolysis to yield either galactose based chromenes or chromans, depending on the reaction conditions. A proposal relating to the mechanism of this selective ring opening acetolysis is discussed. The benzopyrans (chromenes, chromans and bridged chiral benzopyrans) were de-acetylated via triethyl amine catalysed transesterification. Interestingly, the chromenes did not yield the anticipated hydrolysis product (triol) but a new class of bridged chiral benzopyrans which were a result of intramolecular oxa-Michael addition. A chromene that formed during the selective ring opening of the bridged chiral benzopyrans was employed to develop a method for the synthesis of a carbohydrate derived oxepane. The oxepane synthesis was achieved, albeit in the face of numerous challenges from side reactions. The difficulties encountered in the synthesis are discussed...

Ph.D. / The research described in this thesis was directed at advancing the application of metal triflates, Al(OTf)3 in particular, in organic synthesis, on the one hand and to contribute to the understanding of the underlying basis for their catalytic activity. The study was undertaken against the background and on the bases of a detailed literature study of metal triflates, their chemical and catalytic properties and applications thereof. Amongst others, it deals with the possible role of metal-bound water that give rise to Brønsted type acidity and that this induced Brønsted acidity may be responsible for the catalytic activity that is observed. The study was prompted by the realisation that Al(OTf)3 was largely neglected as a potential reusable catalyst. This is in marked contrast to the attention paid to other metal triflates, the rare earth metals in particular. Earlier work in this laboratory has shown that Al(OTf)3 is stable in water from which it can be recovered easily for reuse. In addition it showed promise as a Lewis acid catalyst and is relatively soluble in several organic solvents. New applications for the use of Al(OTf)3 have now been demonstrated. These include the efficient formation of acetals from aldehydes and ketones. The conversions can be carried out in an alcohol/orthoester mixture or preferably in neat orthoester. Other metal triflates, notably Sc(OTf)3 and In(OTf)3, are useful alternative catalysts. Al(OTf)3 can be easily recycled without loss of activity. This methodology also can be applied to aldehydes and ketones containing TBDMS groups without effecting deprotection of the ethers. In view of the sensitivity of the TBDMS groups to hydrolysis in the presence of triflic acid the results suggest little hydrolysis (or alcoholysis) of the metal triflates in the protic solvents used, which would generate trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a consequence of such metal based hydrolysis. Al(OTf)3 was also found to be a good catalyst for the formation of THP ethers. It proved to be excellent for Friedel Crafts reactions using alkynes as substrates. Al(OTf)3 together with other triflates offers a mild alternative to the more traditional water sensitive Lewis acids, e.g. BF3, AlCl3 and TiCl4, which are difficult to recover and require the use of extremely dry solvents.

In his paper, The Paradoxes of Time Travel, David Lewis posits a defense for the possibility of time travel by arguing that the grandfather 'paradox' is not, in fact, paradoxical at all. Two alternative solutions to the grandfather paradox are discussed in this paper. The first is a result of Paul Horwich’s reply to Lewis and aims to pit the Lewisian conception of compatibility against Horwich’s improbability defense. Proposed by Nicholas Smith and C.G. Goddu, this theory explains that any attempt at backward time travel will lead to the creation of long strings of improbable coincidences. An alternative thesis of the multiverse is also discussed, wherein it was proposed that instead of traveling into his past, the time traveler enters an alternate, yet completely identical universe. The multiverse thesis did not stand up to any philosophical critique, and it was posited that the thesis changes the nature of the question entirely. It is evident that Lewis’ discussion of the grandfather paradox raises several fundamentally interesting philosophical questions regarding the logical and causal irregularities of changing the past. This paper aims to adress some of these questions through a metaphysical analysis of Lewis' view, backwards causality, and the nature of time itself.

A descriptive and critical account of the theory of valuation presented by C.I. Lewis in An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation. Both the a priori and empirical basis for the theory are examined. The essential weakness of the theory lies in an inability to overcome some of the criticisms of the emotivists, especially in the concept of the ultimately valuable. Hence Lewis in unable, even, to present a view as plausible as the emotivists in that his theory of evaluation is, for all practical purposes, a tautology. In order to overcome this difficulty Lewis must hypostatize some non-empirical property or some imperative. However, Lewis has presented the most comprehensive and analytic defense of a naturalistic system since the appearance of Perry's Interest Theory. Many of the value concepts are analyzed showing the development and structure of Lewis' theory. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Cette thèse étudie les récits de voyage dans l’imaginaire et les croisements entre divers contes et histoires, des éléments de plus en plus présents dans la littérature pour la jeunesse comme au cinéma. Quoiqu’il semble récent, ce type de récits existe, en fait, depuis longtemps. En nous intéressant à un corpus qui traverse différentes époques, nous cherchons à voir comment se construisent ces textes qui, comme dans Alice au pays des merveilles dont ils s’inspirent, transportent le personnage et le lecteur dans un monde merveilleux. Notre corpus se compose d’Alice au pays des merveilles (1865) et De l’autre côté du miroir (1871) de Lewis Carroll, de Sur les ailes de l’Oiseau bleu : l’envolée féerique et Une Révolte au pays des fées (1936) de Marie-Claire Dalevuy, de La bibliothécaire (1995) de Gudule et de l’album Il était une fois au pays des contes (2009) de Delphine Godard et Claire Degans. En observant les jeux de référence entre l’histoire principale et les fictions antérieures, nous examinons les liens entre les mondes fictionnels qui surgissent dans l’aventure et entre les différents textes évoqués (transfictionnalité et intertextualité). Nous nous intéressons également aux objectifs visés par ces textes qui proposent une initiation à la littérature et à la lecture littéraire.

A model examining underground smouldering peat combustion is presented. A one-step chemical reaction is considered where the gas and solid are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium. The full model allows porosity, permeability and gas density to vary and considers a buoyant velocity field determined by Darcy's law. Due to the low bulk thermal conductivity of peat, the diffusion of oxygen through it is characterised by a Lewis number much less than one. This results in thermal-diffusive instabilities. These instabilities can cause flame balls to arise in gaseous combustion and a fingering regime to arise in solid combustion. Analytical solutions to simplified spherically symmetrical equations are derived. These equations assume diffusion to be the dominant transport mechanism as well as taking that the porosity, gas molecular weight and gas density all remain constant. The underlying structure of the combustion region is found to be analogous to that of a flame ball. When studied in cylindrical symmetry a single, stable finger can be modelled propagating against an imposed air flow. The effects of heat losses, velocity magnitude and the Lewis number can be studied and results are compared to existing experimental smouldering combustion data. Although no detailed experiments have studied this phenomenon in peat, predicted results capture key qualitative trends found in both filtration combustion of polyurethane foam and in the fingering combustion of paper. In addition to this, when the imposed air flow is reduced to zero a propagating combustion front is predicted, analogous to a self-travelling flame ball. When the velocity field is determined by Darcy's law the dimensionless permeability of the peat plays a key role in determining the range of values over which fingering combustion can occur. Whilst there is little impact of taking the gas molecular weight to be constant, when porosity is allowed to vary and a relationship between porosity and permeability is included an over-blowing extinction limit is identified. This limit is not found in the constant-porosity model where a low-fuel extinction limit is predicted. Peats of differing ages and locations can possess significantly different characteristics. However, the fingering regime is predicted to occur within the range of parameters in which peat soils lie. Experiments suggest that fingering combustion can take the form of both sparse fingers and a complex fingering regime. The cylindrically symmetrical model can not capture tip-splitting. Hence the model does not explicitly account for the distance between two neighbouring fingers. However, an estimate for this value can be made if peat smouldering were to occur in a regime of multiple fingering. An averaged continuum model describing the spread of an ember storm is also presented. The dominant mechanism determining the spread-rate of the fire is the lofting and landing of embers and individual fires are taken to grow in an elliptical manner under the influence of the wind. When an ember storm is spreading at a steady speed, its spread rate is found to be described by a single similarity solution.